Combustion Of Fuels Research Articles

Investigation on multi-factors of triply periodic minimal surface porous media for enhancing combustion and energy efficiency of carbon free fuels powered micro generator

Investigation on multi-factors of triply periodic minimal surface porous media for enhancing combustion and energy efficiency of carbon free fuels powered micro generator

Super adiabatic combustion of carbon-free and carbon-containing fuels

Super adiabatic combustion of carbon-free and carbon-containing fuels

Investigation of combustion instability caused by different fuels combustion induced backpressure in a scramjet engine

Investigation of combustion instability caused by different fuels combustion induced backpressure in a scramjet engine

Effects of Nationwide COVID-19 Lockdown on Fossil Fuel and Biomass Burning Emissions in India

Effects of Nationwide COVID-19 Lockdown on Fossil Fuel and Biomass Burning Emissions in India

Chemical kinetic analysis of H2–NH3 addition on premixed natural gas flame at elevated pressures

Abstract The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is a complex chemical reaction process. In this study, the effects of various H2–NH3 blending ratio (α) in CH4/H2/NH3 ternary fuel on laminar burning velocity (LBV), CO2, NOx, adiabatic flame temperature, and temperature sensitivity were investigated using Chemkin/Premix code. The results showed that α exerted more pronounced effects on LBVs of ternary fuel compared to the hydrogen volume fraction in the H2–NH3 mixture (β). Fuel-rich combustion effectively reduced NOx emissions, compared to experiments of pure NH3 blending, and the H2–NH3 mixture significantly reduced NOx emissions in ternary premixed flames when equivalence ratios (Φ) exceeded 1.0. Temperature sensitivity analysis revealed that reaction R318 (NH2 + O <=> HNO + H) exhibited temperature inhibition. This observation elucidated the initiation of the NH2 → HNO → NO → N2O → N2 pathway and demonstrated that C–N reactions were negligible in predicting laminar combustion characteristics of CH4/H2/NH3 ternary fuel.

Spatial Variation Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives in Surface Water of Suzhou City: Occurrence, Sources, and Risk Assessment.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their substituted derivatives (SPAHs) are persistent organic pollutants derived from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and industrial processes. These compounds are of global concern due to their carcinogenicity and environmental persistence. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of PAH and SPAH contamination in Suzhou's rapidly urbanizing watersheds, integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry with multidimensional risk assessment to address critical gaps in understanding pollutant dynamics in urban aquatic systems. Key findings reveal that SPAHs were significantly more abundant than parent PAHs (mean ∑19 SPAHs = 107.43 ng/L vs. ∑8 PAHs = 48.05 ng/L), with hydroxylated derivatives accounting for 67.9% of the total SPAHs, indicating active environmental transformation processes. Source apportionment identified coal combustion and industrial emissions as the dominant contributors (58.2% of PAHs), directly linking contamination patterns to localized anthropogenic activities. Notably, industrial zones exhibited unexpected toxicity hotspots, where SPAH toxicity equivalents (e.g., 3-OH-BaP) surpassed parent PAHs 2-5-fold, demonstrating substituent-driven toxicity enhancement-a critical finding for regulatory prioritization. This study advances the field by uncovering SPAHs as emerging risks in urban waterways, challenging traditional PAH-centric monitoring frameworks, and providing a novel integration of analytical chemistry and spatial risk mapping to guide targeted pollution control (e.g., prioritizing industrial discharges and non-exhaust traffic emissions). Furthermore, it highlights the urgent need for updated toxicological databases to account for substituted PAH derivatives and advocates for the regulatory inclusion of SPAHs. These insights underscore the necessity of adapting environmental policies to address complex pollutant mixtures in rapidly developing regions, emphasizing the replicability of the proposed framework for urban watershed management.

Extracting the Ultradeep Oil: David Mitchell’s The Bone Clocks

ABSTRACT David Mitchell’s The Bone Clocks reworks the novel form with its generic experimentation, a gesture in response to the transformed geosocial contours of the Anthropocene. Straddling between the realist and the fantastical, the novel decentralizes human perspective that proves increasingly unsatisfactory to confront the complex causality of climate change for imaginative and conceptual limits. In this essay, I argue that Mitchell attends to a conceptual limit imposed by petroculture, one that refuses to connect the future warming climate with the present large-scale combustion of fossil fuels. The temporal disjunction evolves into a strong antagonism between present and future, which can be tellingly revealed by the coupling of realist and fantastical traditions. Mitchell’s genre-blending device therefore pushes the novel form beyond its usual near-sightedness, excavating a deeper layer of climate-induced crisis of human imagination, namely the present’s inability to recognize the delayed effects of its unsustainable consumption pattern. Viewed through an energy-oriented perspective, The Bone Clocks engages with modernity’s ultradeep relationship with oil, complicating our understanding of climate temporality that matters in terms of intergenerational justice.

From Farm to Fallout: Agriculture’s Role in America’s Environmental Crisis

Agriculture is still an essential component of the U.S. economy, feeding Americans and serving as a source of employment and economic security for many other Americans. But the modernisation of agricultural techniques throughout the last century has brought major environmental - and often regrettable - results. This footprint is large and growing: from generalized soil erosion due to intensive tillage to water pollution from field runoff, the environmental impacts of American agriculture are many and significant. Farmers are also among the biggest contributors to climate change and release high amounts of carbon storing content in the soil through mining and burning of fossil fuels and converting natural ecosystems to farmlands results in unprecedented losses in biological diversity. These are the related threats to which not only ecosystems, but also the future sustainability of agricultural production itself are exposed (Yaqub, 2019). This paper examines the complex links between US agricultural development and environmental destruction, to show how the weight of history, economics and public policy have created today's bind. The overall intellectual sources, as well as lessons, about the future of humanity. In addition, the article emphasizes that sustainable farming systems including regenerative agriculture, precision farming, and conservation policies need to be implemented, to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and guarantee food security for coming generations. By recognizing the critical importance of agriculture to current (and potential) environmental crises as it looks to the future, the country can move toward a more resilient, productive and ecologically sound U.S. agriculture system. Solution of these problems guarantees the long-term viability of U.S. agriculture and environmental health.

Synthesis MFI Zeolites Using Alternative Silica Source for CO2 Capture

In recent years, climate change has attracted the attention of the scientific community. These changes are attributed to human action, which is responsible for the emission of polluting gases, mainly through the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes that are responsible for the greenhouse effect. Post-combustion CO2 capture using solid adsorbents is a technology that is currently gaining prominence as an alternative and viable form of capture to other industrial processes used. Zeolites are adsorbents capable of capturing CO2 selectively due to their properties such as textural properties, high surface area, and active sites. In this context, this work developed materials with a zeolite structure with an alternative low-cost silica source from beach sand, called MPI silica, to make the process eco-friendly. Crystallization time studies were carried out for materials containing MFI-type zeolites with MPI silica with a time of 15 h (ZM 15 h) and 3 days (SM 3 d), with relative crystallinities of 92.90% and 111.90%, respectively. The synthesized materials were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), the textural analysis of N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal analysis. The evaluation of the experimental adsorption isotherms showed that the best results were for the zeolites synthesized in the basic medium, namely ZMP 3 d, ZM 10.5 h, and ZM 15 h, with capacities of 3.72, 3.10, and 3.22 mmol/g of CO2, respectively, and in the hydrofluoric medium, namely SP 9 d, SM 3 d, and SM 6 d, with capacities of 3.94, 3.78, and 3.60 mmol/g of CO2, respectively. The evaluation of the mathematical models indicated that the zeolites in the basic medium best fitted the Freündlich model, namely ZMP 3 d, ZM 10.5 h, and ZM 15 h, with capacities of 2.56, 1.68, and 1.87 mmol/g of CO2, respectively. The zeolites in the hydrofluoric medium are adjusted to the Langmuir model (SP 9 d and SM 3 d) and Temkin model (SM 6 d), with capacities of 3.79, 2.23, and 2.11 mmol/g of CO2, respectively.

Material Flow Analysis of Residual Biomass for Combustion for Latvia with Sankey Diagrams

To meet climate targets, Europe has increasingly utilized biomass as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels for combustion and heat production. This shift has resulted in the heating sector becoming heavily dependent on primary wood biomass. However, recently implemented regulations have introduced restrictions on the use of primary wood in the energy industry. While low-quality biomass holds significant potential for combustion, there is limited information regarding the availability and quantities of non-wood biomass resources in Latvia. To evaluate what share of non-wood biomass resources can be used to cover roundwood consumption, a material flow analysis approach was used. None of the studied biomass resources in this article can individually cover the required energy demand; however, a combination of all the studied resources can cover it. Specially grown energy crops exhibit the highest potential, but other analyzed biomass types have local availability and could be utilized in specifically adapted local boiler houses.

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles and other black carbon from Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are formed from the incomplete, high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels. They are transported to a variety of depositional environments downwind of their sources and thus have the potential to be used to measure human activity on a regional scale. Composed mainly of elemental carbon, these fly ash particles are chemically inert and survive acid treatment, including HF. However, unlike microcharcoal, SCPs are typically overlooked during palynological analysis. Both types of black carbon are common in palynological preparations of varved sediments from Crawford Lake, Ontario where they can be correlated with the historic record of land use over the past two centuries. Increases in microcharcoal concentration correlate with historic records of land clearing in the early-mid 19th century and logging and lumber milling between 1885 and 1957 CE. The rapid increase in SCP concentration during the mid-20th century is attributed to the global increase in fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity (the Great Acceleration) and the decline during the early 1980s records increasingly stringent air quality standards as well as decreased demand for steel (and coking coal) in nearby Hamilton. Palynologists are urged to pay attention to these useful proxies of fossil fuel combustion in their slides.

Unraveling the Role of Microbes in Remediation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Persistence in the Environment.

The persistence and recalcitrance of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) are potential threats to health and the environment. They result mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic materials, and they tend to accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (particularly in soils, sediments, and water sources). Chronic exposure to HMW PAHs is associated with some of the most dreadful health outcomes, including lung and skin cancers and disorders of the respiratory and immune systems. The study therefore proposes microbial degradation as a promising bioremediation technique for HMW PAHs: pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, and fluoranthene. Aerobic degradations mediated by dioxygenase and dehydrogenase enzymes, as well as anaerobic pathways involving sulfate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria, are discussed. Factors that promote microbial degradation include pH, temperature, nutrient availability, and salinity. While all factors can be biostimulation and bioaugmentation, the study emphasizes these two as effective methods to enhance bioavailability and degradation efficiency. The results provide insightful information for further development of microbial techniques in remediation of HMW PAH-contaminated sites.

Long-term trends of black carbon levels, sources, and radiative effects from 2013 to 2022 in Beijing, China

Black carbon (BC), from incomplete combustion of biomass burning and fossil fuels, significantly impacts air pollution and climate. A long-term analysis of BC sources and radiative effects in key regions is essential for the development and refinement of more targeted air quality management strategies. However, there is a lack of sufficient studies addressing this issue. This study examines BC levels and sources from 2013 to 2022. Results show that air quality management measures lowered BC concentrations from 2.23 ± 1.94 μg m−3 in 2013 to 0.84 ± 0.71 μg m−3 in 2022. The most significant reductions in concentrations occurred during the heating season, which is attributed to the transition from coal-based energy to cleaner-burning gas. Significant reductions in BC were observed from both biomass burning and fossil fuels sources, with average annual reduction rates of 0.06 ± 0.01 μg m−3 yr−1 and 0.13 ± 0.03 μg m−3 yr−1, respectively. BC levels were notably lowest in 2020 and 2021, primarily due to traffic control measures implemented during the COVID-19. This period offers a relevant scenario for examining BC trends under restricted traffic conditions. The relaxation of these measures in 2022 led to a subsequent rise in BC levels. To isolate the pandemic’s effect and accurately assess the effectiveness of air quality management measures, the direct radiative effect of BC was calculated for 2013 and 2019, showing a 80% reduction. This research provides essential evidence for understanding the long-term trends of BC in Beijing and its response to previous measures, supporting the development of more effective, targeted BC reduction strategies critical to sustaining long-term improvements in both air quality and climate outcomes.

Selection of oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of natural gas and syngas fuels – A machine learning approach

Selection of oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion of natural gas and syngas fuels – A machine learning approach

PAHs in sediments and shrimps: Levels, sources, and risk estimation in a tropical coastal lagoon system near oil industry.

PAHs in sediments and shrimps: Levels, sources, and risk estimation in a tropical coastal lagoon system near oil industry.

The role of subsurface geomechanics in the green energy transition.

The global energy landscape is currently experiencing a significant shift towards non-hydrocarbon, sustainable energy sources, often referred to as 'green energy'. This transition is being driven by the urgent need to address the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gases, most of which are generated by the burning of fossil fuels. This article provides an overview of the role that subsurface geomechanics will play in this transition, focusing on green energy technologies such as carbon sequestration, geothermal energy production, hydrogen storage and nuclear waste disposal. The article starts with a review of geomechanical properties and structures that will be relevant to the green energy transition, such as in situ stresses, elastic moduli, strength properties, permeability, faults and fractures. This is followed by introductions to the four green energy technologies mentioned above. The next section focuses on the specific geomechanical challenges associated with each of these technologies, such as surface subsidence, induced seismicity and fluid and contaminant leakage. Gaps in existing knowledge, and potential pitfalls to be avoided, are highlighted. The article concludes with a brief discussion of public perception of environmental risks associated with subsurface energy technologies. It is concluded that geomechanics will play a key role in each of these emerging subsurface energy technologies, and the knowledge and tools that have mainly been developed in the context of fossil fuel exploitation will be key to these developments.

Volatile organic compounds emission characteristics and factors from stage-dependent combustion in typical biomass stoves in northern China: Field measurements and environmental implications.

Volatile organic compounds emission characteristics and factors from stage-dependent combustion in typical biomass stoves in northern China: Field measurements and environmental implications.

Quantitative Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Water-in-Oil Emulsion Droplets using High-Speed Imaging Technique

Understanding the combustion characteristics of fuel droplets is essential for optimizing combustion processes in internal combustion engines and industrial burners. Fuel droplets govern initial fuel-air mixing, vaporization, and combustion, making their study crucial. While previous research suggests that elevated water content in emulsion droplets can lead to increased burning rates, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Potential contributors including micro-explosions, puffing, sub-droplet ejections, and surface distortions, all of which impacts the burning rates of emulsion fuel. This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics based on the burning rate and liquid stability of water-in-diesel (WD) and ethanol-in-diesel (ED) emulsion fuels across varying temperatures. High-speed imaging and combustion analysis revealed that WD emulsions exhibit higher burning rates, with evaporation rates increased by 87.35% for WD10, 120.46% for WD20, and 130.66% for WD30 as the temperature rises from 250°C to 350°C. In contrast, ED emulsions showed smaller increases, with rates of 12.33% for ED10, 9.97% for ED20, and 10.31% for ED30 under the same conditions. WD emulsions also experienced larger droplet expansion (D² = 3.3) compared to ED emulsions (D² = 2.97) at 250°C. These findings suggest that WD emulsions, due to their volatile water content, undergo more chaotic combustion characterized by puffing and micro-explosions, while ED emulsions provide more stable combustion behaviour due to the miscibility of ethanol and diesel, which reduces the need for emulsification. This study provides critical insights into the combustion dynamics of WD and ED emulsions, highlighting their potential to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The results underscore the importance of emulsification in stabilizing combustion for WD fuels and the role of temperature and additive volume in influencing combustion behaviour. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable fuel compositions for industrial applications.

Experimental Analysis of Firewood Combustion Efficiency and Fuel Consumption Patterns for Sustainable Cooking in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Abstract: In rural homes across Bayelsa State, Nigeria, firewood remains the primary cooking fuel despite serious concerns regarding environmental sustainability, fuel efficiency, and deforestation. This research assesses the combustion efficiency, heat transfer performance, and fuel consumption patterns of eleven commonly used firewood species to identify the most environmentally friendly cooking options. Key performance measures—including boiling time, heat transfer rate, and quantity of firewood consumedwere evaluated using controlled water boiling tests (WBT). The results revealed that Mangrove and Amowei were the most efficient firewood varieties, demonstrated by shorter boiling times (633–685 seconds), higher heat transfer rates (2.224–1.908 kW), and lower fuel consumption (0.40–0.45 kg per session). In contrast, Mahogany and Abura performed poorly, requiring over two kilograms of fuel per session and significantly prolonging cooking times (almost 2500 seconds). These findings emphasise the importance of selecting firewood with low energy consumption to enhance fuel economy, reduce costs, and mitigate environmental damage. Promoting sustainable firewood harvesting practices and utilising advanced cookstove technology can improve household energy efficiency. Policymakers and rural communities can leverage this research to make informed energy choices that balance environmental preservation with economic viability.

Ferrocene-derived magnetic fiber-particles from diesel exhaust: enhanced pulmonary toxicity via Bach1-SAT1-polyamine depletion

Background and aimMagnetic nanoparticles are key components of air pollution. The combustion of diesel engine fuels, especially with ferrocene doping to reduce emissions, may increase exposure to these particles and related health risks. This study aimed to reveal the generation and characterization of ferrocene-derived magnetic particles (FMP) in ferrocene-doped diesel exhaust, and to investigate its toxicities and associated mechanisms in an avian model.MethodsFMP was observed in ferrocene-doped diesel exhaust particles, and extracted with neodymium magnets. Extracted FMP was characterized, and exposed to hatchling chickens via aerosol inhalation. Pulmonary toxicities were assessed with pathological and molecular methods. Associated mechanisms were investigated with RNA-seq, in vitro cell culture, and in vivo gene silencing.ResultsFMP was characterized to be fibrous, magnetic iron-containing carbon particles. Extracted FMP could directly induce pulmonary toxicity. Mechanistic investigations revealed molecular mechanism associated with ferroptosis via Bach1, SAT1 and polyamines depletion, and further confirmed with ferroptosis inhibitor treatment, Bach1 inhibitor treatment, supplementation of polyamines or SAT1 silencing.ConclusionsFerrocene doping could result in formation of magnetic particles in diesel exhaust. For the first time, magnetic fiber-like particles were extracted from ferrocene-doped DE particles, which is a potential source of magnetic particles in air pollution. To better balance emission control and health effects, further investigations are necessary.Graphical