Cable Installation Research Articles

Relationship between Pipeline Wall Thickness (Gr. X60) and Water Depth towards Avoiding Failure during Installation

Oil and gas today being developed at different water depth characterized as shallow, deep and ultra-deep waters. Among the major components involved during the offshore installation is pipelines. Pipelines are a transportation method of material through a pipe. In oil and gas industry, pipeline come from a bunch of line pipe that welded together to become a long pipeline and can be divided into two which is gas pipeline and oil pipeline. In order to perform pipeline installation, we need pipe laying barge or pipe laying vessel. However, pipe laying vessel can be divided into two types: S-lay vessel and J-lay vessel. The function of pipe lay vessel is not only to perform pipeline installation. It also performed installation of umbilical or electrical cables. In the simple words, pipe lay vessel is performing the installation of subsea in all the connecting infrastructures. Besides that, the installation processes of pipelines require special focus to make the installation succeed. For instance, the heavy pipelines may exceed the lay vessel’s tension capacities in certain kind of water depth. Pipeline have their own characteristic and we can group it or differentiate it by certain parameters such as grade of material, type of material, size of diameter, size of wall thickness and the strength. For instances, wall thickness parameter studies indicate that if use the higher steel grade of the pipelines will have a significant contribution in pipeline wall thickness reduction. When running the process of pipe lay, water depth is the most critical thing that we need to monitor and concern about because of course we cannot control the water depth but we can control the characteristic of the pipe like apply line pipe that have wall thickness suitable with current water depth in order to avoid failure during the installation. This research will analyse whether the pipeline parameter meet the requirements limit and minimum yield stress. It will overlook to simulate pipe grade API 5L X60 which size from 8 to 20mm thickness with a water depth of 50 to 300m. Result shown that pipeline installation will fail from the wall thickness of 18mm onwards since it has been passed the critical yield percentage.

Application of the Feature Selective Validation Method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to Evaluate Handling Effects on Crosstalk of Ethernet Cables

The use of Ethernet cables in internet of things (IoT) infrastructure continues to grow due to high demand as the reach of the IoT itself expands. Crosstalk is a major limiting factor in communications systems that need to be taken into consideration when selecting cables for deployment. In typical installations, these cables require a certain degree of manipulation that involves repeated coiling and uncoiling of a few meters which can adversely affect performance. It is thought that this is especially true with counterfeit or copper clad aluminum (CCA) cables often disguised as compliant Ethernet cables. In this paper, four unshielded twisted pair cables of which one of them is a CCA cable were subjected to three rounds of coiling and uncoiling tests representing installation manual handling. Given the visually complex measurements that are a feature of the Ethernet infrastructure, an approach to quantifying chances is needed that is particularly sensitive and nondiscriminatory. The Feature Selective Validation (FSV) method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is proposed as an appropriate method to use to assess crosstalk variations between the cables when subjected to this manipulation. The paper shows that the methods do allow quantified measurement of the variations between the tests which can lead to objective decision on the part of the cable installer.

Installation of XLPE-Insulated 400 kV Submarine AC Power Cables under the Dardanelles Strait: A 4 GW Turkish Grid Reinforcement

This paper describes the 400 kV AC submarine link under the Dardanelles Strait composed of 12 submarine armoured single-core cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)-insulated cables (plus a back-up power cable). The link consists of two parallel-operated double-circuit links named Lâpseki–Sütlüce I and Lâpseki–Sütlüce II. The transmissible power is 4000 MW (1000 MW per circuit) and the average length for a single-core cable is about 4.6 km: the submarine cables are part of overhead lines. This paper gives a wide account of the cable installations and, chiefly, of the cable protections on the seabed: different protection choices were extensively used (i.e., water jetting and mattressing).

Efficient Floor Design of Production Workshop of Manufacturing Unit for Optimal Production

Optimal efficiency in the production can be achieved by manufacturing required quantity of the product, of required quality, at required time by cheapest & best technique; this can be the secret for success of industrial production company or any manufacturing company. This dissertation presents Genetic Algorithm based optimization technique for optimizing installation coordinates of machines, tools and material on the production floor. The Research scholar from across the globe has suggested different technique for optimizing the floor design but the literature survey conducted on concerning topic concludes that there is still space for further research to evolve an enhanced technique for the floor optimization of production floor which can integrate all possible factors responsible for production efficiency.In our research dissertation we have chosen a company named KEC International situated at Silvasa near Vadodara, Gujarat. KEC International Limited is a Flagship Company of RPG Group expertise in global infrastructure engineering, procurement and construction major. It has presence in the verticals of Power Transmission & Distribution, Cables, Railways, Renewable and Civil installation. They have a cable manufacturing installation at Silvasa. We have taken this location for our case study. Genetic Algorithm software runs to calculate efficiency, utilization time, performance and critical factor and the simulation result so obtained by Genetic Algorithm is compared with the result of present method in practice. The simulation has been carried out on the MATLAB 7.0 Software with legal license.

Africa Telecommunications Infrastructure in 2018: Overview and Policy Recommendations

The internet is the single most effective mechanism in human history for promoting global economic prosperity and lifting the world’s population out of poverty. Many of the next billion internet users will come from Africa. While the coverage and speed of mobile services in Africa has improved dramatically in recent years, significant barriers still exist in improving internet coverage across the continent. This paper provides an overview and policy recommendations for the three main areas of Africa's Telecommunications Infrastructure: undersea cable, terrestrial broadband networks, and mobile services. The following are some general policy recommendations for African countries to improve their national telecommunications infrastructure: •All countries should adopt basic legislation ensuring free and unrestricted transfer of commercial data across national boundaries. •Nations should enter into regional broadband agreements, utilizing nearby international cables to decrease access costs for consumers. Often, accessing submarine cable can completely change the growth trajectory of the ICT market in a country. •Every country should construct at least one Internet Exchange Point (IXP) to distribute incoming international traffic. IXP’s decrease international routing fees and can substantially lower local internet prices. •Every regulator or communications ministry on the continent should begin the process of liberalizing the mobile (if it has not been privatized already) and fixed-line sectors. •The future of communications in Africa is mobile. Every country should heavily invest in constructing and expanding national 4G networks while planning for 5G. •While mobile has provided the majority of growth for telecoms, countries cannot neglect their national fixed-line infrastructure as years of decay have limited access rates and stunted overall sector growth. •Countries should adopt legislation that standardizes local access services that connect individual neighborhoods and homes into the national backbone. Currently, many urban households cannot take advantage of increased investment in the national backbone due to predatory pricing schemes and a lack of quality assurance standards. •In most African cities, copper and fiberoptic internet cables are tangled with electrical lines on street lamps, limiting expansion to other areas and making cable repair expensive. Local and national governments must better enforce cable installation regulations to remove the inefficiency. •Internet access in rural areas across Africa remains almost nonexistent. In maturing markets such as Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa, governments should create tax incentives for the large telecoms to extend access to rural villages. •Lastly, each nation should promote ICT skill training and provide subsidized education for communications professions.

CONDITIONS FOR SAFETY OPERATION AND MANEUVERABILITY OF LOW-TONNAGE ROADTRAIN AT CRITICAL RATES OF MOTION

The paper deals with the control device for a uniaxial trailer, which makes it possible to increase the maneuverability and reliability of the movement of a low-tonnage roadtrain by using flexible coupling in the hitch mechanism. This makes it possible to use roadtrain at emergency situations, in narrow urban streets, in greenhouses, livestock houses, and warehouses. This mechanism is simplicity, reliability and high maintainability, which allow to operate it when transporting non-bump-resistant cargo of different purpose. An application for an invention was filed with the proposed mechanism. The maximum forces in the cable, the drawbar hook and the controlled elements of the coupling were calculated in case of emergency braking with the maximum loading of the trailer in difficult road conditions. Critical turn radii were determined at different speeds and tire-to-surface friction coefficients. A mathematical simulation of the movement of the roadtrain was performed. The device was installed and tested on the basis of the road laboratory KP-514MP based on the car Gazel 2705 with trailer IAPZ-739. Full-scale tests were carried out in various urban and field conditions with different loading of the trailer and shifts of the cargo mass center. The cable installation in the hitch significantly changes the geometry of the movement when reversing and emergency braking. Also the jack-knifing of the roadtrain is obviated, while without a cable, there is almost always a threat of suchjack-knifing, which is highly undesirable in the transport of non-bumpresistant cargoes. This significantly affects the active safety of the low- tonnage roadtrain, determines its braking efficiency and transverse stability of the links during the movement. A mathematical model that had been tested experimentally was described, which makes it possible to estimate the critical turn radii during maneuvering, the conditions for emergency braking and the possibility of reversing motion. Two types of cables can be used in the flexible hitch-coupling: one is with a diameter of 9 mm and has the metallic core, another is LX-0, it consists of 46 wires with the organic core. Also other types of cables can be applicated if they withstand load of 4.5-5.0 t.

Cable joint installation time optimization

Emphasis on renewable energy demands power transmission from scattered sources. Underground power transmission and distribution is the key way due to right of way (ROW) and smart city initiative. This is increasing the demand of subterranean cable networks, which is leading to the proportional increase in the installation of cable joints. Cable joint installation is a highly time consuming process requiring very high level of human skill in the form of preparing cable ends by cutting, shaping and polishing them with a very low tolerance, without which the joint becomes the weakest link in the cable network. In view of this rapid growth of joint installations, there is now a two pronged requirement of lowering of installation time and lowering of human skill requirement for cable joint installation. In the present study all the major time consuming steps in the joint installation have been identified. A critical re-look of this decades old process was carried out in terms of materials properties and their influence on the steps involved in the process. Subsequently, based on experiments we propose a novel modification of the cable joint installation process which will lead to a 30% reduction in the installation time with a concomitant reduction in the human skill requirement.

Cartographic Principle of the Detection of Blue Stake Hidden Installations in the Tenke Fungurume Mining Cancer in Katanga in The Democratic Republic of the Congo

The location, location and mapping of hidden facilities make it possible to avoid the risks of accidents and other nuisances that can cause material and human damage during the various phases of planning and construction of a project. Hence it is important to identify these to solve several problems on a given site. Damaging these buried utilities during construction work, urbanization continues to be one of the major risks for different industries. Currently, it is important to update information on hidden utilities that will serve several scientific disciplines during field work and for successful projects involving excavation, well drilling, exploration drilling, leveling And construction in the field of civil engineering. Bluestake (picketing and marking) processes identify and locate the various hidden utilities such as underground piping, ducting and cable systems, sewers and other installations that can emit a frequency that can be detected during field prospecting . Accordingly, the Blue stake processes are based on the geophysical prospecting method, see the electromagnetic approach using an apparatus consisting of a transmitter, a receiver, electrodes, the ground rod and the electromagnetic field clamp which Of the searched utility sends a detectable frequency and then locates it for mapping.

Uncertainty in FTTH splitter installation

In this article, a problem of rational splitter installation in Fiber‐to‐the‐Home (FTTH) networks is considered. The most expensive and time consuming part of the FTTH deployment is trenching and other labor involved in cable installation. When cables are deployed, the operator can start to connect customers to the network. However, the process still requires expenditures for both passive (splitters) and active (ONUs, OLT cards) equipment. First, we define an optimization problem of rational selection of splitters in the process of connecting new customers to a network. Second, we present two methods for handling the problem. The methods are named SpliSeals (Splitter Selection Algorithms). They take into account the actual take‐up rate and customer arrival patters to minimize the total expected cost of installed splitters. The average cost savings the presented algorithms can provide over rational, computer unaided methods exceed 10%, reaching almost 20% in some groups of cases, or even 40% in particular test cases. SpliSeals not only can be used to minimize the deployment cost of FTTH networks but also to assess the impact of uncertainty on network designs returned by automated methods. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 71(2), 153–165 2018

Full-scale case study of a road crossing thermal bottleneck in a buried medium-voltage cable installation

Infrastructures such as road crossings are often limiting the ampacity of a cable link due to poor thermal properties. In order to fully utilise the true loading capacity of the cable, thermal modelling with correct input parameters should be applied. In this study, a full-scale artificial road crossing have been constructed and characterised, and temperature measurements have been compared with calculations performed according to IEC 60287 and finite-element analysis. It was found that calculations according to IEC provide a good fit to measured temperature profiles by adjusting the unknown mean thermal resistivity of the material layers outside the pipe. The thermal properties of road construction materials can be challenging to measure, and in order to provide accurate ampacity calculations further work should be focused on this.

Prim's Algorithm for Optimizing Fiber Optic Trajectory Planning

The transition of copper cable technology to fiber optic is very triggering the development of technology where data can be transmitted quickly and accurately. This cable change can be seen everywhere. This cable is an expensive cable. If it is not installed optimally, it will cost enormously. This excess cost can be used to other things to support performance rather than for excess cable that should be minimized. Determining how much cable use at the time of installation is difficult if done manually. Prim's algorithm can optimize by calculating the minimum spanning tree on branches used for fiber optic cable installation. This algorithm can be used to shorten the time to a destination by making all the points interconnected according to the points listed. Use of this method helps save the cost of fiber optic construction.

16.18: DYNA® link anchor box: Innovative structure for anchoring stay cables

ABSTRACTCable stayed and extradosed bridges are often designed with saddles at the pylon. This results in slender dimensions of the pylon and reduced costs as access shafts within the pylon can be omitted. However, inspection of the deviated strands within the saddle is only possible after exchanging single strands or the complete cable. Furthermore, differential forces in the cables are often transferred within the saddle by friction only. Also, cable installation and stressing have to be carried out simultaneously on both fronts of the form traveller for the most common balanced free cantilever construction method.To find an alternative solution for an improved performance of pylon design, installation cycle and cable inspection, a new curved anchor box has been developed. The DYNA® Link anchor box consists of two sections: in the concrete, there are two steel beams with shear studs for transferring the cable load into the concrete pylon; outside, the concrete the steel beams are connected to each other, and a bearing plate is welded to the steel beams as support for the cable anchorage. An opening at the steel beam provides access for installation and inspection of the cable anchorage. Through this steel anchor box, which is embedded in the solid concrete pylon, two stay cable anchorages are linked to each other and are located outside the pylon. With this design, all advantages of common saddles are kept; the disadvantages are compensated by using a steel composite structure which can be designed and calculated according to national or international standards. In doing so, elaborate testing in accordance to international cable guidelines such as fib or PTI can be omitted as well.

Analysis and Experiments on Sea Load and Fastened Mechanics on Pipe Clamps

Abstract When an offshore oil field completed and put into production, new subsea pipelines and the new cable need to be established. Cable protection pipe clamp is used to fix cable protection pipe on the jacket. In order to avoid the problem of traditional steel structure clamp splice, counterpoint, fastening difficulty when installed cable protection pipe under water, reduce the risk and workload of under water, This paper develop a new type of portable connecting riser clamp -“backpack clamp” which solve the riser cable protection pipe difficult underwater installation problem. The main structure of backpack clamp used three valves type structure. The load characteristic of a clamping device was determined by the Morison equation which was a classical theory. Clamp device underwater mechanics analysis model was established. The minimum tension pre-tightening force was determined. The results show that the strength of the base meets the requirements after strength analysis with finite element analysis method, stability and strength experiments, which means the clamp based on resin matrix composite is feasible.

Experimental Study of the Delay Spread in an Indoor Radiating Cable System

This paper presents the signal time dispersion in an indoor radiating cable system by using wide-band propagation measurements. The indoor environment was a university building, and the measurements were carried out in the first, second and third levels using a vector network analyzer with a frequency range of 1.25–1.75 GHz. Two cases were studied. The results show that despite both cases having the same environment and installation, the different connections of the feeding point generate dissimilar conditions of the channel, e.g., the channel is most affected by signal delays in one case. The analysis of rms delay spread includes local and global distributions, spatial correlations, and scatter diagrams with the mean excess delay and path loss. Most of the time, the results indicate a higher concentration of power at the middle delay path, and the relationship between the rms delay spread and path loss depends mainly on the delay spread generated by the cable installation. It was found that the rms delay spread increases when the mobile antenna is near to the feeding point of the cable. Furthermore, little adjustments to the cable installation were also made and their effects on the channel are presented. Therefore, the radiating cable can provide an almost uniform coverage; however, the planning and installation of indoor radiating cable systems for high transmission rate must be carefully developed. These results allow us to understand the channel behavior for better planning and designing of radiating cable applications in indoor environments.

Software Analysis of the Reinforced Concrete Beam with Additional Installation of Lightning Protection Cable

Lightning protection system protects building structure from direct lightning impact. Embedding lightning protection cable inside concrete structure is widely use in practice now days. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of installation of additional conductor cable inside concrete beam to its beam displacement and beam stress using finite element analysis software ABAQUS. The beam without additional conductor cable, with cable conductor installed at top and bottom reinforcement is modelled using ABAQUS. The results obtained from the three model is compared. As the result, the beam with additional conductor cable at top reinforcement shows minimum deformation and minimum Mises stress.

Efficient implementation of envelope analysis on resources limited wireless sensor nodes for accurate bearing fault diagnosis

With the fast development of electronics and wireless communication technologies in recent years, intelligent wireless sensor nodes are becoming increasingly popular in the online machinery condition monitoring systems. They bring a number of benefits, such as reduced investment on the installation and maintenance of expensive communication cables, ease of deployment and upgrading. For the condition monitoring of dynamic signals, distributed computation on wireless sensor nodes is getting popular with wireless sensor nodes becoming more computation powerful and power efficient. As a widely recognised algorithm for bearing fault diagnosis, envelope analysis has been previously proved suitable for being embedded on the wireless sensor nodes to effectively extract fault features from common machinery components such as bearings and gears. As a continuation, this paper studies into several envelope detection methods, including Hilbert transform, spectral correlation, band-pass squared rectifier and short-time RMS. Regarding to the fact that only low frequency components in the bearing envelope is of interest, spectral correlation can be simplified for fast calculation and short-time RMS method can be considered as a simplified band-pass squared rectifier, in which partial aliasing is allowed. Thereafter, spectral correlation and short-time RMS are employed to speed up the calculation of envelope analysis on a wireless sensor node, which thereafter provides the potential to reduce power consumption of wireless sensor nodes. The computation speed comparison shows that the spectral correlation method and short-time RMS can speed up the computation speed by more than two times and five times in comparison with the Hilbert transform method. The simulation study shows that spectral correlation and short-time RMS based methods achieves similar level of accuracy as Hilbert transform. Furthermore, the experimental study shows that spectral correlation and short-time RMS based methods can well reveal the simulated three types of bearing faults while with the computation speed significantly improved.

Synergy of the future: high voltage insulated power cables and railway‐highway structures

The rationalisation of the territorial resources leads to consider carefully the possibilities of using motorway and railway infrastructures (existing or planned ones) for cable line installation within them. The full compatibility of such synergy ‘transport – electrical power transmission’ involves different branches of engineering. The study provides an overview of the research undertaken for a fully reliable use of this combination. The manuscript aims at highlighting a procedural approach that should be followed in order to analyse all the key elements involved in the safe operation of power transmission lines hosted in transport infrastructures. First, the geometrical compatibility between different types of power transmission technologies, (i.e. gas insulated lines and high-voltage direct/alternating current insulated cable lines), and transport infrastructures (i.e. motorway galleries, railway galleries and railway prospection tunnels) is considered. Subsequently, the behaviour and magnitude of the magnetic field generated by the different power transmission technologies inside the transport infrastructures are presented. Moreover, the study analyses the effects of a phase-to-screen short circuit that could occur inside the hosting facility. Finally, an analysis of the reliability of the synergy between power transmission systems and transport infrastructures is discussed.

MeshFS: A distributed file system for cloud-based wireless mesh network

Abstract Wireless mesh networks have attracted considerable interest in recent years in both the academic and industrial communities. As wireless mesh routers can be interconnected through wireless links, wireless mesh networks provide greater flexibility and better cost-effectiveness. In particular, due to their ease of installation and maintenance, they can be used in different environments, especially where cable installation is difficult. Apart from providing routing service, wireless mesh networks can also be employed to provide other value-added services. Inspired by cloud computing and other distributed file systems, this paper presents the design and implementation of MeshFS, a distributed file system specifically for wireless mesh networks. A key technical challenge is to develop a lightweight software system that can be implemented over memory-limited wireless mesh network environments. With the aim of providing a lightweight distributed file system, allowing limited resources to be utilized more effectively, MeshFS integrates scattered storage resources from wireless mesh routers to provide a mountable file system interface to Unix/Linux file system with fault-tolerant capabilities and cloud computing-like storage functions.

Reducing the Costs of FTTH Networks by Optimized Splitter and OLT Card Deployment

In this paper, a problem of rational splitter and OLT card installation in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks is considered. We assume that the most tedious part of FTTH network deployment, i.e., trenching and cable installation, is completed, and the operator can start to connect customers to the network. The connecting process still requires expenditures for both passive (splitters) and active (ONUs, OLT cards) equipment. In this paper, we define the problem of rational splitter and OLT card deployment and present the multi-state optimization (MuSO) approach to handle it. MuSO minimizes the expected total cost of deployment using a stochastic model; thus, it optimizes under stochastic behavior. Finally, we compare MuSO to other rational methods, numerically validating its efficiency. We also investigate the impact of various factors—e.g., the take-up rates assumed when designing a network, delays in providing service to newly acquired customers, optimization time limits—on the final FTTH network deployment cost. The presented methodology not only can be used to minimize the deployment cost of FTTH networks, but also to assess the impact of uncertainty on network designs returned by automated methods.

Using basic metrics to analyze high-resolution temperature data in the subsurface

Time-series temperature data can be summarized to provide valuable information on spatial variation in subsurface flow, using simple metrics. Such computationally light analysis is often discounted in favor of more complex models. However, this study demonstrates the merits of summarizing high-resolution temperature data, obtained from a fiber optic cable installation at several depths within a water delivery channel, into daily amplitudes and mean temperatures. These results are compared to fluid flux estimates from a one-dimensional (1D) advection-conduction model and to the results of a previous study that used a full three-dimensional (3D) model. At a depth of 0.1 m below the channel, plots of amplitude suggested areas of advective water movement (as confirmed by the 1D and 3D models). Due to lack of diurnal signal at depths below 0.1 m, mean temperature was better able to identify probable areas of water movement at depths of 0.25–0.5 m below the channel. The high density of measurements provided a 3D picture of temperature change over time within the study reach, and would be suitable for long-term monitoring in man-made environments such as constructed wetlands, recharge basins, and water-delivery channels, where a firm understanding of spatial and temporal variation in infiltration is imperative for optimal functioning.