This scoping review examines greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options in Thailand's industrial and building sectors, synthesizing findings from 26 peer-reviewed articles and five national policy documents. The review is structured around three themes: technical viability, financial performance, and policy alignment of key mitigation strategies. Results indicate that energy-efficiency retrofitting, renewable energy integration, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and life-cycle assessment (LCA)-guided design — particularly when combined with Building Information Modeling (BIM) — can substantially reduce both operational and embodied emissions. Many of these approaches demonstrate strong financial attractiveness, characterized by high internal rates of return (IRR) and short payback periods. However, widespread deployment remains constrained by policy fragmentation, insufficient incentive mechanisms, and weak stakeholder coordination. The review also exposes critical gaps in sectoral strategies, including the absence of tailored energy conservation measures for certain building typologies. The limited uptake of local green certification schemes, such as TREES, which cover fewer than 15% of certified green buildings nationwide, further reflects structural barriers in Thailand's regulatory and market environments. To address these challenges, this study proposes a sectoral strategy matrix that maps appropriate technologies to specific building types alongside relevant economic indicators. It also recommends harmonizing existing frameworks — EEP2015, AEDP2015, and BEC2021 — with Thailand's 2022 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LT-LEDS). Future research should explore integrated models incorporating ESG criteria, stakeholder capacity-building, and carbon tracking linked to Science-Based Targets (SBTs). By bridging technical rigor with policy relevance, this review offers actionable guidance for researchers, policymakers, and industry practitioners.

Adaptive comfort is a significant element in sustainable building development in hot, humid climates. The study aimed to analyze adaptive comfort in the free-running spaces of senior health and community buildings in Thailand, and propose guidelines for improving these buildings using an adaptive comfort approach. The environmental data from the automatic weather system were employed and calibrated to measure data from field surveys. Utilizing the CBE 3D Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) Tool software for analysis and preparing data to calculate operative temperature, which was compared in ASHRAE and Southeast Asia adaptive comfort models, the study determined design and material spec modifications in three buildings for development guidelines. The findings revealed that the existing conditions of all buildings were unacceptable by nearly 20% in the rainy season and 50% in the hot season. Thermal acceptability was higher than the ASHRAE adaptive comfort model when estimated via the Southeast Asia adaptive comfort model. In these buildings, two naturally ventilated spaces did not have roof insulation, and one space did not have an overhang. All spaces received solar radiation from the south and west during the daytime. Quality materials and shading devices for MRT reduction should be prepared. This study recommends novel insights into the role of design and select materials in enhancing thermal environments for free-running spaces in senior buildings in hot, humid climates.

Design and techno-economic evaluation of a nanogrid system for a small-scale public railway station building in Thailand

The concept of Net Zero Carbon Buildings, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is essential in addressing climate change. However, the development of such buildings in Thailand faces significant challenges, including high construction costs, uncertain returns, and limited investment incentives. This study explores the factors influencing real estate developers' decisions to pursue Net Zero Carbon Buildings in Thailand, with a focus on physical, financial, and policy-related elements. Data collection was done with 388 respondents who are stakeholders, including developers, consultants, designers, and sustainability experts, through an online questionnaire, and analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis. The independent variables in the analytical model consist of three groups of factors: physical buildings, climate finance, and climate policy. The results indicate that physical building factors, including building age, engineering systems, and design; climate finance factors, such as project cost increases, financial returns, and investment incentives; and climate policy factors, including government policies, international climate agreements, and carbon taxes, significantly influence development decisions. Government policies, building engineering systems, and financial incentives were identified as key positive drivers for investment, while carbon taxes and energy efficiency-focused designs were found to potentially discourage investment due to higher costs. The study concludes that substantial government support such as tax incentives, grants, and low-interest financing is critical to fostering investment in Net Zero Carbon Buildings. Additionally, raising awareness among developers and the private sector about the long-term benefits of these projects is essential to strengthening investment incentives.

Energy efficiency and carbon sequestration are fundamental components of sustainable urban development, as cities account for majority of global energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research explores Urban Digital Twins (UDTs) as an innovative approach to optimizing operational energy use and enhancing carbon sequestration in urban environments. UDTs integrate real-time data processing, simulation models, and public participation to drive sustainable energy management and emissions reduction. The study examines two pilot buildings in Thailand and Vietnam, using energy data to evaluate the feasibility of UDTs. Key implementation challenges, including regulatory barriers, setup costs, and limited public engagement, are analyzed, with proposed strategies to address them. A digital twin-based energy framework enables cities to integrate renewable energy systems, intelligent controls, and carbon sequestration strategies, optimizing energy use while reducing emissions and costs. This research aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 11, supporting clean energy adoption and sustainable urban development.

Empirical formulas and Artificial Neural Networks to estimate the fundamental periods of existing and instrumented RC buildings in Thailand

This research focuses on optimizing renewable energy systems to achieve Nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) Level 1 status, defined as reducing energy consumption by 87.5% to 100%. The major objectives are to explore the impact factors in the optimization of energy storage systems (ESSs), solar PV and ESS capacities, as well as energy consumption patterns. This study is based on monitoring data from an office building in Thailand with a 120 kW peak load and a 40 kW average load, equipped with a 160 kW photovoltaic (PV) system and 45 kWh from ESS. This study is based on comparing a simulation of a renewable energy system, particularly from unutilized solar energy, with building load demand to optimize the best system suitability for achieving nZEB Level 1 status. The results indicate that a 200 kW PV system combined with a 275 kWh ESS and a 250 kW PV system with an ESS capacity of 175 kWh can adequately supply the required clean energy demand. These findings provide insights on optimizing factors of renewable energy systems for buildings aiming to achieve sustainability targets. This work has summarized a framework including optimization impact factors with financial aspects which can be applied to similar cases. In addition, an analysis of working-day load profiles and appliance usage patterns has been performed to provide broader consumption insights. This approach identifies trends in HVAC, lighting, and electronics consumption, enabling the optimization scheme to be adapted to buildings with varying load patterns. Additionally, this study examines the effects of building operation hours on energy consumption. By adjusting operational schedules based on these insights, different renewable energy system capacities can be re-estimated to ensure achievement of the desired nZEB Level.

Abstract Introduction Exposure to indoor air pollutants can cause adverse health effects especially if the workplace has poor ventilation. The purpose of this study was to assess associations of sick building syndrome (SBS) related to indoor air concentration and ventilation in a building in medical staff while performing task in a hospital building in Thailand. Methods The study was conducted between June and September 2022. Data collection involved using questionnaires which were developed by the researchers and used scientific instruments for the measurements of indoor air quality. The questions included population characteristics, work information, medical centre characteristics, indoor quality perception, indoor air quality parameters and SBS. The prevalence of SBS was classified into four groups: general symptoms, mucous irritation symptoms, lower respiratory symptoms, and skin problems. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze data. Results The results showed that factors e.g. gender, age, education levels, job position, duration of working indoor or outdoor, ventilation at workplace, use of office equipment with printer ink, use of volatile and smelly office equipment, use of cleaners and air fresheners in the room are significantly associated with prevalence of health effects e.g. general health symptoms (fatigue, aching at different body parts e.g. shoulder, neck, back, anxious nausea), lower respiratory symptoms, mucus irritation symptoms, and skin problems. Discussion and conclusion Therefore, efforts should be made to improve indoor air quality by applying ventilation systems in the building to reduce the prevalence of health effects that may occur in staff working in a hospital.

A study was conducted to investigate the seismic hazard microzonation of the central plain of Thailand, which is situated in an area with a thick quaternary basin. Unconsolidated sediments can lead to amplification of earthquake ground shaking at fundamental frequency and can cause a significant increase in damage to buildings. The research yielded significant results, including the development of a fundamental frequency map through the analysis of HVSR for 149 microtremor measurement sites. Subsequently, a Vs30 map was derived utilizing HVSR inversion techniques, and a soil classification map was constructed based on the NEHRP classification. The upper central plain along the Yom River and the Nan River had a low fundamental frequency of 0.3-0.5 Hz and low Vs30, which can be classified as soil type Class E. In the southern areas of Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, and central Bangkok, an extremely low Vs30 of less than 100 m/s was observed, indicating soil class F or special soft soil. A comprehensive investigation was conducted on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by considering the Vs30 sites condition for PGA, SA0.2s, and SA1.0s with a 2475-year return period. The northern region of the upper central plain and the western side of the central basin exhibit relatively high seismic hazards. Furthermore, the site effect significantly amplifies ground motion at the 1.0 second period, surpassing the earthquake-resistant design standard for buildings in Thailand by more than 5 times, particularly in the central region of the lower central plain.

In the rapidly evolving business landscape of Thailand, the design and facilities of office buildings play a crucial role in enhancing employee satisfaction and productivity. This study seeks to answer the question: “How can office building facilities be optimized to meet the diverse preferences of occupants in Thailand, thereby improving their satisfaction and productivity”? This study employs a copula-based ordinal regression model combined with machine learning techniques to investigate the determinants of facility preferences in office buildings in Thailand. By analyzing data from 372 office workers in Bangkok, we identify the factors influencing facility needs and preferences, and measure the correlation between these preferences. Our findings reveal that safety and security are the highest-rated amenities, indicating their importance in the workplace. The findings reveal distinct preferences across demographic groups: age negatively influences the demand for certain amenities like lounges, while higher education levels increase the preference for cafeteria services. Employees in smaller firms show a higher preference for lounges and fitness centers but lower for restaurants and cafeterias. Interestingly, the size of the enterprise does not significantly affect preferences for fundamental facilities like security and cleaning. The study also uncovers the significant role of gender and income in shaping preferences for certain facilities. These results suggest that while basic amenities are universally valued, luxury or leisure-oriented facilities are more appreciated in smaller, possibly more community-focused work environments. This study highlights the need for tailored facility management in office buildings, considering the diverse needs of different employee groups, which has significant implications for enhancing workplace satisfaction and productivity.

Daylight control strategies were a challenge for a high-rise building in terms of savingenergy consumption. Light shelf was one of the daylight control systems which was usuallyhorizontal or inclined surfaces, placed on the inner and/or the outer side of windows toreflect sunlight to ceiling and distribute the light deeper into the room. This study aimedto investigate the performance of daylight control strategies in office rooms using alight-self with translucent ceiling. The light shelf, which is typically horizontal or inclined,was placed on the inner or outer side of windows to reflect sunlight and distribute itdeeper into the room. The study investigated the effect of type of daylight techniqueswhich are a combination of different light shelves and translucent ceiling on daylightingperformance. The illuminance level in an office room was calculated using DIALux 4.13 andwas performed for working hours in Bangkok, Thailand. The simulation was performedunder clear sky conditions and using real climatic data from four orientations. Fivetypes of daylight techniques, including the existing room, were investigated in terms ofilluminance level and uniformity of daylight in the office room. The CIBSE (2015) and IESNA(2011) standards indicate that offices room should have uniformity of at least 0.8 andan illuminance level of 500 lux. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine thebest combination of light shelves and translucent ceilings for achieving illuminance anduniformity standards. The results showed that the external light shelf with a translucentceiling and static louver at 90o (option 4) was the best solution for office rooms, providingaverage illuminance level 776 lux (above the standard) and uniformity 0.4 (nearly thestandard). This conclusion suggests that a light-shelf with a translucent ceiling guidesdaylight deep into the room but less uniformity.

PurposeEffective facility management (FM) can reduce environmental effects on buildings throughout their life cycle. This study aims to investigate the challenges in implementing building information modelling (BIM) for FM in government buildings in Thailand.Design/methodology/approachEight government-building facility experts were interviewed using an in-depth interview method to identify FM challenges. The collected qualitative data were analysed via thematic analysis to ensure data saturation. The final questionnaire was designed with 45 FM problems, classified into management, technical and human resource problems, to collect quantitative data from 54 government FM officers. The data were used to prioritise the severity and frequency of the FM problems using the severity index (SI) and relative importance index (RII).FindingsManagement problems have the highest impact, with an average SI of 0.285, followed by human resource (average SI = 0.266) and technical (average SI = 0.264) problems.Originality/valueThis study identifies the government-building FM problems in Thailand that are critical to the development of a BIM execution plan (BEP) guideline. The findings can facilitate strategy development for government-building operations and management in line with the public procurement and supply administration of Thailand. These findings can serve as a guideline to inform the development of a BIM Roadmap for integration into the national digital roadmap and the Thailand 4.0 policy to mitigate construction-related environmental and climate issues.

Thermoeconomic analysis of duct works for air-conditioned building in Thailand

Indoor radon concentration plays a vital role in the total annual effective dose due to internal radiation exposure. This research investigated the radon gas found in concrete, which consists of rocks, sand, and cement. It can be found in most houses and buildings in Thailand to evaluate the possible residents’ health hazards. Radon was measured using an ionization chamber detector (ATMOS 12 DPX), and the values of the radon concentration, radon exhalation rate, and annual effective dose were calculated. This study collected concrete samples from Loei, Khon Kaen, Nong Bua Lam Phu, Bueng Kan, Nakhon Phanom, Mukdahan, Ubon Ratchathani, and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. The radon concentration in the concrete samples varied from 22.00 ± 4.00 to 110.00 ± 8.00 Bq⸱m-3, with an average of 56.77 ± 5.77 Bq⸱m-3. These values were below the guideline level of 148 Bq⸱m-3, recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The radon exhalation rate varies from 4.20 ± 0.84 to 55.07 ± 4.00 Bq⸱kg-1⸱h-1, with an average of 15.47 ± 1.68 mBq⸱kg-1⸱h-1. The annual effective dose ranges from 0.57 ± 0.10 to 2.89 ± 0.21 mSv⸱y-1, with an average of 1.47 ± 0.15 mSv⸱y-1. The International Commission recommends the dose limit of 1 mSv⸱y-1 for public exposure on Radiological Protection (ICRP).

Energy consumption in buildings has increased significantly as population and economic activities are concentrated in urban areas. Air conditioning accounts for a significant percentage of energy consumption in buildings, especially in tropical climates. The main area where heat can be transferred into the building is through glass windows. Thus, this study aims to evaluate feasibility in terms of overall thermal transfer value (OTTV), energy, and economics for retrofitting different glass materials in an office building in Thailand by using building energy code (BEC) software. The software uses Thailand’s building energy code as the standard to evaluate the energy performance of the case study building in comparison with different glass types used in retrofitted cases. From an economic perspective, the internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback periods (DPP) were used as determining indexes. The results demonstrated that retrofitted windows with the best energy-efficient glass might achieve energy performance, but installation cost can reduce economic feasibility, while the glass with the second lowest heat transfer coefficient can reduce the OTTV by 68.89% and building energy consumption by 16.87%. However, it can achieve the highest economic performance with 10.70% IRR and DPP at 11.83 years. Therefore, the balance between energy and economic factors must be considered to provide energy-efficient and investment-friendly glass materials for retrofit projects. In addition, the study focuses specifically on tropical climates. Thus, the finding may not be reflected similarly for buildings located in different regions.

Abstract Thailand's steady growth of urban areas and industrial estates, the construction sector needs to adopt a low‐carbon circular economy (CE) model that emphasizes material circularity and resource efficiency. This research aims to measure the low‐carbon CE of the construction industry through significant representative products, life cycle assessment and material circularity indicator (MCI) were measured on significant representative products materials were evaluated. In the results of the study, it was found that the MCI and GHGs revealed the following results: 1 ton of construction steel products = 0.73 and 2.32 kgCO2/ton, 1 bag (50 kg) of mortar and cement products = 0.17 and 16.92 kgCO2/bag, 1 m3 of ready‐mixed concrete at compressive strength 240 kilograms per square centimeter = 0.11 and 253.63 kgCO2/m3, 1 m3 of wood and composite wood products = 0.17 and 745.84 kgCO2/bag, also 1 m2K/W (meters squared Kelvin per Watt) of glass wool insulation = 0.50 and 1.63 kgCO2/m2K/W, respectively. These values are indicated as national baselines for monitoring CE performance that contribute to the industry's long‐term viability and turn to sustainability in Thailand through the key strategic issues in Thailand's CE and low‐carbon society. The GHGs reduction of 11 million tons is expected, which can also increase the 10% of material circularity, also the estimation of the economic value, by considering the value added from material reduction and the price of carbon credit from construction and demolition waste reduction affect the Thai construction industry by approximately 67 million dollars.

An experimental study of thermal performance of the radiant ceiling cooling in office building in Thailand

Thermoeconomic Analysis of Duct Works For Air-Conditioned Building in Thailand

The Division of Meeting, Incentive, Conference and Exhibition (MICE) is increasing around the world, especially in Khon Kaen. It is featured as the high consumption, high profit, little seasonal difference and strong industry relevance, so it plays an increasingly important role in the economic development. The city could hold the MICE tourism to improve the visibility and reputation effectively and there is a large room for revenue growth from the business, exhibition, incentive tourism of the foreign visitors and local large-scale team building in Thailand. The local area and region are investigated for the impact of Khon Kaen on the MICE tourism. Most tourists are concentrated in urban areas and such tourism is mainly applied to the exhibition groups, enterprise groups and institutions. However, the local MICE convention and exhibition faces the opportunity and challenge, so the sufficient preparation shall be carried out. In this paper, the authors take the MICE tourism of Khon Kaen as the research objective and the SWOT is selected to judge the management of the local MICE tourism for analysis. The authors will define the development trend and scale based on the basic characteristics of the strategic planning, and detemine the area to be studied, to highlight the strength of MICE

The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education institutions to switch to online learning for most of 2020 and 2021 for the safety of their students and staff, which significantly impacted campus resource consumption. This study aims to analyze the changes in electricity consumption in higher education buildings based on comparisons of three academic years to understand more about the energy implications of the post-COVID-19 era. The electricity data were collected from 181 samples of the electricity meter records at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. When compared to the typical academic year in 2018, the results indicate that electricity consumption in 2019 and 2020 decreased by 20.92% and 35.50%, respectively. The academic and the library-type buildings marked the biggest change in electricity reduction. The smallest change was found in the research type as its essential work remained on campus. Only electricity consumption in the residence type increased due to the long periods of online learning policies. Finally, the findings suggest that teaching and learning activities have a strong influence on electricity consumption in higher education buildings. The facilities and learning methods related to these activities should be carefully discussed as elements of an effective strategy to manage electricity demands at the university level.