Buton Island Research Articles

Characteristics study of over boulder asbuton as pozzolanic material for soft soil stabilization

Over Boulder Asbuton is a natural asphalt from Buton Island which is a layer of topsoil with a large deposit that can be used as a road material because besides containing bitumen, the mineral also has lime (CaCO3) which is quite high up to 80% with its mineralogy content containing Calcium amounting to 79.64% and silica element at 9.63% so that the mineral composition contains positive ions and can be said to be pozzolanic material, which can function as a stabilizing material on soft soil. Therefore, in this study utilizing these minerals as an alternative to soil stabilization ingredients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Asbuton Over Boulder characteristics as a stabilization material through laboratory tests so that the proportion and variation of Asbuton Over Boulder minerals were obtained to increase the bearing capacity on expansive soils. Over Boulder Asbuton was taken at the location of the Kabungka, Lawale, and Sampolawa blocks, then the preparation of the material was carried out in the laboratory, namely by drying in the open air until it reached air dry. The specimens used were cylindrical in H = 2D size, from the Asbuton Over Boulder mineral test results, the qu max value was obtained at 21 days curing time = 0.624kg / cm3, in the Proctor optimum moisture content. The value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR-Unsoaked) was 12.06% and the value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR-Soaked) obtained was 8.04%. So from the results obtained, that the utilization of Asbuton Over Boulder greatly affects the stability of the soil that will be used as a construction material.

Resistance to cohesion loss in cantabro test on specimens of porous asphalt containing modificated asbuton

Nowadays, road pavement in Indonesia is still dominated by flexible pavement with petroleum bitumen mostly used as a binder. There is a huge deposit of hydrocarbon sedimentary rocks in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. One product of Buton natural rock asphalt is refined Asbuton modification which consists of approximately 70% bitumen and 30% minerals. An investigation of the effects of Asbuton modification on the performance of porous asphalt mixture was made using six mixtures based Asbuton modificated were 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%. This paper presents a comparative parallel about resistance to disintegration or cohesion loss from the results of the Cantabro test for raveling resistance. The application of Retona Blend as a binder in the porous asphalt mixture improved the raveling resistance in relationship Asbuton modification content with cantabro loss value.

The resilience of asbuton material strength with immersion time used as core layer on a dam

In order to increase the use of domestic materials, asbuton material which has a substantial reserve of 662,960 million tons in Buton Island becomes an alternative choice for using as a core layer on the dam. The asbuton material to be used in this research is Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA). The laboratory result data to be analyzed relationship between the stability value with the immersion time, residual stability value with the immersion time and the value of the flow with the time of immersion of asbuton material. The results showed that the value of stability and flow of asbuton material after soaking tends to be stable, it indicates that the strength and flexibility of asbuton material are not affected by water immersion. The percentage of residual stability to each immersion time varies and the value of stability loss is relatively small, so until the 56th-day immersion the remaining percentage of stability loss is less.

Experimental study on marshall stability and flow of Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture using Asbuton semi extracted as binder

This study is a part of an on going research program to optimize the utilization of the huge deposit of natural asphalt in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. In asphalt production processes it is important to think about energy savings and environmental benefits. Production of AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted bitumen is one of the efforts to reduce energy consumption. Asbuton modification is a semi extracted bitumen produced from Buton natural rock asphalt, it can be used as a binder material in asphalt mixture. This paper presents Marshall test that was performed on AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted as binder. The result of Marshall test shows the sufficient stability and resistance to deformation can be established by aggregate interlocking and cohesion which developed due to the Bitumen in Asbuton semi extracted.

Analysis of stability of residue asphalt emulsion mixture containing Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA)

The natural rock asphalt which available in abundance in the southeast of Buton Island, Indonesia was attempted to use in the production of cold mix asphalt. The purpose of this study is to replace petroleum bitumen with local materials such as natural rock asphalt. Small granular size of natural rock asphalt that referred to Buton granular asphalt (BGA) was blended with petroleum bitumen as droplet phase in the asphalt emulsion mixture. Mixture with 8.8% of asphalt emulsion mixture made with the cationic slow setting (CSS) that corresponded to the residue asphalt emulsion content was used as a mixture control. At residue asphalt emulsion content, bitumen of BGA was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the asphalt emulsion mixture production. Test result revealed that utilizing BGA in asphalt emulsion mixture has proved for improving stability where the stability of all mixture with BGA super passed the stability of mixture without BGA.

The diversity of mangrove forests in Kumbewaha, Buton Island, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the diversity of mangroves in Kumbewaha, Buton, Indonesia. the method used in this study is line transect, data retrieval with roaming. The number of mangrove species found was 20 species and 17 mangrove tribes including, Acrostichum aureum (L.), Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco, Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch, Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam, Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob, Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn, Cordia sebestena (L.), Crinum asiaticum (L.), Cyclosorus heterocarpus (Blume) Ching, Desmodium umbellatum (L.) DC, Dendrolobium umbellatum (L.) Benth, Inocarpus fagifer (Parkinson) Fosberg, Nephrolepis falcata (Cav.) C. Christens, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Rhizophora mucronata Lam, Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb, Sonneratia ovata Backer, Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa, And Xylocarpus moluccensis M.Roem. Rhizophora mucronata Lam, is the type that has the highest diversity value (H’) of 0.863 while the lowest diversity value (H’) is the Sonneratia ovata Backer mangrove, with a value of 0.087.

TiO2 Coated-Asphalt Buton Photocatalyst for High-Performance Motor Vehicles Gas Emission Mitigation

Gas emission from motor vehicle has become the origin of many serious issues including health and air-quality, green house effect, and other environment issues. While motor vehicle manufacturers have set a particular standard of gas emission and motor vehicle aging, usage has contributed to the increase of hazardous gas emission from vehicles. Therefore, developing a special material that can adsorb the emitted gases should be continuously demonstrated. This paper reports the fabrication of a high-performance material, i.e., asphalt naturally found in Buton Island, Indonesia (asbuton), composited of anatase TiO2 (ATi), for application in gas emission reduction, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and other hydrocarbon gases (HC). ATi was prepared by coating the pre-extracted asbuton with anatase TiO2 sol-gel via a spray-coating technique and annealed at 120 °C for 3 h. We found that the CO, CO2, and HC gases can be effectively adsorbed by the ATi adsorbent as high as 600, 1500, and 760 ppm, respectively, for exposure time of only 90 s each. The gas adsorption on the ATi obeys Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum gas adsorption capacity was found to be as high as 95,238 and 2348 ppm (for CO2 and HC, respectively). The availability of abundant –OH active ligand on Si–OH and Ti–OH and highly porous structure, as judged from the FTIR and SEM analysis results, is assumed as the key reason for the high adsorption capacity of the ATi. The ATi should find a potential application in motor vehicle gas emission and air pollutant mitigation.

Evaluation of land use impact on river water quality using macroinvertebrates as bioindicator in Lahumoko Watershed, Buton Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Kahirun, Sabaruddin L, Mukhtar, Kilowasid LOMH. 2019. Evaluation of land use impact on river water quality using macroinvertebrates as bioindicator in Lahumoko Watershed, Buton Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1658-1670. The Lahumoko Watershed, a small watershed, that empties into the sea is sensitive to water quality changes due to land use changes by humans. Uncontrolled land use changes can threaten the sustainability of the river ecological functions of the watershed. It is important to examine the comparison of river water quality in locations that represent land uses. So, the objectives of this study were to reveal the impact of land use on biological water quality in rivers and to analyze the relationship between macroinvertebrates communities with parameters of biodiversity and physicochemical at the observation locations that represented land use. Biological samplings were done using a hand net with a hole size of 0.5 mm mesh, at five stations, each with three replications, with a length of 30 m of each replication, 60 minutes per station. The results of the study showed that individual abundance, family biotic index and diversity index parameters indicated that the water quality was quite good in the upstream watershed (LM1, LM2, and LM3 stations) and somewhat worse in the middle (LM4 station) and downstream of the watershed (LM5 station). The Spearman's correlation, Dendrogram, and Canonical Correspondent Analysis (CCA) showed that there were similarities among LM1, LM2 and LM3 stations, and also between LM4 and LM5 stations. Physicochemical parameters, especially the velocity and flow rate of the river flow had significant correlation with individual richness and density.
 

Arabic Manuscripts from Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, and the Literary Activities of Sultan Muḥammad ʿAydarūs (1824–1851)

AbstractThis article examines the Arabic manuscripts of Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, focussing on the Abdul Mulku Zahari collection. In particular, it studies manuscripts of texts composed by the ruler of Buton, Sultan Muḥammad ʿAydarūs (r. 1824–1851) who wrote a large number of Sufi works in both Arabic and Wolio, the literary language of the Butonese court. The manuscripts attest not only the religious and intellectual culture of the court, but also Buton’s connections with the wider Islamic world including the Hijaz and its reformist Sufi movements. The article also situates Muḥammad ʿAydarūs’s Arabic works in the broader context of Butonese history and textual production.

Developing genetic learning module based on blue eyes phenomenon in Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi

The existence of learning resources based on local phenomena is presumed to be able to optimize genetic learning processes. The purposes of this study were (1) to produce module based on the blue eyes phenomenon occurred in Buton Island for genetic material in senior high school and (2) to find the quality of the module produced. This study used research and development (R & D) based on Borg & Gall model which was limited to seventh step. The research involved three validators, six students in initial field-testing step, and 70 students in main field testing. The data collection technique used was questionnaire. The data obtained were calculated as percentages of module quality. The results of the material validation, media validation, and practitioners were 96.52% (very valid); 82.40% (very valid); and 83.75% (very valid), respectively. In addition, the student responses to the module was 22.13% (good). In conclusion, this module can be used as a learning resource for senior high school students in genetic learning.

The accuracy of volunteer surveyors for obtaining tree measurements in tropical forests.

Volunteer-led surveys are increasingly used to collect ecological information and may represent a means for obtaining the tree measurement datasets necessary to calculate carbon stocks in tropical forests in order to justify funding like REDD+. However, the accuracy of tree measurements collected by volunteers remains unassessed. Here, we examine how tree measurements collected by student volunteers vary compared to measurements collected by trained ecologists using identical methods. Measurements by both teams were collected at 11 habitat plots on Buton Island, Indonesia. Both teams counted similar numbers of trees per plot and obtained positively correlated circumference-at-breast-height measurement values at plot and individual tree scales of aggregation. Volunteer and ecologist-generated median carbon stock estimates differed by just 1.1%. We therefore suggest that with sufficient training and supervision volunteers can be used to obtain accurate tree measurement data for carbon stock calculations.

Impact of Lambusango Forest Damage on Environment

The Lambusango forest is located on the island of Buton which is the world’s lungs and is a tourist attraction for domestic and foreign tourists. The study aims to (1) Know the impact of Lambusango forest damage on the environment due to mining activities in Buton Regency (2) To know the effect for the community around Lambusango Forest. Judging from the purpose of research, this research is done by qualitative descriptive method [1]. Activities undertaken include conducting in-depth interviews to find out the impacts to some respondents and observations in the field. Implementation Phase Water and Soil Quality Test is a way to know if water and soil have been polluted by mining. Stages of preparation of research results conducted by evaluating and re-examination of data analysis results both secondary data and primary data. The expected results in this study are negative impacts caused by mining such as Pollution of water, barren land, mine hole openings that can disturb community mining area can be minimized.

The Effect of Resins on Rheological and ageing Characteristics of Bitumen for Pavement

Bitumen consists of thousands of hydrocarbon molecule types with each molecule contributes to the overall bitumen characteristics. Therefore, it is important to identify the influence of each chemical component of bitumen that altogether constructs the bitumen characteristics. This is likely to be completed by evaluating and modifying bitumen components to produce a new type of bitumen with better characteristics. The realistic way to do this is by analysing it in groups or fractions; one group or fraction comprises bitumen molecules with similar characteristics. This paper aims to address this issue by describing the effect of resins on rheological characteristics of bitumen at various ageing process stages. The materials used in this study were Buton rock asphalt or natural rock asphalt from Buton Island in Indonesia which was from Lawele region and petroleum bitumen penetration grade 80/100 from a refinery in Kemaman Malaysia. The materials were tested to identify their charactheristics and the resins components were also extracted and tested with Corbett method. Each extracted resin (from Buton rock asphalt bitumen and petroleum bitumen) was blended in proportions of 0%, 5%, and 10% with the Kemaman petroleum bitumen as a bitumen medium. The blended bitumen samples were also tested for their rheological characteristics using Dynamic Shear Rheometer. Each sample was tested at five different temperature levels (46°C, 52°C, 58°C, 64°C and 70°C) and at un-aged, artificial short-term aged (RTFOT-aged), and artificial long-term aged (PAV-aged) conditions. The results indicated that the source of resins had a significant value of 0.065 or larger than the 0.05 critical point value. There was no difference in the effect of the experiments using either Buton rock asphalt or petroleum bitumen on the complex shear modulus G*. At fresh condition, there was no effect of adding resins on the bitumen rheological characteristics except for the elastic modulus (G’). However, the effect increased over the RTFOT-ageing and PAV-aging level because of the normal ageing process.

Introducing Buton Natural Rock Asphalt New Materials for Bitumen Mofification and Soil Stabilization

Abstract:The natural asphalt in the world which can be explored until today is Buton Natural Rock Asphalt (BNRA). The other natural asphalt like Trinidad Lake Asphalt Based on survey conducted by Directorate General of Mining Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republik of Indonesia, amount of 650 million ton of BNRA are found in Buton island, yet until 92 years since BNRA in Buton Island discover by Hetzel, a Dutch Geolog, only 3.4 ton that have been explored to be used for road work. This paper reported the using of BNRA to modify bitumen to improve their properties in order to resist the high temperature rutting, and to stabilize clay soil, to improve their strenght. Bitumen penetration grade 80/100 which will be modified was blend by 15 to 65% of BNRA in increments of 5% by weight of bitumen, and to stabilized clay soil, amount of 2% to 8% in increements of 2% BNRA by weight of soil was added. To determine Penetration Index (PI) of neat bitumen and alsobitumen modified with BNRA, penetration at 250 Celcius and softening point test were conducted. Penetration Index is the parameter to measure the temperature susceptibility of binder. The test results show that ...

Evaluasi Kinerja Campuran Beraspal dengan Bitumen Hasil Ekstraksi Penuh dari Asbuton

Asbuton is a natural rock asphalt that can be found on the island of Buton in Southeast Sulawesi province, has a large deposits but not yet well utilized. This research aims to find out the performance of asphalt mixtures AC-WC (Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course) and HRS-WC (Hot Rolled Sheet Wearing Course) using bitumen results from full extraction of asbuton. The research was done by experimental methods through laboratory tests then its performance was compared to convensional mixtures using asphalt oil with penetration grade of 60. The results obtained showed that the bitumen of asbuton did not meet the specification of bitumen based on penetration grade. Characteristics of hot mixture asphalt using bitumen of asbuton showed better performance in terms of the Marshall stability namely 1871 kg higher than the convensional hotmixture of asphalt, with 1100 kg for AC-WC and 1241.9 kg compared with 1094 kg for HRS-WC. In addition, the results of deformation resistance tests showed asphalt mix with pure asbuton more resistant to rutting shown by higher dynamic stability value namely 4200 track/mm compared with 492 track/mm for AC-WC and 2739 track/mm compared with 325 track/mm. The modulus resilient value of mix with pure asbuton is also higher at temperature of 25°C and relatively the sameat temperatures of 35°C and 45°C. While the resistance of fatigue for AC-WC and HRS-WC on the test tensile strain of 150 µs were relatively the same as hotmix asphalt using asphalt oil penetration grade of 60, but on test of a larger tensile strain has worse fatigue resistance, especially for AC-WC.

Analysis of Morphometric Character of Chromis Fish in Indonesia and Korea

There are more than 350 species of Chromis fish in the world. Its distribution covers tropical and subtropical water areas. Spesific geographical conditions determine fish development. This study aims to analyze morphometric meristik, and the differences between chromis fish characters in Indonesia and Korea waters. The research methods were consisted of descriptive methods, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney test.The result showed the total length of Abudefduf sexfasciatus found in Palabuhan ratu and Pramuka Island water territories are ranged from 9.9 to 10.2 cm and 7.7 to 13.0 cm.This fish has a dorsal fin, caudal fin which consists of 12-17 weak fingers, and ventral fin consists of 1 hard finger and 4-6 weak fingers. Abudefduf vaigiensis’ found in Palabuhan ratu, Buton Island, Sorong, and Korea water has each ranging total length from 6.0 to 10.6 cm, 10.9 -12.3 cm, 11 cm, and 5.0 to 8.6 cm.The differences are in the caudal and ventral fin. Morphometric characters of Abudefduf sexfasciatus found in Palabuhan ratu and Pramuka Island water territories relatively similar. Morphometric characters of Abudefduf vaigiensis found in Korean waters was not significantly different with Palabuhan ratu, Buton Island, and Sorong water territories. Compared with the other two locations, Abudefduf vaigiensis found the island of Buton water territory has closely related family with the Korean water’s

GIS-based agroecological assessment of land suitability for food crop development at a regional scale: A study case of Buton Island.

Agriculture has long become a prime sector for regional development in Buton Island, although local government emphasis on perennial crops. Food crop have been developed in very limited land areas, mainly on transmigration areas, as parts of central government programs. Today, the central government has launched a national strategic program on food self-sufficiency and has imposed the local government to optimize available land for cultivating food crop. The primary aim of study is to develop rapid assessment on a spatial basis using GIS for agricultural land suitability evaluation of agriculture commodities, i.e., rice (irrigated paddy field, rainfed rice) and corn (Zea maize L.). The study was undertaken using the following procedures: (i) conducting reconnaissance soil survey based on land units; (ii) constructing soil database in a GIS; and (iii) classifying land suitability using the FAO method. Spatial data were generated from digital topographic map, soil survey, soil characteristics, as well as climate data. Preliminary results indicate that quite large area available for food crop cultivation both in the context of land suitability (mostly in S2 and S3 classes) and land availability. All data bases were managed in GIS, then it is amenable to various operations in GIS to accommodate possible additional assessment including socio-economic and policy assessment.

On the long-lasting sequences of coral reef terraces from SE Sulawesi (Indonesia): Distribution, formation, and global significance

Many islands of the eastern Indonesian Archipelago exhibit Late Cenozoic sequences of coral reef terraces. In SE Sulawesi, on the Tukang Besi and Buton archipelagos, we identified 23 islands bearing such sequences. Remote sensing imagery and field mapping combined to U/Th and 14C dating enable to establish a chronologic framework of the reef terrace sequences from Wangi-Wangi, Buton as well as on the neighbouring, smaller islands of Ular, Siumpu and Kadatua. We identified the terraces from the last interglacial maximum (MIS 5e) at elevations lower than 20 m except on W Kadatua where it is raised at 34 ± 5 m. Such elevations yield low to moderate Upper Pleistocene uplift rates (<0.3 mm yr−1). On SE Buton Island, a sequence culminates at 650 m and includes at least 40 undated strandlines. Next to this exceptional sequence, on the Sampolawa Peninsula, 18 strandlines culminate at 430 m. Dated samples at the base of this sequence (<40 m) yield mean Middle Pleistocene uplift rates of 0.14 ± 0.09 mm yr−1. Extrapolation of these uplift rates compared to the geological setting suggests that the sequences of the Sampolawa Peninsula provide a record of sea-level high-stands for the last 3.8 ± 0.6 Ma. The sequences on SE Buton Island therefore constitute the best preserved long-lasting geomorphic record of Plio-Quaternary sea-level stands worldwide.

Community Perceptions of the Crop-Feeding Buton Macaque (Macaca ochreata brunnescens): an Ethnoprimatological Study on Buton Island, Sulawesi

Human–wildlife overlap is increasing worldwide as a result of agricultural expansion. This can reduce human tolerance of wildlife, especially if wildlife threatens human food sources. The greatest threat to the declining populations of the endemic Buton macaque (Macaca ochreata brunnescens) is habitat destruction, but as a common crop-feeding species, there is also an additional risk of retaliation killings from farmers. Finding means of reducing this risk will thus help secure the long-term future of this range-restricted subspecies. Here, we investigate variability in farmers’ perceptions of primate crop-feeding and mitigation techniques in three farming communities on Buton Island, Indonesia, which differ in wealth and agricultural resources. We employ a mixed methodology, collecting qualitative social data from focus groups and quantitative observational data to measure macaque crop-feeding occurrences. Our findings indicate that the least wealthy community used lethal control methods more frequently than the comparatively wealthier communities, even when the crop-feeding problem was less severe. The least wealthy community also expressed high levels of fear of macaques, and had the most negative perceptions of them. This community also had no knowledge of the macaques’ conservation status or their ecological roles. We recommend that efforts to protect Buton macaques focus on education and the use of effective nonlethal mitigation techniques, such as electric fencing. We also suggest that initiatives to support such measures may be most effectively directed toward communities with relatively low economic wealth and high reliance on subsistence agriculture, especially where crop-feeding wildlife is feared, even when such communities do not experience the highest losses from crop-feeding wildlife.

Permeability analysis of Asbuton material used as core layers of water resistance in the body of dam

In order to increase consumption of the local materials and national products, large reserves of Asbuton material about 662.960 million tons in the Buton Islands became an alternative as a waterproof core layer in the body of dam. The Asbuton material was used in this research is Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA). This study was an experimental study conducted in the laboratory by conducting density testing (content weight) and permeability on Asbuton material. Testing of the Asbuton material used Falling Head method to find out the permeability value of Asbuton material. The data of test result to be analyzed are the relation between compaction energy and density value also relation between density value and permeability value of Asbuton material. The result shows that increases the number of blow apply to the Asbuton material at each layer will increase the density of the Asbuton material. The density value of Asbuton material that satisfies the requirements for use as an impermeable core layer in the dam body is 1.53 grams/cm3. The increase the density value (the weight of the contents) of the Asbuton material will reduce its permeability value of the Asbuton material.