Bureaucratic Apparatus Research Articles

An Attempt to Reform the Civil Rank System in the Russian Empire in 1883–1885

Based on new data from unpublished documents of the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA), this study examines the activities of the Special Secret Meeting, which developed a draft of a new Civil Service Statute from 1883 to 1885. This document proposed fundamental reforms to the Russian system of ranks, including the complete abolition of ranks and their replacement with a hierarchy of positions. However, due to disagreements between ministries, the project was not approved by the State Council. The study of interdepartmental and intradepartmental documents from higher and central state institutions, using event analysis, chronological, and retrospective research methods, revealed the institutions' attitudes towards the draft statute and identified the reasons for their refusal to adopt it. The findings of this research broaden our understanding of the reasons behind the failures of attempts to reform the civil service repeatedly made in the Russian Empire throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The relevance of the research topic lies in the traditional interest in the historical experience of the functioning of the bureaucratic apparatus of the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, in the context of increased interest from various researchers in the activities of the modern Russian state mechanism.

The influence of the Judicial reform of 1864 on the formation of the advocacy in Ukraine

The article analyzes the impact of the Judicial Reform of 1864 on the establishment of the legal profession in Ukraine. It is noted that as of the middle of the 19th century. the decision to modernize the judicial system on the basis of effective Western judicial models was ripe in the environment of the official authorities. Although this initiative contradicted the foundations of the imperial autocracy, the judicial reform had a significant impact on the judicial system, procedural and material law of the state. First of all, this affected the separation of judicial power from legislative executive and administrative power. It is noted that the Judicial Reform of 1864 became a necessary element of total changes in the social and political system of that time. It occupied a prominent place in the history of the judiciary and the judicial system of the state, and its indisputable achievements were the equality of citizens before the law, the transparency and competitiveness of the judiciary, the immutability of judges and their independence from administrative officials, the introduction of competition in the judiciary and the creation of a system of magistrates’ courts. It is proven that the judicial reform, in addition to important democratic changes, included the creation of the legal profession, whose role in society was constantly growing. According to the idea of the initiators of the reform, the Institute of Advocacy was organized as an independent organization. This principle was manifested in the fact that in each district of the court chamber, lawyers were united in a single organization by its general meetings and the Council. It is noted that the control and supervision of the activities of lawyers was carried out by councils elected by lawyers from among themselves. Thanks to the creation of the management system of the lawyer corporation, it was possible to ensure the autonomy and independence of the legal profession from the bureaucratic apparatus. It is noted that with the establishment of the Institute of Advocacy in the Russian Empire, the official authorities sought, at least formally, to declare the foundations of equality and competition between the parties, to modernize the theory of formal evidence and the judicial process. In this way, it was planned to revive the judicial process and make it more complete and objective. This would provide an opportunity for a comprehensive consideration of the case by the judge, a more detailed insight into its essence, which would significantly affect the objectivity of justice.

Combaterea corupţiei prin presiune şi represiune – practici şi norme ale regimului comunist din România în anii ’70

The beginning of the 1970s was a landmark moment in the evolution of the communist regime in Romania on several levels. A crucial one was the significant change of emphasis in the regime's anti-corruption policies. Nicolae Ceauşescu shifted the pressure from the party and bureaucratic apparatus to the entire society. The aim was not only to limit the economic effects of criminal activity but to also make political control more effective. As significant changes to the country’s economy loomed, the regime needed the full support of the party apparatus and the repressive system, both of whom would hold crucial roles in the implementation of these new economic policies. Ceauşescu carefully transformed party structures into oversight bodies directly subordinate to the Secretary-General. In parallel, he greatly enhanced the involvement of the secret police in the field. Nicolae Ceauşescu thus ensured both his total ability to manipulate the entire system and an important lever of control over the economy and society as a whole. For a while, these changes somewhat limited the economic effects of corruption. Yet, above all, they prevented any vernacular liberalization tendencies that could jeopardize the new direction of the regime.

The Reich Chamber of Culture: Ideology, Structure and Interaction With an Artist in the Third Reich

The presented article aims to analyse the activities of one of the key management structures in the Third Reich, the so-called Reich Chamber of Culture. The main focus is placed on such aspects as the ideological influence of culture and the formation, through culture, of a united and consolidated "spirit of the nation". It is argued that the foundation of notions propagated by Nazi ideologists lied in the philosophical tradition of understanding the values and significance of German culture, which supported the perceived uniqueness of the "national cultural spirit". The article delves into the organisational mechanisms of control over cultural processes in the Third Reich. A special attention is given to exploring how the complex bureaucratic apparatus that amalgamated seven chambers would control literally all spheres of culture — from book publishing to cinema, from amateur groups to professional theatres and concert halls. Interaction with artists became one of the principal methods of cultural consolidation for the Reich Chamber of Culture under the Nazi regime. All artists, except for those of Jewish origin, were obliged to join the Reich Chamber of Culture; otherwise, they were barred from conducting their professional activities. Accordingly, based on typical examples of how individual artists were able to fare in their creative activities, the article discusses various ways of artists’ interaction with the totalitarian regime — from cooperation to cultural resistance and creativity in exile — and outlines the key models of such interaction. In conclusion, the author points out to the strategic nature of the Reich Chamber of Culture in the Nazi policies, its orientation towards diversifying the forms in which the regime’s goals were to be implemented through the extensive bureaucratic system, of the kind specially built to transmit state ideology

Shia paramilitary groups as an instrument of Iranian influence in Iraq

Characteristic features of the pro-Iranian Shiite armed groups, which act as influential non-state actors (NGA) in the main spheres of activity of the Iraqi state, are studied. Methodological developments obtained as a result of research on the NGA problem are used. V.V. Naumkin and V.A. Kuznetsov note the existence of a stable academic tradition of a state-centered approach to the problem of their typologization. This approach is based on the fact that an NGA defines and builds its actions, focusing to one degree or another on the state. Such formations have a political wing and a bureaucratic apparatus for participating in the life of the state not only as alternative to the army and police law enforcement agencies. They also play the role of parliamentary forces and economic actors, including those active in the shadow sector of the economy. Created at one time with the active participation of the Iranian special services, Shiite paramilitary groups have become an effective instrument of Iran’s influence in the country. The strengthening of their influence on the government of Iraq is noted. It is manifested in the transition from opposition to the pro-American Prime Minister M. al-Kazimi (2020–2022) to a kind of «symphony» of harmony and cooperation under his pro-Iranian successor M. al-Sudani. This factor affects not only the domestic political situation, but also the regional balance of power in the Middle East.

Readiness Level of Bureaucratic Apparatus and its Impact on Online-Based Community Socio-Economic Development Program Services; Evidence from Tebing Tinggi City, Indonesia

Background: The online-based social-economic development program has emerged as a prevalent bureaucratic service model in Indonesia, particularly at the municipal government level. The model has not been consistent across all service units despite the implementation in several agencies providing bureaucratic service. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the factors affecting the readiness of the community and apparatus in the implementation of the online-based government bureaucracy service model. Method: The research with focus of research on the online-based government bureaucratic service system. This research uses descriptive and explanatory methods with a quantitative approach. Descriptive research is a study to describe in detail a particular phenomenon. Results: The results show that understanding, technology mastery, mental and moral guidance, formal and informal education, as well as material and non-material incentives have a positive and significant impact on the readiness of the community and apparatus in providing online-based bureaucracy service. Furthermore, online-based social-economic development program services can accelerate the role of the community and apparatus in developing urban areas. Conclusion: Tebing Tinggi City government and other similar city governments should focus and increase their attention to efforts to increase mastery of technology and moral development in the bureaucratic service apparatus, as well as build a performance-based equitable material incentive system. Improving the three aspects of apparatus readiness will encourage the realization of better community socio-economic development program services.

Special Autonomy Policy of Papua Province

Papua Province has a special regulation that regulates the sustainability of the wheels of government in Papua Province, namely the Special Autonomy of Papua Province. Law number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy of Papua which has been amended into Law Number 2 of 2021 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Special Autonomy for Papua Province. Provide traffic for Papua Province to carry out special autonomy. Referring to this explanation, the author is interested in being able to conduct a study on the Special Autonomy Policy of Papua Province. This research uses Qualitative techniques with Snow Ball Technique research informants. The conclusions of the research results are as follows: Special autonomy policy has not been implemented effectively. Limitations of policy implementation in satisfying (1) the interests of affected parties, (2) the types of benefits received, (3) the expected rate of change, (4) the location of decision making, (5) program implementers, and (6) resource commitments, theoretically, indicate a lack of intended optimality. In addition, deficiencies were identified in (7) estimating player strength; (8) foresee the interests of actors; (2009) predicted the tactics of the actors; 10) foresee regime and institutional features; (11) estimating compliance; and (12) estimate the response. In practice, the implementation of special autonomy policies has improved the Human Development Index of Papua Province. There are three types of obstacles that hinder Papua Province's efforts in implementing the special autonomy policy and improving the Human Development Index: structural, cultural, and conditional. Structural constraints are caused by the power dynamics of the political elite as well as the work culture, leadership, and mindset of the bureaucratic apparatus, most of which are KKKN. Cultural limitations are a result of the scarcity of human, social, and traditional resources that have been deeply embedded in the daily lives of indigenous Papuans. Conditional restrictions are restrictions caused by poverty caused by limitations, community decline, and remote locations. resources with an individual focus

The Cultural Political Economy of Knowledge in Neo-Liberal Indonesia

This article analyses the policy agendas and bureaucratic apparatuses that have shaped the norms and values directing knowledge production in neo-liberal Indonesia. It uses a Gramscian approach to hegemony to understand how knowledge, as power, is organised and imposed on workers. It unpacks the norms and values shaped during processes of neo-liberal capitalist reform, which are identified as knowledge imaginaries; or shared social systems that organise a field of knowledge commodities. Their mobilisation during material and discursive moments are crucial in the juncture between predatory and market interests that fundamentally benefit capital accumulation. It is argued that funding and policies serve as key apparatuses for knowledge elites to normalise and enforce notions of self-reliance, competitiveness, and entrepreneurship as common sense for their managers, which are exploitative for workers. Within the hegemony of knowledge capitalism, there are antagonisms and attempts to form alternative spaces of knowledge by using digital media. While merely leaving a dent on the surface of broader capitalist structures, its promotion of subversive ways of knowing remains no less meaningful in understanding the social positions of academic workers in an increasingly networked but fragmented neo-liberal social world.

IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP-PRINSIP GOOD GOVERNANCE DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA PELAYANAN SURAT IZIN PERDAGANGAN (SIUP) (Studi Pada Kantor Kecamatan Tiris Kabupaten Probolinggo)

Problems with public services still often occur, many abuses are committed by the government, starting from the regional to village levels. The lack of implementation and knowledge of good governance makes the public service bureaucracy a bad value in the eyes of society. The application of good governance can be used as part of an effort to implement democratic principles in public services, in view of the current situation of public services that need to be applied regarding good governance in order to achieve good organizational goals, in achieving these goals it is necessary to be supported by human resources. namely employees have the attitude of the principle of good governance. This paper intends to examine the Implementation of the Principles of Good Governance in improving the performance of SIUP servers at the Tiris District Office based on analytical theory according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Sedarmayanti (2012: 5) in Serdamayanti which consists of the Principles of Accountability and the Principle of Transparency, the principle openness and the principle of legal certainty. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The selection of informants was deliberately selected who were considered to understand the matter to be studied, taking data from sources deemed relevant according to the issues and themes raised, so as to produce reliable data and determine the accuracy of research results. The results of this study indicate that the application of the principles of good governance namely Accountability, Transparency, Openness, and Legal Supremacy of the Bureaucratic Apparatus indicates that it has been quite effective and carried out optimally in improving the performance of public service apparatus, especially in serving trade permits at the Tiris District Office.

Strengthening the Legislative Supervisory Function in the Provision of Human Resources in Era 5.0 Perspective of Fiqh Siyasah

Indonesia is a country that adheres to a democratic system, the administration of its government in regencies and cities is autonomous whose formation is determined by the laws. The functions of the legislative body, in this case, the Regency / City DPRP based on Article 149 of Law Number 9 of 2015 concerning the second amendment to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government, including the functions of forming local regulations, budgeting, and supervision. In terms of supervision, it includes the provision of era 5.0 human resources. This research includes library research whose data sources are from laws and regulations and scientific articles. This research concludes that the role of legislative supervision needs to be optimized and strengthened in the era of Society 5.0. DPRD must maximize the supervision of local governments to prepare human resources that implement the use of technology to solve various service problems of the bureaucratic apparatus. This is in line with the concept of fiqh siyasah called Ahl-Al-Hall Wa-Aqd, which the people have trusted to represent them to oversee the running of the government properly.
 Keywords: supervision, legislative, human resources, Fiqh Siyasah

The everyday work of farm advisors as interface bureaucrats in greening French agricultural policies

For the last three decades, public agricultural policies in France and in Europe have progressively integrated environmental objectives through a wide range of instruments. Whereas a large body of research has examined the extent to which the greening of agricultural policies has shaped farmers' decisions and practices, few studies have considered how these normative policy orientations may trigger tensions within the agricultural bureaucratic apparatus, and notably among local farm advisors who play the role of interface bureaucrats. In this article, we have explored how farm advisors from different types of advisory structures develop multiple subjectivities and deal with the tensions that they face when navigating between policy goals, professional norms, and their personal beliefs and values. Drawing on plural qualitative methods, we focus on the implementation of two national public agroecological schemes in southwest France that support the emergence and facilitation of farmers' groups engaged towards agroecology. We find that organizational strategies shape the type of tensions advisors face and their ability to manage these. The type of policy instrument we considered also matters in the forms of creative bricolage that farm advisors develop: in the case of organizational instruments based on farmers' participation, maintaining relationships with farmers is critical to give meaning to their work. If such instruments enlarge the creative space of farm advisors, the schemes we examined also hold in-built limitations in empowering farm advisors as they fail to address the structural constraints that shape agroecological transitions.

РАЗРАБОТКА ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИЙ ПО ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ДЕВЕЛОПЕРСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОРТФЕЛЕМ КОРПОРАТИВНОЙ НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ

This article provides practical recommendations for managing corporate development projects. The peculiarities of corporate development, the bureaucratic apparatus of corporations, as well as real estate as an asset create an atypical environment for the implementation of development activities. In practice, the vast majority of corporations use a process approach to carrying out activities. This article presents recommendations for organizing business processes when implementing corporate development projects. The recommendations were developed using the example of a project to create a technological hub of Sberbank PJSC in the city of Yekaterinburg. Also, when carrying out this type of activity in a corporate environment, it is necessary to create an appropriate organizational structure that can effectively exist in conditions of a high degree of territorial distribution and heterogeneity of the real estate portfolio.

Влияние судебно-жалобной инициативы однодворцев на наказания чиновников Центрального Черноземья с начала XVIII по середину XIX века

Introduction. This article explores establishing the impact of complaints and lawsuits of one-courtyard people on the punishment of individual representatives of the bureaucratic apparatus of the Central Chernozem region from the beginning of the XVIII century to the middle of the XIX century. The objectives of the article consist of studying various methods of overcoming the vacuum of regional abuses and the punishment of impious officials that followed them, as well as identifying the improvement of the system using the example of landed justice between the XVIII-th and XIX-th centuries. Materials and methods. In the process of working on the study were used analytical-synthetic and comparative-historical methods, as well as retrospective and historiographical analyzes. Results. In the study, the author shows the attempts of smallholders to overcome the vacuum of bureaucratic abuses in the regions. Moreover, both unsuccessful and cases with a favorable outcome are covered. At the same time, the article provides examples of appeals by the descendants of service military people about their land disputes to various levels of government, including the governor, ministries, the Senate, and even the emperor. Then the researcher shows many cases of punishment of officials for their abuses, which are classified according to the severity of the penalties. Finally, the author presents several areas of judiciary and administration of one-courtyard people, which have clearly undergone improvement over time. Conclusion. In the course of working on the article, the researcher concludes that the smallholders often won disputes over the land with landowners and officials, especially after the establishment of the Ministry of State Property. Complaints of the descendants of military service people also often reached their addressees. The consequence of the latest processes was that the punishments of the upcoming «cases» were constantly monitored, and affected almost all levels of government controlled. In this regard, it is impossible to state the complete impunity of the bureaucracy. On the whole, over time, the list of methods for maintaining the vacuum of bureaucratic abuses gradually decreased. However, at the same time with this process, there was an improvement and the invention of new methods of bureaucratic abuses

Migration of German Children from East Prussia and of Russian-speaking Children to Post-War Lithuania


 
 
 The wave of famine-caused migration to Soviet Lithuania (1946–1948) has been a subject of historiographical analysis, focusing selectively on one of the migrant groups: either the East Prussian German children (widely recognised in the cultural memory as the wolf children) or those arriving from famine-affected republics of the Soviet Union. By employing the methodology of oral history, using the interviews collected alongside materials sourced from Lithuanian and German archives, research institutes, and memory institutions, this article aims to uncover the reasons behind the arrival of both groups of migrant children in Soviet Lithuania. It also investigates the attempts made by the bureaucratic apparatus to control and halt migration, as well as the efforts of the wolf children in seeking social justice in Germany after 1990. The study reveals that the Soviet system perceived migrants from East Prussia and other Soviet republics primarily as a potential threat due to the risk of a typhus outbreak in Lithuania.
 
 

Государственное регулирование и дерегулирование: право и экономика в современной России

Introduction. The legal aspects of state regulation of economic relations are of high relevance for the Russian Federation due to the development of modern crisis situations. At present, it is necessary to study the general parameters of the interaction between law and economics, on the basis of which it is possible to develop specific recommendations for improving Russian legislation. Empirical analysis. The author presents general factors that have a serious (in the long term) impact on the Russian economy: gradual decarbonization; the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, establishing a link between GDP growth (gross domestic product) and concern for future generations; universal digitalization affecting all spheres of public life. Methods and concepts. The confrontation between the two global currents of libertarianism and Keynesianism has a serious impact on the limits of state intervention in economic relations. At the same time, the gradual convergence leads to the development of such concepts as the social market economy and libertarian paternalism, each of them involving a transition to indirect influence and taking into account social factors in creating a competitive environment. The absence of a direct consolidation of the foundations of the economic system in the Constitution of Russia implies the development of synthetic principles that need further constitutionalization. Theoretical analysis. In the Russian Federation, the further strengthening of the direct role of the state in the country’s economy has institutional grounds – a large bureaucratic apparatus and a significant public sector in the economic system. At the same time, legal support for various forms of deregulation (self-regulation, co-regulation, quasi-regulation, etc.) has been formed. The declared "regulatory guillotine", in isolation from the general directions of administrative reform, is unlikely to have a significant long-term effect. Results. The process of deconcentration of power (with deregulation being one of the aspects) in the Russian Federation cannot be considered complete. Deregulation is not the only form of deconcentration and reduction of the administrative burden on businesses.

La Informalidad y sus Efectos en el Desarrollo Nacional

The objective of this article is to analyze informality from the economic activity of commerce, employment, the bureaucratic procedures for the formation of the company, in addition to the formalization of housing and the population's reluctance to formality; and its effect on the development of the country, as well as on National Security. The study carried out by Hernando de Soto in his book “The Other Path” is analyzed, in which he makes a real and crude diagnosis of the country's bureaucratic apparatus, followed by an analysis of the current situation and how it has evolved and eliminated some barriers that the population perceives inclusion in the productive sphere of the national economy as discrimination. Likewise, in the 80s, the spaces left by the State and the interest of “Sendero Luminoso” wanted to take advantage of this lack of inclusion of the population.

Public Openness Services in the Framework of Bureaucratic Democratization in the Metro City of Lampung Province

This article aims to explain the implementation of bureaucratic democratization in Metro City, especially in public information disclosure services. The background to this writing is that the implementation of public information disclosure is still low in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 14 of 2008 at the Regional Government level. One of them is the Metro City Government which only issued a guardian in 2016 which was previously required 2 years after it was stipulated, namely in 2010. This research was conducted using a mixed method by simultaneously carrying out qualitative methods and quantitative methods with a focus on understanding the apparatus, provision of facilities, and commitment of the Guardian. Metro City in openness of public information. The research used interviews, survey, observation, and document study methods to collect data. This research finds that bureaucratic democratization in public information disclosure services in the Metro City government is already underway, although not yet optimal. This is because the knowledge and understanding of the bureaucratic apparatus still do not fully understand Law Number 14 of 2008 and the contents contained in it. The provision of public services in the form of the formation of PPIDs in each Regional Apparatus Organization (OPD) has still not reached 50%, namely only 36%, and the Metro Mayor's commitment is not yet complete, this is indicated by the slow issuance of Perwali and the low trust of OPD representation in this commitment.

Дворянські опіки Волинської губернії: реалії колективної солідарності та практичної діяльності

The purpose of the article: based on offi cial sources and archival materials of the State Archives of the Zhytomyr region, to investigate the activities of the noble guardians of the Volyn Governorate from the point of view of their powers, in particular, the inclusion of nobles in the guardianship as a manifestation of their state collective solidarity and the eff ectiveness of the specifi ed institutions. Th e methodological basis of the study consists of historical-comparative, historical- systemic, and historical-typological methods, as well as the principles of systematicity, objectivity, and historicism. Th e scientifi c novelty is determined primarily by the lack of unique research on the given topic in historiography, the involvement of new archival materials, the characterization of the peculiarities of the relationship between the state and the privileged condition of the Russian Empire through the prism of the functioning of noble guardianships as state corporate bodies. Th e chronological limits of the article cover the time of formation and the beginning of the activity of the nobility’s guardianships on the territory of the Ukrainian governorates in the 18th century and are also correlated with the dating of the archival materials used: from the beginning to the third quarter of the 19th century. Conclusions. Th e hopes of the Russian imperial authorities that the newly cre- ated state institutions (noble guardianships) would support the monarchy’s economic stability and ensure a stable s ocial system were only partially justifi ed. Th e noble guardians were not distinguished by high eff ectiveness. Aft er all, on the one hand, they were part of an imperial bureaucratic apparatus that was not more eff ective. On the other hand, due to the lack of motivation of the nobles to fulfi l the duties assigned to them and the regular practice of their refusal/replacement, these institutions did not ensure the quality performance of the functions assigned to them.

Czech Interwar Literature

In this study, the author attempts to portray Czech interwar literature, i.e., the period from the beginning of the independent republic to its demise in September 1938 (the signing of the so-called Munich Agreement). He focuses on some necessary political and cultural-historical issues, such as the end of the “Great War”, the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and the establishment of an independent republic. However, he pays the most attention to the form of literature (prose, poetry, and drama). In conclusion, he notes that literary life significantly diversified and branched out over the two decades. The system of literature deepened in terms of material and genre, but also in terms of ideological and ideological direction. While initially, literature and literary life were quite centralist (just like the original Austro-Hungarian Empire with its bureaucratic apparatus), over time there is a more pronounced differentiation and the emergence of new cultural centers, usually associated with larger cities. He recalls great literary figures (K. Čapek, J. Hašek, etc.) as well as authors from the circle of German-written works.

Bureaucratic Politics and Informality in Foreign Policy-making: The Case of Indonesia-China Relations

ABSTRACT How do governments respond to bilateral relationships characterised by growing economic cooperation on one side and concerns about national security on the other? The existing literature has mainly employed systemic, domestic and individual levels of analysis, but has failed to scrutinise the important bureaucratic aspect of policy-making. By focusing on Indonesia’s policy towards the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) assertiveness in the South China Sea (SCS), we examine the role of the ‘curator’, an official tasked with ensuring successful policy outcomes by often bypassing formal institutions in the policy-making process. Arguably, the main reason Indonesia maintained a relatively coherent policy can be attributed to the role of the curator, who worked within an informal space to coordinate maritime policies enacted by a bureaucratic apparatus that was deemed to be hindering the president’s approach. By incorporating informality as a mode of coordination, this analysis of Indonesia-China relations advances the bureaucratic politics model in FPA.