In this study, the floristic characteristics of Gölcük Village and its surroundings, located within the borders of Bursa Province, one of the prominent tourism and settlement centers of Türkiye, were investigated. As a result of the research, a total of 378 taxa at the species and subspecies level belonging to 69 families and 229 genera were identified in the study area. Among these taxa, 3 belong to the division Pteridophyta, while 375 belong to the division Spermatophyta. Of the taxa within Spermatophyta, 4 belong to the subdivision Gymnospermae, and 371 to the subdivision Angiospermae. Within the Angiospermae subdivision, 333 taxa belong to the class Dicotyledonae, and 38 to the class Monocotyledonae. The families richest in taxa in the study area were Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Geraniaceae, Fagaceae, Brassicaceae, and Malvaceae. Among these families, the genera richest in taxa were Trifolium (8 taxa, 2.12%), Medicago (6 taxa, 1.59%), Ranunculus (6 taxa, 1.59%), Rumex (5 taxa, 1.32%), Geranium (5 taxa, 1.32%), Vicia (5 taxa, 1.32%), Quercus (5 taxa, 1.32%), Alyssum (4 taxa, 1.06%), Malva (4 taxa, 1.06%), and Lathyrus (4 taxa, 1.06%). The distribution of the taxa according to phytogeographical regions was recorded as follows: Mediterranean elements (63 taxa, 16.67%), Euro-Siberian elements (50 taxa, 13.23%), Irano-Turanian elements (5 taxa, 1.32%), and multi-regional or phytogeographically unclassified elements (260 taxa, 68.78%). The classification of the taxa in the study area according to life forms was as follows: Phanerophytes (Fa.) 48 taxa (12.70%), Chamaephytes (Kam.) 19 taxa (5.03%), Hemicryptophytes (Hkrp.) 147 taxa (38.89%), Cryptophytes (Krp.) 38 taxa (10.05%), Therophytes (Te.) 124 taxa (32.80%), and vascular parasites 2 taxa (0.53%). The number of endemic taxa in the area was determined as 4, corresponding to an endemism rate of 1.06%.

Forced migration, as exemplified by the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis, has been consistently associated with elevated rates of psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and increased suicide risk. However, the psychological mechanisms linking trauma-related symptoms to suicide risk in refugee populations remain insufficiently understood. The present study examines the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk among Syrian refugees residing in Turkey. Data were collected from 627 Syrian refugees aged 18-65 years living in Bursa province. Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing PTSD symptoms (Impact of Event Scale-Revised; IES-R), depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI), anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3; ASI-3), and suicide risk (Suicide Probability Scale; SPS). Elevated PTSD symptom levels were observed in 81.2% of the sample. Logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to examine associations between PTSD symptom clusters, anxiety sensitivity dimensions, and suicide risk. Results indicated that intrusion and hyperarousal symptoms were positively associated with suicide risk, whereas avoidance symptoms and physical concern (ASI-3 subscale) were negatively associated. Mediation analysis revealed that cognitive concern-defined as fear of losing mental control-partially mediated the association between PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation (SPS suicidal ideation subscale). Taken together, these findings suggest that maladaptive interpretations of cognitive distress may represent a clinically relevant target for reducing suicide risk in trauma-exposed refugee populations. In contrast, avoidance and heightened awareness of bodily sensations may function as temporary protective strategies in the context of overwhelming stress. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of trauma-informed interventions that prioritize suicide stabilization in forcibly displaced individuals prior to the initiation of PTSD-focused treatment.

Background: Heart failure (HF) affects not only the cardiovascular system but also mental health. The majority of patients with HF experience symptoms of mental disorders, such as depression, which are proportionally related to the severity of HF. This results in a significant comorbidity of HF, which might be associated with poor clinical outcomes, including decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL). In Türkiye, data concerning the extent of this complication among outpatients with HF are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression in outpatients with HF and consequently the HRQOL; the secondary aim was to identify the related factors contributing to the incidence of depression and HRQOL in patients with HF in Bursa, Türkiye. Methods: An outpatient, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a cardiology outpatient clinic in Bursa Province, Türkiye, between September and December 2022. The study was conducted via a validated questionnaire consisting of four sections. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale, and the HRQOL of HF patients was evaluated using the Turkish version of the Minnesota Living with HF Questionnaire (MLHFQ). Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the effects of variables. Limitations of the study include its design as a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study from a single center that relies on self-reported data. Results: A total of 166 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 64.96 ± 11.33 years. Nearly half of the participants had moderate or severe depression (33.1% and 15.7%, respectively). The mean MLHFQ score of the study participants was 54.15 ± 18.20. Patients suffering from severe depression had the lowest HRQOL (71.46 ± 12.4). There was a significant increase in depression level, and a decrease in HRQOL in patients with a duration of HF diagnosis of more than 3 years (p = 0.001), a number of HF hospitalizations (p = 0.001), and those diagnosed with NYHA class IV (p = 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the duration of HF disease, number of comorbidities, number of medications used, and BDI [(0.30 < r: 0.31/0.43/0.43 ≤ 0.70), respectively]. The simple linear regression analysis revealed that the BDI has positive and significant explanatory power for the MLHFQ (F: 168.29; R2: 0.51; t: 12.97; p < 0.001), and 51% of the change in the MLHFQ score is recorded by the BDI (R2: 0.51). Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that comorbid depression and HRQOL are closely related. This was observed in nearly half of the patients with HF, who had comorbid moderate and severe depression, which is associated with poor HRQOL. The factors associated with high depression and poor HRQOL were the duration of HF diagnosis of more than 3 years, an increased number of HF hospitalizations, polypharmacy, and NYHA class IV diagnoses.

This study evaluates the socio-economic development levels of the districts of Bursa Province by comparing the results of the 2017 and 2022 Socio-Economic Development Index (SEGE) prepared using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The findings indicate that districts with lower socio-economic levels were unable to adequately benefit from or access metropolitan services, leading to exclusion from urban opportunities. While some districts, such as Karacabey, experienced upward mobility in development rankings, others, including Orhaneli, declined despite their geographical and sectoral advantages. The results highlight the uneven distribution of socio-economic development across districts and reveal that local potentials were not effectively utilized in planning and investment processes. Recommendations are proposed to address disparities through targeted interventions in infrastructure, healthcare, education, agriculture, industry, and tourism, emphasizing the need for province-wide integrated planning to ensure balanced regional development

Corvidae birds are ecologically significant and host a diverse range of helminth parasites; however, data on their parasitic fauna in Türkiye remain limited. Here, we examined 44 individuals of three corvid species (39 Coloeus monedula, 3 Garrulus glandarius and 2 Corvus corax) from Bursa Province through necropsy and microscopic identification. We detected helminth infections in 79.5% of the birds, identifying 12 species across Digenea (Brachylaima fuscata, Brachylecithum lobatum, Lyperosomum longicauda), Cestoda (Choanotaenia macracantha, Passerilepis stylosa), Nematoda (Syngamus trachea, Dispharynx nasuta, Dispharynx sp., Baruscapillaria obsiganata, B. resecta), and Acanthocephala (Sphaerirostris picae, Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) cylindraceus). This study represents the third record for C. monedula, the second for G. glandarius, and the first for Co. corax in Türkiye. Notably, B. fuscata, Br. lobatum, C. macracantha, P. stylosa, and B. resecta helminths were recorded for the first time in Türkiye. These findings enhance the understanding of helminth diversity in regional corvid populations and provide a foundation for future studies on host–parasite dynamics and avian health in Eurasian ecosystems.

This study was conducted in a commercial laying hen laying hen house with a capacity of 5000 chickens located in Bursa province. Using the temperature and relative humidity data obtained from the laying hen enterprise as input parameters in the fuzzy logic method, it is aimed to determine the ideal ventilation amount of the hen house under different conditions and to compare it with traditional methods. In the study, since the optimal data ranges and the levels of influence on ventilation of the temperature and relative humidity parameters used as inputs varied between the summer and winter months, the ventilation rate was determined separately for the two different seasons. In the study, the fuzzy logic method was used through MATLAB software. As a result of the study, the ideal ventilation rate has been successfully determined using the fuzzy logic method. In the winter season of the laying hen house, the ideal ventilation amounts determined by the fuzzy logic method have an R2 score of 0.72 and an MAPE rate of 18.8% compared to the ventilation amounts calculated by traditional methods. In the summer months, the ideal ventilation amount calculated using the fuzzy logic method has an R2 score of 0.87 and a MAPE rate of 15.8%.

The Republic of Turkey established its first match factory in Sinop in 1929 but had to relocate it even before it was in operation due to severe structural damage caused by ground settlement. In July 1930, through his US-based firm the American–Turkish Investment Corporation (ATIC), the Swedish “Match King” Ivar Kreuger signed a contract with the Republic of Turkey to build and operate a factory in Büyükdere, Istanbul. By 1930, Kreuger had already established a match production monopoly in nearly every country in Europe and that year created a similar financial system for Turkey, gaining control of match production for 25 years. This article explains the events surrounding the establishment of his modern production facility in Turkey, with a particular focus on its engineering aspects. It details the strategically chosen location, the engineering solutions for the factory’s construction, its production lines, and what the country gained and lost from it. In order to determine the establishment and production processes of the facility, the authors examined domestic and foreign archival documents, firsthand news reports from the period, articles and theses, and all other available documents. After the contract was terminated by both parties, the Turkish government and ATIC, in May 1943, the factory continued its production and storage activities until May 1989. At that point, the factory and all its equipment were integrated into another existing facility in the İnegöl district of Bursa province. Almost all the buildings of the Büyükdere Match Factory were demolished, and the land was repurposed for a 450-bed regional hospital in 2012. In short, this article deploys the Büyükdere Match Factory as a case study to examine what Turkey gained and lost from the establishment and production processes of a modern industrial factory, enabled by US–Turkish collaboration, and equipped with the most advanced manufacturing and engineering technologies of the time.

This study investigates airborne concentrations of six insecticides widely used on crops grown in agricultural, semi-urban, and rural areas of Bursa Province, Türkiye. Sorbent-impregnated passive air samplers (SIP-PASs), consisting of polyurethane foam (PUF) disks impregnated with XAD-2 resin, were deployed at ten strategically selected sites representing diverse agricultural and demographic profiles within the province. Analytes were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for depuration compounds and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for target insecticides. Although this study focused solely on insecticides, future research should expand monitoring to include herbicides and fungicides-especially those applied to fruit crops-to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of airborne pesticide exposure. Spatial and temporal concentration patterns were analyzed, alongside Clausius-Clapeyron and back-trajectory analyses to assess temperature-driven volatilization and potential source regions. Health risks were evaluated for various age groups, with emphasis on children. The results offer new insights into CUP behavior and associated inhalation risks in intensively farmed regions. Average CUP concentrations were three times higher in agricultural areas than semirural, and nine times higher than rural zones, with peak levels in Ağaköy, Kestel, Demirtaş, and Mudanya. Concentrations were significantly elevated during warm periods. Temperature effects were evaluated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, while cluster analysis indicated long-range transport. Inhalation risk assessment showed hazard quotients below 1 and most lifetime cancer risk values under 10⁻6, indicating low health risks.

The ability of students to comprehend concepts is dependent on their capacity to think deeply, understand the relationships between concepts, and make connections. Various factors, such as logical thinking ability, attitude, physical environment, needs, and teaching approach, can affect students' ability to learn concepts. The study focused on fifth-grade students and examined the impact of the online Predict-Explain-Observe- Explain (PEOE) method on their conceptual understanding of friction force. The study employed a pre-test post-test experimental design, which is considered a weak experimental design. The sample of the study consists of 16 fifth grade students of a secondary school in Bursa province. The experimental application of the research was conducted online in the 2021-2022 academic year, which coincided with the pandemic period. A measurement tool called the Friction Force Conceptual Understanding Test was used as a data collection tool to determine conceptual understanding. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, one of the non-parametric statistical methods, was used to compare the pre-test and post-test data. As a result of the study, it was determined that the PEOE method applied in the online education environment was effective in improving students' conceptual understanding of friction force. These findings highlight the importance of interactive and participatory learning approaches applied in an online environment for students' conceptual understanding processes. This study can be an important reference point for the development of distance education applications.

Media and advertising significantly shape mothers' infant feeding decisions, influencing whether to breastfeed or formula feed. Understanding these influences is crucial for promoting informed feeding practices. This study explored how media and advertisements influence Turkish mothers' decisions regarding breastfeeding or formula feeding. This qualitative study, in which a phenomenological design was used, was conducted with 20 mothers of 0-12-month-old infants who were followed up in the healthy child clinic of a public hospital in the Bursa province located in the South Marmara region of Turkey. Descriptive characteristics were collected and semi-structured interviews were carried out and analyzed thematically. We identified four main themes: mothers' use of media apps, factors influencing breastfeeding, the influence of media and advertising on feeding choices, and mothers' expectations of media and health professionals. Mothers reported using the media to share their experiences of infant development and breastfeeding. They reported that the media often showed celebrities promoting infant formula, and this, combined with advice from health professionals and family members, strongly influenced their feeding decisions. Mothers emphasized the need for the media to take a more positive approach to promoting breastfeeding. Reducing the impact of formula advertisements and offering accurate breastfeeding information through social media could better support mothers' feeding decisions. Health information would be clearer if policymakers and healthcare professionals prioritized regulating infant formula advertising and promoting breastfeeding on social platforms. Family health center professionals play a crucial role in comprehensive breastfeeding counseling.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schw.) fungal disease in vineyards is becoming an increasingly important concern due to climate change and the emergence of resistant populations after heavy spraying. Recently, new disease control methods based on phenological development, disease development, and meteorological data have been established in Türkiye. These models can provide sufficient protection with minimal fungicide use and minimize residue problems due to excessive fungicide use. In this study, the activities of the UC Davis risk index model, decision support strategy (DSS) models, and classical model, based on plant phenological development stages suggested by the Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, were used to protect against powdery mildew. Three alternative control strategies were investigated for 2 years using two grape varieties. In addition, the amount of pesticide residue in the final product by the spraying models was also evaluated. The UC Davis risk index model was applicable in places with similar climatic conditions, such as Bursa Province, and showed better results than other spraying programs. Although the classical model proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry is generally less effective than the UC Davis risk index model, once less spraying achieved high effectiveness rates each season. The UC Davis risk index model considerably lowered the disease incidence rate in clusters below the 5% limit. The DSS model provided poorer protection than the other two models evaluated in this study. Among the fungicides with active ingredients, thiophanate-methyl, kresoxim-methyl, and penconazole, only thiophanate-methyl exceeded the 0.1 ppm (mg/kg) limit specified in the European Union Pesticide Maximum Residue Limits and Turkish Food Codex Pesticide Maximum Residue Limits for both grape varieties. Alternating fungicides with different active ingredients instead of a single fungicide at regular intervals throughout the season can reduce residue problems of grapes and the risk of pathogen resistance to fungicides.

This study aims to determine some structural features and breeding practices in fattening sheep farms in Karacabey district of Bursa province and to identify the problems encountered in these issues. The material of the study consists of survey data conducted with the owners of 76 fattening sheep farms in Karacabey district in 2025. In the surveyed farms, in addition to the socio-economic characteristics of the farm owners, breeds of sheep raised in the farms, number of mother sheep, care and feeding of mothers and lambs, feeding methods, lamb production, roughage supply, roughage used, silage production, grazing on pasture, fattening period, marketing and frequently encountered diseases were examined. The vast majority of the sheep raised in the farms were Karacabey Merino and the rate in all businesses was calculated as 79.9%. The average ages for disposal of mother rams and sheep in the businesses were found as 4.88 and 6.93 years, respectively. The business owners announced that they obtained an average of 173.75 lambs per year. The mortality rate of lambs from weaning to weaning was determined as 9.11%. The average weaning age of the lambs was 3.78 months and the average fattening period applied was determined as 4.82 months. At the end of fattening, the live weight of the lambs was calculated as 48.33 kg. It was determined that 93.5% of the farm owners took their sheep to pasture and 57.9% kept their animals in pasture all year round. The rate of those receiving feed support in the examined farms was determined to be 15.8%. The farm owners stated that they saw high feed costs, shepherd problem, high medicine-treatment expenses, roughage problem, insufficient support and pasture problem as the most important problems. As a result, it can be said that there are problems in the examined fattening sheep farming farms regarding the care-feeding, benefiting from feed support, silage production and use, lamb deaths and diseases, and that it is important to carry out studies to solve these problems in terms of the profitability of the farms.

This study examines how employees' perceptions of the fraud diamond dimensions (pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and capability) vary according to their demographic characteristics in remote work environments, which became widespread during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main aim is to understand the attitudes of remote employees toward fraud and identify which demographic factors are linked to higher tendencies for fraudulent behavior. The study evaluates relationships between factors such as age, education level, work experience, income, and sector, and the fraud diamond dimensions. Based on a survey of 398 remote employees, the findings revealed no statistically significant difference between gender and the fraud diamond dimensions. However, significant differences were found regarding age, education level, work experience, income, and sector. For instance, older employees and those with higher income levels feel more pressure to engage in fraud, while employees with higher education, longer work experience, and higher income show stronger tendencies toward rationalization, opportunity, and capability dimensions. Sector-based analysis revealed that finance sector employees had higher tendencies in rationalization and capability, while those in the textile sector showed the lowest tendency in rationalization and those in the service sector the lowest in capability. The research offers key recommendations for organizations to develop internal control and fraud prevention strategies tailored to remote workers. Specifically, the study highlights the importance of personalizing these strategies, as employees with different demographic characteristics may have different perceptions of fraud. The study provides valuable insights for managers seeking to minimize fraud risks in remote work settings and makes significant contributions to the existing literature.

Verbascum yurtkuranianum (Schrophulariaceae) has been identified in the Ericek Neighborhood area of Bursa Province and requires very different ecological and physiological conditions. This study determined the elemental content of the aerial parts and root organs of the locally endemic Gök Sığırkuyruğu (V. yurtkuranianum) plant. The average macro nutrient contents obtained from the aerial parts of the locally endemic plant were found to be: nitrogen (N) 33.4 g kg-1, phosphorus (P) 04.79 g kg-1, potassium (K) 48.1 g kg-1, calcium (Ca) 06.79 g kg-1 and magnesium (Mg) 06.07 g kg-1. The micro nutrient contents were determined as and sodium (Na) 1350 mg kg-1. iron (Fe) 107.2 mg kg⁻¹, copper (Cu) 4.75 mg kg⁻¹, manganese (Mn) 11.66 mg kg⁻¹, zinc (Zn) 58.7 mg kg⁻¹, and boron (B) 22.9 mg kg⁻¹. The average macro nutrient contents obtained from the root part were found to be: N 33.3 g kg-1, P 07.37 g kg-1, K 47.9 g kg-1, Ca 04.29 g kg-1, Mg 04.80 g kg-1, Na 00.69 g kg-1. The micro nutrient contents were calculated as Fe 450.8 mg kg⁻¹, Cu 13.97 mg kg⁻¹, Mn 11.42 mg kg⁻¹, Zn 128.1 mg kg⁻¹, and B 16.1 mg kg⁻¹.

This study aims to determine the factors affecting the mathematical achievement of gifted students studying at science and art centers in Bursa province and to predict this achievement using various machine learning models. In the study, variables, such as demographic information, family structure, study habits, motivation level, technology use, and social activities were analyzed in line with the data collected from 151 students. Methods, such as decision trees, support vector machines, and artificial neural networks, were used by utilizing the fields of educational data mining and learning analytics. The results obtained showed that some variables significantly affected the mathematical achievement of students. The study provides important findings in terms of developing educational policies and individualized teaching strategies.

This study aims to open a discussion on the place and impact of lost industrial spaces in the construction of urban memory through the example of the Şükraniye Small Industrial Bazaar located in Yıldırım District, Bursa Province. Established in the 1960s, the Şükraniye Small Industrial Bazaar was an area hosting various workshops and eateries, including blacksmiths, weavers, cutlers, foundries, and turners, where many economic activities of the city took place. While the demolition of the Şükraniye Small Industrial Bazaar is regarded as a loss of memory, urban memory, through various witnesses, enables a new process of remembrance regarding the Industrial Bazaar. As a method, the study utilised planning decisions and cadastral data demonstrating the changes in the area from past to present. Additionally, interviews were conducted with individuals who witnessed the previous state of the area, and documents revealing the transformation process were evaluated. By emphasising the significance of the bazaar, which can be considered industrial heritage, within the city’s memory, the study will propose strategies to enable the bazaar to be revived within the urban memory and identity.

This study conclusively demonstrated the presence of significant levels of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in the drinking water distribution system of Bursa Province, utilizing ATP luminescence as a superior alternative to traditional bacterial counting methods. AOC is a critical factor, as it directly serves as a carbon and energy source for heterotrophic bacteria, raising concerns about microbial regrowth in water systems with detectable organic matter. Researchers established a robust calibration curve from the luminescence values of reference bacteria subjected to varying acetate carbon concentrations. This curve effectively transformed maximum luminescence values into precise equivalents of acetate carbon. The results were compelling: AOC concentrations in Zone C1 averaged 133 µgC/L using the traditional cultural methods, while ATP luminescence revealed elevated levels of 188 µgC/L. Despite the correlation coefficient of 0.823 between the two methods, the luminescence approach consistently returned higher AOC values. Crucially, both methodologies confirmed that the AOC levels were more than sufficient to support microbial regrowth within the distribution system. These findings establish ATP luminescence as a highly effective and time-efficient method for AOC assessment, allowing for better management of water quality and proactive measures against bacterial proliferation in drinking water systems.

Objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common, chronic, systemic disease in children and adolescents, and its incidence globally increases annually. This study aimed to determine the incidence, diagnostic features, and presentation characteristics of T1D in children and adolescents during the pandemic period in Bursa Province, Turkey. Method: This study included children under 18 with newly diagnosed T1D who consulted the Pediatric Endocrinology clinics of 3 tertiary hospitals in the city center of Bursa between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2022. Nine hundred twenty-one pediatric patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into four groups according to age: Group 1, 0-4.9 years; Group 2, 5-9.9 years; Group 3, 10-14.9 years; and Group 4, 15-18 years. Results: Of the patients, 48.6% were female, and 51.4% were male. The median age at diagnosis was 9.23 years, with a significant age difference between genders. The highest incidence was observed in children aged 10-14.9 years. Moreover, two peaks were detected: 10-14.9 years in males and 5-9.9 years in females. The mean annual incidence was 3.8/100,000, peaking in 2017. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a temporary decline in diagnoses was noted, followed by an increase. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) rates showed a significant rise over time, particularly in severe DKA cases during the pandemic. Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the rate of newly diagnosed T1D in children and adolescents in Bursa Province. Additionally, the study evaluated age, gender, and seasonal patterns of initial diagnoses, with global trends constantly. The incidence of T1D and the rate and severity of DKA at presentation were affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, causing lockdowns and healthcare avoidance.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the milk quality characteristics of Simmental (SIM) (Fleckvieh) cattle originating from Austria and Germany Material and Methods: For this aim, a total of 1928 milk samples taken during morning milking in different seasons between 2018 and 2022 from cattle raised in a disease-free private dairy farm in Karacabey District of Bursa Province were evaluated. Results: Milk quality characteristics include fat (MFC), protein (MPC), lactose (MLC), total dry matter content (TDMC), milk urea nitrogen (MUN) amount and Log10SCC were determined. Parity effects on MLC (P

Education and Sustainable Development (ESD) has become a central focus for education policymakers globally, leading to the establishment of various types of schools such as ESD, sustainable, nature, environmental, forest, eco, and green schools. This study specifically uses the term "Eco-School" for consistency, reflecting its common usage in Turkey. The study aims to assess the knowledge level of Eco-School principals regarding the Eco-School program and their perspectives on its implementation. Eco-Schools prioritize environmental awareness and sustainability. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the school principals of the program's content, objectives, methods, and impacts, as well as their opinions on its effectiveness and sustainability, in order to evaluate the educational policies and practices. This study intends to offer a comprehensive evaluation of the Eco-School program from the school principals' opinions. The study sample includes 21 school principals from private and public Eco-Schools affiliated with the Nilüfer, Osmangazi, and Yıldırım District Directorates of National Education in Bursa province during the 2022-2023 academic year. In the study, the researchers collected data through semi-structured interviews and analyzed them through the content analysis method. Study findings revealed that school principals believe Eco-School effectively promotes sustainability, integrating environmental awareness into education, thereby enhancing ecological knowledge. They recognize the significant potential of Eco-School programs in environmental education and express general satisfaction with their implementation. However, they also identify some challenges, such as time limits and coordination issues that need to be addressed to enhance the program's effectiveness. Overall, the study highlights the importance of Eco-School programs in fostering environmental consciousness and the need for strategic improvements to optimize their impact.