Buffer State Research Articles

CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA AS A PRIORITY OF RUSSIAN AND BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

For centuries, world powers have struggled for influence in the geographical area formed by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Central Asia is the least explored world region and has long been a source of geopolitical tension. The aim of this study was to characterize Central and South Asia as a priority for Russian and British foreign policy in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Scientific and historiographic methods were used to analyze documented facts and ensure reliable results. Foreign policy relations of the Russian Empire and Great Britain during the great geopolitical confrontation were analyzed by comparison. The results support the hypothesis that there were influence spheres, contentious issues, and interests, which enabled the players to find compromises at the end of the ‘Great Game’ without resorting to force. These facts enriched diplomatic practices in buffer states, natural boundaries, de-escalation, and agreements for improving conflict management between competing foreign nations.

Psychological suzhi moderates state anxiety and heart rate responses to acute stress in male adolescents.

Psychological suzhi has increasingly been recognized to buffer chronic stress and improve mental health. However, few studies have examined the role of psychological suzhi in the response to acute stress. The current study aimed to investigate whether psychological suzhi can buffer state anxiety and heart rate responses to acute stress in adolescents. Healthy male adolescents (N=63) were classified into high (N=30) or low (N=33) psychological suzhi groups based on the Chinese norm of adolescent psychological suzhi scale-simplified version. They completed both the modified Trier Social Stress Test for Groups and a specific control condition, with heart rate and state anxiety assessed. Data were analysed with mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that the modified Trier Social Stress Test for Groups condition effectively induced an increase in state anxiety and heart rate. Furthermore, individuals with higher levels of psychological suzhi showed lower state anxiety and heart rate stress responses. The present study indicated that psychological suzhi is an important internal resource against acute stress, which may inform interventions for male adolescents exposed to acute stress.

Neo-Ottomanism as the Basis of Turkey’s Middle East Policy

In the article the author emphasizes that Turkey’s current course of foreign policy is a reflection of its fear to remain a secondary, buffer state against the background of the past greatness of the Ottoman Empire. The author elucidates it as a reason that Turkey regards the traditional basis of its foreign policy (Ottomanism, Pan-Turkism) that is radically different to the pro-Western Kemalism. Direction of Turkish foreign policy towards neo-Ottomanism is explained by the peculiarities of geopolitics of the post-bipolar period, existence of the conflict identities, aspiration to take responsibility for the negative (from Turkey’s perspective) processes in the countries of the “Ottoman legacy” (European, Asian, African areas) and other. It is highlighted that Turkey aims to reach a new (supraregional) level through the revival of political Islam, Ottoman traditions and ideology, however, officially it distancing itself from neo-Ottomanism in order to avoid accusations of its commitment to expansionism.

AN EFFICIENT ADAPTATION OF UHD VIDEO STREAMING OVER INTERNET

The main challenge of multimedia applications is how to transmission the Ultra-High Definition (UHD) video streaming in real time over the internet. The real time video streaming suffer from difficulties to be flexible and efficiency cause the wide variation of the available internet bandwidth. To avoid the problems that introduces with internet, in this work the HEVC with required video network adaptive streaming are proposed and tested using different six levels of three UHD video (4K, FHD, 720p, 4CIF, CIF and QCIF). From different experiments that applied find the optimal configuration of H.265 encoding features for six levels to obtain the required PSNR with range (32-38 dB). The important part in this project is a controller that worked incorporate with the encoder (H.265) to obtain the video streaming adaptation on the available bandwidth of the channel. The controller continuously reads the status of channel buffer, then choosing the proper level of video to be transmitted over the channel. The work architecture is content two parts: First, the H.265 codec that apply on the three raw videos with optimal parameters configuration to compress them and get videos with lower bit rate and acceptable quality. Second, the compressed videos, based to controller.....

Study on Transient Queue-Size Distribution in the Finite-Buffer Model with Batch Arrivals and Multiple Vacation Policy.

The transient behavior of the finite-buffer queueing model with batch arrivals and generally distributed repeated vacations is analyzed. Such a system has potential applications in modeling the functioning of production systems, computer and telecommunication networks with energy saving mechanism based on cyclic monitoring the queue state (Internet of Things, wireless sensors networks, etc.). Identifying renewal moments in the evolution of the system and applying continuous total probability law, a system of Volterra-type integral equations for the time-dependent queue-size distribution, conditioned by the initial buffer state, is derived. A compact-form solution for the corresponding system written for Laplace transforms is obtained using an algebraic approach based on Korolyuk’s potential method. An illustrative numerical example presenting the impact of the service rate, arrival rate, initial buffer state and single vacation duration on the queue-size distribution is attached as well.

Proportional fair buffer scheduling algorithm for 5G enhanced mobile broadband

The impending next generation of mobile communications denoted 5G intends to interconnect user equipment, things, vehicles, and cities. It will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance and network efficiency, and different combinations of use cases enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive internet of things (mIoT) with new capabilities and diverse requirements. Adoption of advanced radio resource management procedures such as packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to distribute radio resources among different users efficiently. The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm and its modified versions have proved to be the commonly used scheduling algorithms for their ability to provide a tradeoff between throughput and fairness. In this article, the buffer status is combined with the PF metric to suggest a new scheduling algorithm for efficient support for eMBB. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is proved through à comprehensive experimental analysis based on the evaluation of different quality of service key performance indicators (QoS KPIs) such as throughput, fairness, and buffer status.

The Game: Or, ‘the making of migration’ along the Balkan Route

‘The Game’ is how many refugees describe their attempts to informally travel to Western Europe via the so-called Balkan Route. This article conceptualises The Game as a spatial tactic implemented by refugees as a response to the impossibility of legally entering the EU and as a gray area in the governance of informal migrant mobilities. It does so by engaging with the recent literature on the Balkan Route to analyse how The Game has been performed and ‘managed’ in Serbia, a key ‘buffer state’ along this corridor. Drawing from Tazzioli's work on ‘The Making of Migration’, and in particular on her understanding of refugee forced mobility as a form of ‘migrant management’ on the part of the authorities, this article shows how the ambivalent connotations of The Game reveal the troubling configurations of EU border politics and of its formal and informal geopolitical arrangements. At the same time, it argues that the practices related to The Game ultimately reflect the extraordinary determination of the refugees in creating new itineraries, spatial interstices, invisible networks and ‘holes in the border walls’ that allow them, despite all the difficulties, to challenge such border politics. We conclude by proposing to understand The Game as part of the biopolitics of migration and by suggesting that it represents a powerful manifestation of the condition (and the field of possibility) of thousands of refugees along the Balkan Route today.

Direct observation of charge dynamics at electrodes and roles of buffer layers for organic devices via high-frequency impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy (IS) measurements for frequencies up to 120 MHz were performed for a series of organic devices with various buffer layers (BLs) introduced into the electrode–organic interfaces. The fast charge dynamics observed in the high-frequency range at the interface provided clear information regarding the roles of BLs, which have not been the focus of many studies. Comparative studies on devices with two active layers and four different electrode configurations determined the origin of the signals observed via IS and clarified the charge and recombination dynamics specific to various electrodes. In a photovoltaic active layer, the suppression of charge recombination at the interface of an electrode under illumination was clearly observed owing to the BLs. In another hole-rich active layer that does not entail charge recombination, a model for charge dynamics of the interface state that can analytically characterize the BLs is proposed. • Fast charge dynamics is observed in buffer layers at electrode–organic interfaces. • Impedance spectroscopy up to 120 MHz reveals the roles of the buffer layers. • Suppression of charge recombination by a buffer at a cathode is visualized. • An analytical model for characterizing the interface states of buffers is proposed.

Dimensions of National Security and Development of Nepal

The dimensions of national security are increasing in the world day by day. In a similar fashion, development is also becoming a multi-perspective phenomenon. However, both of them differ from country to country. Therefore, it needs a better understanding of the country-specific scenarios. The scenario of Nepal is also a specific subject matter in this regard because of its own inherent multidimensional features related to its geography, economy, sociocultural aspects, environmental aspects, and others. This study aims to explore the key dimensions of national security, key perspectives of development, and the two-way interrelation between national security and the development of Nepal. More specifically, this study focuses on the following research questions in the context of Nepal: What are the key dimensions of national security? What are the key perspectives of development? How dimensions of national security and perspectives of development interrelate to each other? This is qualitative research, and uses secondary information through books, journal articles, newspaper articles, magazines, and others. Moreover, I come up with some resolutions to the issue of national security through discursive practices and critical analysis Three conclusive points of the study are: (i) As a buff er state, the concentration of national security lies on its border and culture whereas as a member of the globe the concentration lies on its economy, politics, environment, and information technology. (ii) Common perspectives of development in the recent world are generally applicable in the case of Nepal. (iii) Political, economic, sociocultural, environmental, human, and information technological domains of interrelation are applicable in the context of Nepal.

An algorithm for scheduling hybrid slot-size to increase traffic density in EPONs

The current basically Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) efficiently supports different service classes, i.e., Giant Prime concern (GP) traffic and Efficiently-best (EE) traffic, in future-generation networks. The difficult task is finding the efficient Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) procedure task which suggests service classes of bandwidth simultaneously. This paper suggests improved version to DBA algorithm, Remodeled version-Hybrid division-size/Rate (HDSR) scheme. The modified control message scheduling algorithm is also discussed along with Remodeled-HDSR Algorithm which fits to the proposed scheme. In the modified Remodeled-HSSR scheme, time cycle length is identical classified accordingly with two subparts. In algorithm as explained in order to increase traffic density, the subdivision part of the planned cycle, the traffic conditions are dynamically suggested an improved version for Best effort traffic of multiple ONUs. In the First subdivision part of the span time analysis time will not be compressed, particularly at less buffer status conditions plan buffer status of the HP traffic. The Remodeled control message algorithm which predefined status and is scheduled particularly which controls connecting the sub-parts of the planned cycles of the sequence time and in-turn increases synchronization between two Gate messages to particular ONUs.

Features of gas composition and acid-base state of blood in newborns with intrauterine infections

Aim. To study the features of the gas composition and acid-base state in newborns with specific intrauterine infections.Material and methods. The examination was conducted based on the neonatal pathology unit of the SI NMCShifobakhsh.The degree of oxygenation of blood and skin was determined using daily pulse-oximetry. The partial pressure of gases and the study of the acid-base state (CBS) of blood was carried out using Convergys/liquid device.Result and discussion. The results of our study of blood gases and the acid-base indicator of blood in newborns with severe IUI showed noticeable hypoxemia, moderate hypercapnia, and a deficiency of buffer States, which indicate a violation of gas exchange function in the lungs with the development of compensatory respiratory-metabolic acidosis in children of this group. In patients with a very severe course of IUI, as the syndrome of respiratory disorders and the severity of hyperventilation syndrome increased, deeper changes in blood gas parameters and the acid-base state of the blood were noted. It indicates significant damage to the ventilation function of the lungs, diffuse perfusion processes, gas, and acid-base homeostasis.Conclusions. Impairment of the function of organs and systems that developed against the background of a severe or very severe course of IUI, depending on the degree of severity of deviations in blood gas parameters and acid-base balance, shows the need for adequate corrective therapy.

HMONG. THE SECRET ARMY

This article aims to analyze the role of the Hmong population in the Indochina conflict. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Laos a buffer state according to theDominion Theory and as such much more strategically important than Vietnam. To avoid the fall of Laos under communism and thus the spread of communism in the region, Eisenhower turned to the services of the C.I.A., because he could not intervene officially in Laos without violating the Geneva Convention.Keywords: Indochina; Laos; Vietnam; war; United States of America; Hmong, Central Intelligence Agency.

Strategic Triangles and Balancing in World Politics

Trilateral diplomacy is a common format of interaction in international relations, which forms various configurations of the balance of power within the framework of triangles. The concept of a “triangle” is characterized by ambivalence, has a variety of characteristics and principles of formation.The article provides an overview of the theoretical discourse on strategic triangles, as well as of practical examples of trilateral diplomacy of the past and present day. The main characteristics of strategic triangles and the features of changes in their configuration are identified (the case of USA–PRC–USSR triangle). Classification of both symmetric and asymmetric triangles (unicenter and bicenter) are given, the concept of buffer states, as well as regional conflicts with the participation of a great power as a defender, are presented.The most influential countries at the global and regional levels, forming geopolitical triangles, are identified basing on the Composite Index of National Capability (CINC). The concept of pivot states is analyzed permitting to indicate relatively small but geopolitically important countries, forming triangles together with influential states.The main strategic triangles of the modern world order are analyzed, presenting mostly countries of Asia (China, Japan, India), Russian Federation, USA and EU. The main trends of global competition based on geopolitical triangles in the XXI-st century are identified.

An Exploratory Study of the Political Abuse of Women in Afghanistan

Women, the 48.45% of total Afghan population usually termed and referred as the most victimized clan of Afghanistan. It is engendered notion and perceived as reality around the world. Undoubtedly, Mujahidin and later the Taliban have made the situation miserable for women. But, comparatively, women in Afghanistan did not face as many cruelties earlier during Taliban regime as they suffering today. They were secured, honored and allowed to participate equally in all spheres of life ranging from socio-economic to religio-political during the reign of Taliban. Majority of the religious elite among the Muslims interprets the religious teachings according to its own requirements to assure legitimacy particularly in the context of women. Same is the case with Afghanistan, which, being the buffer state, had been remained epicenter for political interests of world powers and who used its soil to expand or legitimize their authority, violate human rights specifically women as wartime strategy to achieve the goals. This intricate study with reference to the manipulated status of women is based on qualitative method and will explore the political dimensions where women have been used as wartime strategy to legitimize the power. It is based on explanatory and exploratory goals of the study. The thematic and observational approach will be used to analyze the available qualitative data by using secondary sources.

Will OFDMA Improve the Performance of 802.11 Wifi Networks?

WiFi 6 based on the IEEE 802.11ax amendment is intended to improve spectral efficiency and area throughput operations in high density environments. This is achieved (among other methods) by the introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and enhanced multi-user Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-MIMO) features. In this work, we explore the performance of downlink and uplink OFDMA in 802.11ax via extensive simulation based evaluation (latency, throughput, range) compared to conventional single user (SU) transmissions. Based on our results, we conclude that OFDMA can reduce the median latency from ~5 ms to less than 1 ms in non-saturation conditions. When used in conjunction with efficient multi-user buffer status report and restricted EDCA mechanisms, OFDMA can increase the saturation throughput by more than 10 percent. Moreover, UL OFDMA also improves aggregate throughput at longer ranges due to the narrower sub-channels (equivalently increased transmit power spectral density); four stations achieve an aggregate throughput 35 percent higher than a station transmitting SU frames and located at a range 1.5 times closer to the access point.

An multi-BSS multi-user full duplex MAC protocol based on AP cooperation for the next generation WLAN

Aiming at the problems of low efficiency of buffer information collection and sharp drop of system throughput caused by the aggravation of conflicts in the multi basic service set (BSS) high density deployment overlap coverage scenario of next generation wireless local access network (WLAN), an access point cooperation based multi-BSS multi-user full duplex multiple access protocol named as CMMFD is proposed. Firstly, a channel resource allocation algorithm for stations (STA) in overlapping coverage area is designed, in which, the access control (AC) equipment allocates the channel resources for all STA in response to buffer state and interference information (BI) according to the proportion of STA in the overlapped coverage area. Secondly, a BI information collection protocol process based on access point (AP) cooperation sending trigger frame is designed to collect all STA information. After receiving trigger frame, STA will access the channel and report BI information in p-probability according to the channel resources allocated by AC. Finally, a multi-BSS multi-user channel resource allocation algorithm based on full duplex is designed. AC allocates channel resources according to all BI information reported by AP, and schedules STA in the multi-BSS to carry out multi-user full duplex transmission over the sub-channel. Simulation results show that the throughput of the CMMFD protocol improves by 29.6%, compared with Mu-FuPlex protocol and EnFD-OMAX protocol.

Reinforcement learning-based QoE-oriented dynamic adaptive streaming framework

Dynamic adaptive streaming over the HTTP (DASH) standard has been widely adopted by many content providers for online video transmission and greatly improve the performance. Designing an efficient DASH system is challenging because of the inherent large fluctuations characterizing both encoded video sequences and network traces. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based DASH technique that addresses user quality of experience (QoE) is constructed. The DASH adaptive bitrate (ABR) selection problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) problem. Accordingly, an RL-based solution is proposed to solve the MDP problem, in which the DASH clients act as the RL agent, and the network variation constitutes the environment. The proposed user QoE is used as the reward by jointly considering the video quality and buffer status. The goal of the RL algorithm is to select a suitable video quality level for each video segment to maximize the total reward. Then, the proposed RL-based ABR algorithm is embedded in the QoE-oriented DASH framework. Experimental results show that the proposed RL-based ABR algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art schemes in terms of both temporal and visual QoE factors by a noticeable margin while guaranteeing application-level fairness when multiple clients share a bottlenecked network.

A neural network-based video bit-rate control algorithm for variable bit-rate applications of versatile video coding standard

Versatile video coding is a new video coding standard that has more capabilities and higher coding efficiency compared with its predecessor. Practical video storage and transmission applications face constrained buffer size and available bandwidth. It is necessary to design the appropriate rate control algorithm to overcome such challenges. In this paper, the non-linear relationship between consumed bits, buffer size, and quantization parameter is estimated by taking the advantages of artificial neural networks, and a rate control algorithm is developed for real-time variable bit rate applications of the versatile video coding standard. The proposed rate control algorithm performs the control action in only one step that results in faster control action. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm controls the bit-rate as well as the buffer state. Also, the rate–distortion analysis shows that the well-known λ-domain algorithm has only 2.7% bit-rate reduction in comparison with the proposed method.

An adaptive cache switching based video streaming using Buffer seeded multi checkpoint peer responder to improve the quality of service in WSN

The widespread of online video access by the various user become huge in recent days by direct streaming through the internet. However, video streaming in wireless networks consumes more delay due to response from the service provider. Due to high bandwidth consideration, the quality of streaming video consumes more buffer state to load the data. By this mitigation, the loss quality becomes problematic to access the service continually. To resolve this problem, we propose an On-Demand Service-Based Peer Switching (ODSBPS) for video streaming using Buffer seeded multi checkpoint peer responded to improve the quality of service in WSN. Initially, these methods verify the service request load based on the energy consumption in multi-channel service responder. Based on the Energy-Aware Traffic Flow Estimation (EATFE) verifies the buffer state from the nearest peer to create a checkpoint. This nearest checkpoint is estimated based on Streaming Service Intense Access Rate (SSIAR). Through this SSIAR checkpoint, the data is loaded on reserved cache points to create buffer points. Simultaneously the nearest peer responder checks the previous checkpoint to load the seed into the peer end. The peer end verifies the last buffer checkpoint to stream continuous service to make low energy level streaming provide the best video streaming service.

Long-term rate control for concurrent multipath real-time video transmission in heterogeneous wireless networks

Concurrent multipath transmission provides an effective solution for streaming high-quality mobile videos in heterogeneous wireless networks. Rate control is commonly adopted in multimedia communication systems to fully utilize the available network bandwidth. This paper proposes a novel rate control for concurrent multipath video transmission. The existing rate control algorithms mainly adapt bit rate in the short-term pattern, i.e., without considering the long-term video transmission quality. We propose a long-term rate control scheme that takes into account the status of both the transmission buffer and video frames. First, a mathematical model is developed to formulate the non-convex problem of long-term quality maximization. Second, we develop a dynamic programming solution for online encoding bit rate control based on buffer status. The performance evaluation is conducted in a real test bed over LTE and Wi-Fi networks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed long-term rate control scheme achieves appreciable improvements over the short-term rate control schemes in terms of video quality and delay performance.