Butorphanol Research Articles

Effective Dose of Dexmedetomidine with Nalbuphine Hydrochloride or Butorphanol Tartrate for Sedation in Buff Orpington Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are commonly used for research, food production, show, and companionship. Sedation is often necessary for sample collection, imaging, or treatment. Dexmedetomidine has been previously used to sedate birds, often with other sedatives. Butorphanol tartrate, a Schedule IV controlled substance, is commonly used but presents regulatory challenges. Nalbuphine hydrochloride, an opioid with similar receptor affinity to butorphanol, has potential as a noncontrolled alternative. Although information regarding nalbuphine use in birds is limited, its noncontrolled status makes it more accessible. The purpose of this study was to determine the effective dose to produce sedation in 50% (ED50) of patients and to estimate the calculated effective dose of dexmedetomidine in combination with either butorphanol (DexBut) or nalbuphine (DexNal) in domestic hens to sedate 99% of patients (ED99). Eighteen 33-week-old laying Buff Orpington hens were divided into 2 groups: one receiving DexBut (n = 9) and the second receiving DexNal (n = 9). Each hen was sedated with varying doses of intramuscular dexmedetomidine with a constant dose of either 2 mg/kg IM butorphanol or 12.5 mg/kg IM nalbuphine by an up-and-down design. Sedation was determined using a clinically applicable scoring system. The ED50 values of dexmedetomidine with 2 mg/kg IM of butorphanol, calculated by both the up-and-down method and logistic regression, were 38 and 49 µg/kg, respectively, while the ED50 values of dexmedetomidine in combination with 12.5 mg/kg IM of nalbuphine were 19 and 18 µg/kg, respectively. The estimated dexmedetomidine ED99 values with butorphanol or nalbuphine were 51 and 19 µg/kg, respectively. Multiple chickens in both groups exhibited open-mouth breathing and comb pallor but no lasting morbidity or mortality occurred. Combinations of DexBut or DexNal should be considered for sedation of domestic chickens.

The effective dose of butorphanol tartrate in patients of different ages undergoing painless gastroscopy.

This study evaluated the 50% effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) of butorphanol tartrate in patients undergoing painless gastroscopy. Patients who underwent painless gastroscopy at Binzhou Medical University Hospital were divided into the youth, middle-aged, and older groups. The ED50 and ED95 required for successful sedation using butorphanol tartrate were measured using the Dixon up-and-down method in patients in the different age groups. Patients in each group were administered intravenous butorphanol 5 minutes before gastroscopy. Each patient was administered 2 mg/kg propofol. The ED50 and ED95 of butorphanol were calculated using probit analysis. In total, 95 patients were included. The ED50s of butorphanol in the youth, middle-aged, and older groups were 7.384, 6.657, and 6.364 μg/kg, respectively. The ED95s of butorphanol doses in these groups were 9.108, 8.419, and 7.348 μg/kg, respectively. The ED50 and ED95 varied among the age groups, indicating that the effective dose decreases with age.

UV Spectrophotometric Method Development and Validation of Butorphanol Tartrate in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Formulation

The present research work discusses the development and validation of a UV spectrophotometric method for butorphanol tartrate. Simple, accurate and cost efficient spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of butorphanol tartrate in tablet dosage form. The optimum conditions for the analysis of the drug were established. The maximum wavelength (λ max) was found to be 278nm. The percentage recovery of butorphanol tartrate was in the 100.016±0.68. Beers law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-12μg/ml. Calibration curves shows a linear relationship between the absorbance and concentration. The line equation y = 0.0674x - 0.0057 with r2 of 0.9998was obtained. Validation was performed according to ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. The sample solution was stable up to 36 hours. The proposed method may be suitable for the analysis of butorphanol tartrate in tablet formulation for quality control purposes.
 Keywords: Butorphanol tartrate, Validation, Precision, Accuracy, LOQ, LOD, ICH guidelines.

Effect of butorphanol tartrate combined with dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia

Background/Aim. Since finding a safe and efficient strategy of multimodal postoperative analgesia and sedation is particularly critical, it is important that dexmedetomidine (DM) combined with opioid anesthetics can enhance that through a synergistic action. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of butorphanol tartrate (BT) combined with DM on postoperative analgesia. Methods. A total of 100 elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia surgery from January 2019 to June 2022 were selected. The patients were divided into two equal groups ? research group (RG) and control group (CG), using the random number table method. All patients were given postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) plus background infusion. CG patients were given 10 mg of BT, and RG patients were given 10 mg of BT and 300 ?g of DM. The analgesics were diluted in 100 mL of 0.9% normal saline. The doses of rescue analgesic tramadol within 48 hrs after surgery, the number of PCIA boluses 48 hrs after surgery, and postoperative hospitalization time were recorded. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Ramsay sedation score (RSS), inflammatory and stress responses [interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-?, and angiotensin II (Ang-II)], and anesthesia-related adverse reactions (ARAR) were compared at different time points. Results. The dose of tramadol within 48 hrs after surgery, the number of PCIA boluses 48 hrs after surgery, and the postoperative hospitalization time of RG were lower than those of CG (p < 0.05). VAS scores at rest and during activity and serum IL-6, IFN-?, and Ang-II levels of both groups increased at 4 and 12 hrs after surgery, then decreased at 24 hrs after surgery. The above indicators of RG were lower than those of CG at each time point (p < 0.05). The RSSs of the two groups increased at 4, 12, and 24 hrs after surgery, then dropped at 48 hrs after surgery. The scores of RG were lower than those of CG at each time point (p < 0.05). The incidence rates of ARAR had no significant difference between RG and CG (p > 0.05). Conclusion. BT combined with DM is effective for analgesia and sedation after general anesthesia surgery in elderly patients, which can reduce inflammatory and stress responses without increasing ARAR.

Advances in the Use of Butorphanol Tartrate in Postoperative Analgesia after Cesarean Section

Advances in the Use of Butorphanol Tartrate in Postoperative Analgesia after Cesarean Section

Is the psoas compartment block effective in eliminating pain in children after hip surgery?

BACKGROUND: Hip joint surgery is a highly traumatic surgical intervention. Currently, the anesthesia service in the clinic of H. Turner National Medical Research Center uses either prolonged epidural block with catheter placement in the lumbar spine at the LIII–LIV level or prolonged intravenous analgesia as the main method of pain syndrome treatment after hip joint surgery. Moreover, the potential of prolonged psoas compartment block has not been considered until recently.
 AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of prolonged psoas compartment block for pain control in the early postoperative period after hip surgery in comparison with traditional methods of pain control.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study analyzed the results of postoperative analgesia in 14 children after 15 surgeries in the hip joint, including 3 patients with prolonged psoas compartment block, 9 with prolonged epidural block, and 3 who received postoperative analgesia with systemic analgesics. One patient with bilateral congenital hip joint dislocation was anesthetized with prolonged psoas compartment block after the first operation for the first time and with prolonged epidural block after the second similar operation but on the other leg for the second time. Analgesia efficacy was assessed using the Wong–Baker scale, FLACC behavioral scale, and visual analog scale.
 RESULTS: All three patients with prolonged psoas compartment block required an addition of butorphanol tartrate (tramal) for good analgesia. Additional administration of opioid analgesics was not needed when a prolonged epidural block was initiated.
 CONCLUSIONS: Due to the continued need for additional administration of butorphanol tartrate, when prolonged epidural block was available, the use of prolonged psoas compartment block in children for pain relief in the early postoperative period after hip surgery was not considered appropriate.

Comparison of 2 Anesthetic Methods for Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

Randomized controlled trial. To compare the effect and safety of 2 anesthetic methods using in the operation of Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy. From the January of 2020 to the December of 2021, 230 consecutive patients that underwent TELD were applied with two methods of anesthesia. All the patients were divided into two groups. The Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) group used the local anesthesia (LA) with MAC that based on the combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol tartrate. The LA group used the local anesthesia only. Then the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) through the operating period was compared between the two groups at the time points of before operation (T0), inserting of the puncture needle (T1), establishing of the working cannula (T2), excision of the fibrous rings (T3) and immediately postoperatively (T4). Also, the satisfaction degree of the patients for the course of the operations and the occurrence of the complications were compared between the two groups. There were no differences of the VAS around the operating area at the time point of T0. Then the MAC group expressed lower scores at all other points of T1, T2, T3 and T4. Then the satisfaction degree of the MAC group was superior than the LA group. No difference was observed for the occurrence of the complications. MAC based on the combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol tartrate is an ideal method of anesthesia for TELD with enough effect and safety.

Ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) in canine ADAMTS10-open-angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10-OAG).

Introduction: The role of ocular rigidity and biomechanics remains incompletely understood in glaucoma, including assessing an individual's sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). In this regard, the clinical assessment of ocular biomechanics represents an important need. The purpose of this study was to determine a possible relationship between the G661R missense mutation in the ADAMTS10 gene and the ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), the difference between diastolic and systolic intraocular pressure (IOP), in a well-established canine model of open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods: Animals studied included 39 ADAMTS10-mutant dogs with different stages of OAG and 14 unaffected control male and female dogs between 6months and 12years (median: 3.2years). Dogs were sedated intravenously with butorphanol tartrate and midazolam HCl, and their IOPs were measured with the Icare® Tonovet rebound tonometer. The Reichert Model 30™ Pneumotonometer was used to measure OPA. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured via Accutome® PachPen, and A-scan biometry was assessed with DGH Technology Scanmate. All outcome measures of left and right eyes were averaged for each dog. Data analysis was conducted with ANOVA, ANCOVA, and regression models. Results: ADAMTS10-OAG-affected dogs displayed a greater IOP of 23.0 ± 7.0mmHg (mean ± SD) compared to 15.3 ± 3.6mmHg in normal dogs (p < 0.0001). Mutant dogs had a significantly lower OPA of 4.1 ± 2.0mmHg compared to 6.5 ± 2.8mmHg of normal dogs (p < 0.01). There was no significant age effect, but OPA was correlated with IOP in ADAMTS10-mutant dogs. Conclusion: The lower OPA in ADAMTS10-mutant dogs corresponds to the previously documented weaker and biochemically distinct posterior sclera, but a direct relationship remains to be confirmed. The OPA may be a valuable clinical tool to assess ocular stiffness and an individual's susceptibility to IOP elevation.

Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosilate Combined with Butorphanol Tartrate for Painless Abortion and the Effect of Postoperative Nursing Combined with Buxue Yimu Granule on Nutritional Status of Patient

This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate combined with butorphanol tartrate for painless abortion and the effect of postoperative nursing on patients’ nutritional status. A total of 110 patients who underwent painless abortion were divided into control and research groups. The excellent and good rates in the research group (98.18%) were relatively higher than those in the control group (85.45%). Compared with the control group, the research group had shorter wakeup and discharge times from the hospital. The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the research group (3.64%) than in the control group (14.55%). The amount of bleeding and bleeding time in the research group were reduced compared to those in the control group. After the intervention, albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin levels were higher in the research group than in the control group. In summary, remimazolam tosilate combined with butorphanol tartrate had an effective analgesic effect and increased safety in patients with painless abortion. Meanwhile, Buxue Yimu granule can promote physical rehabilitation, reduce adverse reactions, and improve the nutritional status of patients with painless abortions.

Erratum: Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model.

An erratum was issued for:Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model. The Protocol section was updated. Step 3.1.1 of the Protocol was updated from: After the induction, anesthetize the mice with a volume of 0.01 mL/g anesthetic by intraperitoneal injection. Prepare the anesthetic by mixing midazolam (40 µg/100 µL for sedation), medetomidine (7.5 µg/100 µL for sedation), and butorphanol tartrate (50 µg/100 µL for analgesia) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). to After the induction, anesthetize the mice with a volume of 0.01 mL/g anesthetic by intraperitoneal injection. Prepare the anesthetic by mixing midazolam (40 µg/100 µL for sedation), medetomidine (7.5 µg/100 µL for sedation), and butorphanol tartrate (50 µg/100 µL for analgesia) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). NOTE: The specific concentrations of each component in the anesthesia mixture are: midazolam 13.33µg/100µL, medetomidine 2.5µg/100µL, and butorphanol 16.7µg/100µL. For specific dosages used in mice, the doses are: midazolam 4µg/g, medetomidine 0.75µg/g, and butorphanol 1.67µg/g.Anesthesia depth was confirmed when the mouse's limb muscles relaxed, the whiskers had no touch response, and there was loss of pedal reflex. Step 3.1.2 of the Protocol was updated from: After the mice are anesthetized, cut off their whiskers with ophthalmic scissors to prevent blood from flowing down the whiskers and causing hemolysis. Fix the mouse with one hand and press the skin of the eye to make the eyeball protrude. Quickly remove the eyeball and draw 1 mL of blood into the microcentrifuge tube via a capillary tube. to After the mice are anesthetized, prepare the peripheral blood samples, by fixing the mouse with one hand and pressing the eye skin to protrude the eyeball. Then, insert the capillary tube into the inner corner of the eye and penetrate at a 30-45 degree angle to the plane of the nostril. Apply pressure while gently rotating the capillary tube. Blood will flow into the tube via capillary action. Step 3.2.1 of the Protocol was updated from: Dissect the chest wall to expose the heart, cut open the right atrium, and infuse saline into the left ventricle by an intravenous infusion needle attached to a 20 mL syringe until the tissue turns white. to Humanely euthanize the animal according to the institutional policies. Then, dissect the chest wall to expose the heart, cut open the right atrium, and infuse saline into the left ventricle by an intravenous infusion needle attached to a 20 mL syringe until the tissue turns white.

Analgesic effect of butorphanol tartrate combined with hydromorphone on patients with cesarean section: A prospective cohort study

To evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol tartrate combined with hydromorphone on the patients with cesarean section, we conducted a prospective cohort study. A total of 90 patients were given patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with hydromorphone for 24 hours after the cesarean section. After stopping PCIA, they were divided into 2 groups randomly. The cases treated with butorphanol tartrate intravenous drip were evaluated as the butorphanol group (n = 45) and the cases treated with saline were evaluated as the control group (n = 45). We compared the vital signs, analgesic effect, adverse reactions, the bladder and gastrointestinal function recovery, and neonatal jaundice between the 2 groups. The visual analog score in butorphanol group was significantly lower than that of control group at 3 and 4 hours after stopping PCIA (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in visual analog score at 6 and 12 hours after stopping PCIA. The first time of getting out of bed and urination in butorphanol group was significantly later than that in control group while there was no significant difference in the first anal ventilation and the neonatal jaundice index between the 2 groups. We should pay attention to the pain of patients with cesarean section after stopping PCIA. The combination of butorphanol tartrate and hydromorphone play a good effect to relieve the pain while nursing care should be strengthened to urge patients to take early activities to reduce the occurrence of urinary retention.

Differences in the Effects of Pentobarbital Anesthetic and Combination of Medetomidine Hydrochloride, Midazolam, and Butorphanol Tartrate Anesthetic on Electroretinogram in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on electroretinograms (ERGs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (SDT fatty rats). Methods: The ERG recordings were measured under general anesthesia using pentobarbital or a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) tartrate anesthesia in 12 9-week-old normal Sprague-Dawley rats (Jcl:SD rats) and 16 SDT fatty rats. Each animal model was divided into 2 groups, the pentobarbital group and MMB group. The amplitudes and peak times of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured from 0.0001 candela per square meter (cd.s/m²) to 10.0 cd.s/m². Results: The amplitude of the a-wave was significantly higher in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but there was no significant difference in amplitude between the two groups of SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP1 amplitude between both groups of Jcl:SD rats, but the OP1 amplitude was significantly higher in the MMB group of SDT fatty rats. The OP2 amplitude was significantly higher in the pentobarbital group in both the Jcl:SD rats and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP3 amplitude between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. The amplitude of the OP4 waves was significantly higher in the MMB group for both Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the sums of the OP1 to OP4 (ΣOPs) amplitudes between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. There was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude between the Jcl:SD rat groups, but the b-wave amplitude was significantly higher in the SDT fatty rats that received pentobarbital. The peak times for a-wave, OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, and ΣOPs were significantly longer in the pentobarbital group of SD rats. The peak time of the b-wave was significantly longer in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but the same result was obtained in the SDT fatty rats except that there was no significant difference in the a-wave. Conclusion: The overall ERG results vary depending on the anesthetic agent used. The OPs can be observed in detail when using MMB. Since the SDT fatty rat is a diabetic model animal, we recommend MMB as the anesthesia of choice when studying the OP waves in detail.

Administration of butorphanol with ketamine/xylazine sedation reduces the negative responses to electroejaculation in rams

This study aimed to identify the possible advantages of administering butorphanol (BUT), associated with ketamine/xylazine (KX) sedation or not, for semen collection using electroejaculation (EE) in rams. Fifteen rams received four treatments in a cross-over design using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The treatments were 1) control; 2) received KX; 3) received BUT; and 4) received both treatments. The responses to the procedures regarding heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature were recorded, glucose and creatine kinase were measured, and semen quality was determined. More pulses were required when BUT was administered (P = 0.0067), but rams vocalized fewer times (P = 0.046). The administration of KX also tended to reduce the respiratory frequency (P = 0.068) and rectal temperature (P = 0.089), with no other effects. The administration of BUT reduced the heart rate (P < 0.0001), and there was an interactive effect between the administration of BUT and time on the heart rate (P < 0.0001), respiratory frequency (P = 0.01), and rectal temperature (P = 0.047). The administration of BUT reduced the heart rate increase immediately after EE (P < 0.0001). The respiratory frequency following EE was greater when BUT was administered (P < 0.0001), but the administration of BUT reduced the rectal temperature at the same time (P = 0.002). Glucose concentration was greater when BUT was administered (P < 0.0001). The only significant effect on the ejaculate characteristics was from the interaction between KX and BUT on sperm concentration (P = 0.004). The administration of KX alone increased sperm concentration (P = 0.035), but when BUT was added to KX, sperm concentration decreased (P = 0.002). Moreover, sperm concentration was greater when only BUT was administered than when KX and BUT were administered simultaneously (P = 0.037). The addition of BUT markedly decreased most negative responses more effectively than sedation with KX alone. In conclusion, BUT appears to be an interesting alternative to reduce the welfare concerns raised by the use of EE in rams; however, its possible effects on the ejaculate characteristics when associated with other anesthesia/sedation drugs require further study.

Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate in a poloxamer P407 gel formulation administered to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).

To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate incorporated into poloxamer 407 (P407) after subcutaneous administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Six orange-winged Amazon parrots, ages 28 to 45 years. A sterile formulation of butorphanol in P407 (But-P407) as a 25% gel was created to produce a concentration of 8.3 mg/mL. The formulation was administered SC at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg to all birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline prior to injection (time 0) and then at 0.08, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 hours after drug administration. Butorphanol concentrations were quantitated via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis and a commercially available software program. Plasma concentrations of butorphanol remained > 100 ng/mL for > 4 hours for some birds (3/5) but were < 100 ng/mL for all birds by the 8-hour mark. Cmax and tmax were 346.9 ± 233.7 ng/mL and 1.3 ± 0.274 hours, respectively. Half-life was 1.56 ± 0.445 hours. No adverse effects were detected. Butorphanol was absorbed from the But-P407 25% by the majority of the orange-winged Amazon parrots in this study (3/5), although to a lesser extent compared to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Absorption followed a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with a sustained-release drug. A dose of 12.5 mg/kg, SC, would be expected to provide antinociception for 4 to 8 hours, although pharmacodynamic studies in this species using this formulation have not demonstrated this.

Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Assisted with Computed Tomography Image Information Data Monitoring in Postoperative Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Combined Anesthesia of Propofol and Butorphanol Tartrate under Electronic Health.

The aim of this study was to explore the value of computed tomography (CT) images based on electronic health (E-health) combined with painless gastrointestinal endoscopy (PGE) in the diagnosis of neurocognitive function in patients with combined anesthesia of propofol and butorphanol tartrate. 126 patients undergoing PGE were selected as the research objects, and all were performed with CT perfusion imaging before and after anesthesia to obtain the cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time (MTT), and time to peak (TTP). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was adopted to evaluate the cognitive function of patients. The results showed that after anesthesia, the levels of CBF and CBV in the left and right thalami, frontal lobe, and temporal lobe of the patients were lower than those before anesthesia, while TTP and MTT were higher than those before anesthesia (P < 0.05). The MoCA score after anesthesia was lower than that before anesthesia (P < 0.05). After anesthesia, the CBF, CBV, TTP, and MTT values of the left and right frontal lobes and left and right temporal lobes were significantly positively correlated with MoCA (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the brain CT image parameters based on E-health can clearly display the blood perfusion in the lesion area of the patient, which was beneficial to the PGE-assisted judgment of cognitive dysfunction in patients with propofol tartrate and butorphanol tartrate anesthesia. Therefore, CT-assisted PGE examination based on E-health had a certain clinical value in evaluating the neurocognitive function of patients.

Effect of a combination of butorphanol and detomidine on endoscopic assessment of laryngeal function in Thoroughbred yearlings.

To the authors' knowledge, the effect of a combination of butorphanol tartrate and detomidine hydrochloride on the laryngeal function and symmetry of the arytenoid cartilages in young Thoroughbred horses has not been examined. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of administration of butorphanol and detomidine on left-to-right rima glottidis ratio (L:R RGR), cross-sectional area of the rima glottidis (CSARG) and grade of laryngeal function of Thoroughbred yearlings examined endoscopically at rest. Forty-six Thoroughbred yearlings underwent laryngeal video endoscopy, at rest, before and after sedation with butorphanol and detomidine. Three clinicians assigned grades of laryngeal function after reviewing the video recordings. The L:R RGR and CSARG were measured at the point of arytenoid cartilages' maximal abduction. Student's t-test was used to compare the L:R RGR and CSARG. Cohen's kappa (κ) was used to compare the intra- and interobserver agreements. Spearman's rank order was used to assess agreement between CSARG and grade of laryngeal function. Sedation had no effect on L:R RGR and CSARG. Mean intraobserver agreement of grade of laryngeal function of unsedated yearlings was 93.1%, and that of sedated yearlings was 92.9%. Mean interobserver agreement of grade of laryngeal function of unsedated yearlings was 92.8%, and that of sedated yearlings was 92.7%. Correlation between CSARG and laryngeal function grade was significant for both groups (p<0.001). Sedating Thoroughbred yearlings with detomidine and butorphanol, before endoscopically examining the larynx, did not significantly affect the grade of laryngeal function.

The protective effects of butorphanol tartrate against homocysteine-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction

ABSTRACT A high concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) has been recently reported to be closely associated with the development of stroke, which is related to the Hcy-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Butorphanol tartrate is a promising analgesic agent that targets the opiate receptor and shows promising protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present research proposes to investigate the protective effect of butorphanol tartrate on Hcy-induced BBB disruption to explore the potential application of butorphanol tartrate in treating Hcy-induced stroke. Hcy was utilized to establish both an in vivo animal model and in vitro human brain vascular endothelial cells (HBVECs) injury model. We found that the increased diffusion of sodium fluorescein and Evan’s blue, declined expression of Claudin-5, and increased production of interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were observed in Hcy-treated mice, which were all significantly reversed by butorphanol tartrate. In Hcy-stimulated HBVECs, increased endothelial permeability and reduced expression levels of Claudin-5 and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) were observed, all of which were dramatically rescued by 2 and 5 µM butorphanol tartrate. Lastly, the protective function of butorphanol tartrate in Hcy-stimulated HBVECs was dramatically abolished by the knockdown of KLF5. Collectively, butorphanol tartrate showed protective effects on Hcy-induced BBB disruption by upregulating the KLF5/Claudin-5 axis.

Butorphanol tartrate mitigates cellular senescence against tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF-α) in human HC-A chondrocytes

ABSTRACT Aging is an important risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). Butorphanol is a preoperative sedative and analgesic that possesses anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effect of butorphanol on OA has not been reported. Here we aimed to explore the effect of butorphanol tartrate on the cellular senescence of human chondrocyte-articular (HC-A) cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulation. Butorphanol tartrate attenuated the TNF-α-caused cellular senescence of HC-A cells, with decreased positive senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and elevated telomerase activity. Butorphanol tartrate prevented TNF-α-caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in HC-A cells and decreased p21 expression. The TNF-α-induced production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in HC-A cells were mitigated by butorphanol tartrate. In addition, butorphanol tartrate reduced p-NF-κB p65/total p65 and p-STAT3/STAT3 ratios in HC-A cells cultured with TNF-α. Taken together, butorphanol tartrate protected HC-A cells from TNF-α-caused cellular senescence through inactivation of NF-κB and STAT3. These results imply that butorphanol tartrate might be used as a potential agent for the treatment of aging-related OA.

Silver nanoparticles decorated functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified screen printed sensor for the voltammetric determination of butorphanol

The present study aimed at describing silver nanoparticles based functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified screen printed carbon electrode (Ag/CNT/SPE) for an effective determination of an opioid analgesic drug butorphanol (BTR). The suspension of Ag/CNT prepared was drop casted onto the surface of SPE. The surface morphology of the nanocomposite was studied using XRD, FESEM, EDX, FT-IR, and UV-Vis. Ag/CNT/SPE showed a remarkable enhancement in the peak current values in cyclic and square wave voltammograms when compared with that of the CNT/SPE, Ag/SPE and bare carbon SPE. The anodic phenomenon of BTR occurring at Ag/CNTs/SPE was found to be a function of pH of the medium, concentration and scan rate of BTR. The oxidation peak current was found proportional to the BTR concentration within the linear range of 1.05-10.45 µM, with a detection limit of 2.15 µM (LOD) and the quantification limit of 7.18 µM (LOQ). The redox mechanism of BTR at the modified electrode was evaluated after optimizing the electrode dynamic parameters. The sensor was further scrutinized for the successful quantification of BTR in the pharmaceutical formulation.

Study on Analgesia and Sedation of Butorphanol Tartrate Combined with Dexmedetomidine in Severe Cerebral Hemorrhage for Patients with Mechanical Ventilation

Objective: To analyze the effect and advantages in analgesia and sedation of butorphanol tartrate combined with dexmedetomidine in severe cerebral hemorrhage for patients with mechanical ventilation. Methods: 120 patients with severe cerebral hemorrhage requiring analgesia and sedation were randomly selected and divided into two groups: the control group (dexmedetomidine treatment group) and the test group (dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol tartrate). Two groups of patients with different drugs were analyzed. Results: The average dose of dexmedetomidine (microgram) and the total adverse events (Times) in the test group were significantly lower than those in the control group within 48 hours (P Conclusion: Using butorphanol tartrate combined with dexmedetomidine can achieve the same sedative effect and enhance the analgesic effect as using dexmedetomidine alone with less dose of dexmedetomidine, and the clinical effect is significant. It also solves the problem that adverse reactions such as blood pressure change and bradycardia are easy to occur when using large dose of dexmedetomidine and the infusion speed is fast in clinical application, and significantly reduces the incidence of adverse reactions. It is worthy of clinical application.