Project Budget Research Articles

Efficient optimization of robust project scheduling for industry 4.0: A hybrid approach based on machine learning and meta-heuristic algorithms

This research contributes significantly to the domain of Industry 4.0 by offering a nuanced approach to the multi-objective optimization of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) under uncertainty. Focused on the context of smart product platforming, this study introduces a novel methodology that not only considers traditional factors like time and cost but also incorporates quality and risk aspects, crucial for personalized product fulfillment. In this regard, a comprehensive four-objective mathematical model is proposed to minimize project completion time, total project costs, and project risks while simultaneously enhancing overall project quality. Real-world uncertainty is acknowledged through the incorporation of uncertain parameters for the time, risk, and quality associated with each project activity. To address this uncertainty, a robust optimization method is applied based on Bertsimas and Sim's approach. Moreover, to optimize the proposed model, the Hybrid Red Deer and Genetic Algorithm (HRDGA) is proposed, which is leveraging a machine learning approach for clustering solutions. The numerical results demonstrate that increasing the project budget by 30% leads to an upward trend in total project costs and a reduction in the minimum acceptable quality by 10%–30% results in a decreasing trend in the total project cost. This research emphasizes the adoption of Industry 4.0 enabling technology within the project scheduling platform, particularly highlighting its significance for personalized product fulfillment.

Manajemen Waktu Pada Pekerjaan Mechanical Electrical Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Yayasan Pelita Ilmu Insani

The success or failure of a project can be influenced by the lack of planning of project activities, and the supervision carried out is ineffective and has an impact on the project running inefficiently. Then, it will result in delays and a decrease in the quality of work and have an impact on swelling the project budget. Project management is needed in order to manage projects starting from implementation to the end of a project. This research uses a case study on the Pelita Ilmu Insani Foundation Building Construction Project, especially on Mechanical Electrical work. This building is located on Jl. Rawa Kuda, Kp. Rawa Kuda RT/RW 004/002 Karangharum, Kedungwaringin District, Bekasi Regency, West Java 17540. The S curve is used to find out how long a project takes to complete and shows the progress of the project from the start of construction work to its completion. The aim of this research is to determine time efficiency in terms of the S Curve graph. The results of the time management analysis using the S Curve on the graph showed that the realization of time delays was not in accordance with the plan.

ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION OF GRANT AID FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS

The article is devoted to developing and substantiating the critical elements of the mechanism for developing and submitting an application for grant funding for developing a rural community or an agrarian business entity. It is substantiated that there is a need to significantly expand the involvement of external funding sources for the formation and development of human capital in rural areas. It was determined that the reserve of such funding is to increase rural communities' access to grant programs of international organizations and partner countries. It was determined that in expanding grant aid for developing rural areas in Ukraine, especially in wartime conditions, it is essential to consider the main reasons for the grantors' refusal to provide financial support. The most relevant reasons include violation of requirements for the form and content of documents, lack of convincing justification of the social utility of the project and reasoned calculation, inconsistency between the purpose of the grant program and the goals of the project, incompatibility of the nature of the program and the application, violation of requirements regarding the target audience, bad reputation of the applicant, lack of of the detailed project budget, as well as the inconsistency of the formulation of project tasks with the basic methodological principles of construction (SMART analysis). An organizational mechanism for developing and applying for grant funding for developing a rural community or an agrarian business entity is proposed. This mechanism has methodological value because it focuses on the most critical stages of the process of development and submission of an application for grant financing of the project, determines the approximate circle of stakeholders of the grant process, emphasizes the conditions and factors that help to count on success in the grant competition. In contrast to the existing approaches, it highlights the phasing, as well as the list and content of measures during the development and submission of an application for the project's grant funding.

Numerical model of debris flow susceptibility using slope stability failure machine learning prediction with metaheuristic techniques trained with different algorithms

In this work, intelligent numerical models for the prediction of debris flow susceptibility using slope stability failure factor of safety (FOS) machine learning predictions have been developed. These machine learning techniques were trained using novel metaheuristic methods. The application of these training mechanisms was necessitated by the need to enhance the robustness and performance of the three main machine learning methods. It was necessary to develop intelligent models for the prediction of the FOS of debris flow down a slope with measured geometry due to the sophisticated equipment required for regular field studies on slopes prone to debris flow and the associated high project budgets and contingencies. With the development of smart models, the design and monitoring of the behavior of the slopes can be achieved at a reduced cost and time. Furthermore, multiple performance evaluation indices were utilized to ensure the model’s accuracy was maintained. The adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, combined with the particle swarm optimization algorithm, outperformed other techniques. It achieved an FOS of debris flow down a slope performance of over 85%, consistently surpassing other methods.

The Detection and Calculation of Design-Weighting on Indoor Environmental Elements—Illustrated by Real Interior Design Projects

In interior design projects, homeowners’ expectations and thoughts in mind are sometimes ambiguous and hard to pinpoint. This lack of clarity can lead to disagreements between owners and designers, making it difficult for designers to receive due remuneration. At the same time, the design project always has a restricted budget. Suppose the funds could be prioritized based on owners’ preferred weight of the indoor elements, with a larger portion of the budget allocated to the most crucial elements. In that case, it can significantly enhance the owner’s satisfaction. To address these challenges, this research introduces a novel analytical and computational approach that leverages the Positive And Negative Affects Schedule (PANAS) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) to assess homeowners’ sentiments toward various indoor elements. This method aims to determine indoor elements’ design-weighting, design sequence, and distribution of project budgets, enabling designers to understand better and meet homeowners’ genuine needs and expectations in interior design projects. The efficacy of this approach was evaluated through the analysis of three real-life residential interior design projects. Data from the PANAS emotion scale and heart rate variability (HRV) measurements of the homeowners were collected before and after project completion. The findings revealed high satisfaction among homeowners following project execution. By adjusting indoor elements, owners’ negative emotions decreased significantly, positive emotions surged, and there was an improvement in the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, leading to enhanced physical and mental well-being. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with homeowners corroborated the effectiveness of the analytical calculation method in identifying latent negative indoor elements of concern to homeowners, thereby validating the practical utility of this approach in real-world design scenarios.

Budget Control on Capital Project Delivery in Samburu County Government

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of budget control on delivery of capital project delivery in Samburu County-Kenya. Methodology: This study examined the effect of budget control procedures on the completion of capital projects using a descriptive research design. A total of 52 employees who were department heads and routinely took part in the budgeting process, belonging to the J, K, and L job groups, comprise the research sample. To effectively represent the intricate dynamics at work and to offer insightful information about how budget control affects the efficacy and efficiency of capital project delivery within the framework of the Samburu County Government, data was provided in linear regression models. Findings: The findings of this study can assist county governments in better understanding the factors that affect county budget management systems and performance as well as what needs to be changed to enhance the aforementioned budget performance. The findings can also be helpful to academics while looking into how budgetary control affects the provision of public services. Finally, it may offer politicians and other decision-makers new insights into the delivery of capital projects and the management of public resources. The study's results demonstrated that budget control significantly impacted capital project delivery in Samburu County, accounting for 77.3% of the variance with P ˂ 0.05. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study investigated how capital project delivery and budget control interact using the agency theory. Kenyan county governments and legislators should tighten budget control to address issues. The primary finding of the study was that counties can accomplish their financial and quantitative objectives with the aid of budget control. Additionally, it can help the county meet its goals, identify the operating activity items in the budgets, and fortify the relevant accounting structures.

Solving Construction Project Delays as SDGS: Evidence from Indonesia

Objectives: For the service provider, the contract will be terminated by the Government, and it will be noted that they cannot participate in project tenders in the coming year. This study analyzes Service Providers who need resource readiness to complete the Project Schedule to Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation as SDGs Theoretical Framework: The theory used is project management by Kerzner (2013), cost management stages by expert Gunn (2017), and risk management to be effective by Santosa (2009). Methods: The method is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis by conducting interactive analysis, data reduction steps, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. Results and Discussion: This study indicates that the project work schedule must be completed according to the mutually agreed agreement letter. The Regional Government must coordinate and communicate with service providers so that they can complete the project by the Agreement, especially on blocklist sanctions against service providers and the Implementation of statutory provisions on construction services, risk management, and project financing management. Conclusions: Applying the provisions of laws and regulations regarding Construction Services by implementing the terms of the agreement, apply risk management to the ad hoc project selection committee and the Public Works Department so that the risks of slow projects can be anticipated, and Implementing Funding and Time Management with resource planning with careful project cost estimation, cost budgeting, and cost control of changes to the project budget and Implement the project schedule according to the plan.

Comparison Analysis of Unit Prices for Reinforced Concrete Column Work using the 2022 Indonesian National Standard (Sni) Method and Field Data (An Empirical Study On the Construction Project of the National Land Agency Building in Banjarbaru)

In construction management, there are various stages of problems in terms of managing the project budget, so it is necessary to have a design or estimation of the project budget by analyzing construction costs. Currently, service providers tend not to fully calculate unit price analysis based on SNI analysis but rather on their own analysis or previous experience in completing construction work. Based on this, it is necessary to compare unit price analysis between the SNI method and field data. This study aims to determine the unit prices in the field and compare the price differences between the SNI 2022 method and field data in the National Land Agency Building Construction Project in Banjarbaru. The results of this analysis show that the price based on SNI 2022 analysis is Rp368,900,072.55, while the price based on field observations is IDR 269,231,757.50. Based on the analysis results of both methods, the cost difference between the SNI 2022 analysis and the actual field conditions for the National Land Agency Building Construction Project in Banjarbaru is IDR 99,668,315.02.

Modeling Enterprise Software with UAF

AbstractSystems and Software Engineers often have an uneasy relationship. The job of the systems engineer is to work with the stakeholders to define a set of requirements that meet their needs. These are then allocated to various solution spaces such as electronic hardware, mechanical, procedural, and software among others. For many systems, the functional requirements are almost exclusively software requirements. Correspondingly, as an increasing amount of project manpower, schedule time, and budget are allocated to software, it becomes increasingly important that systems and software engineers communicate effectively. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) has helped in this regard in that it can provide executable behavioral models with precise semantics to express software requirements in a model. These models define “What is required” without overly constraining the implementation. In addition, SysML can be used to define performance constraints, required concurrency, hardware memory and processor budgets, interfaces, safety critical requirements, etc. These aspects are essential for software engineers to understand the constraints and limitations of their environment. At the System of Systems (SoS)/Enterprise level, defining software/systems employs a similar pattern, but at a higher level of abstraction. In the Unified Architecture Framework, capabilities are defined for the enterprise, with systems and software allocated to realize the capabilities. In the same way that capabilities depend on one another, the implementing systems and software interact to support each other. In the past, enterprise software would be modeled as residing in mainframes in a federated software pattern. Modern software can be modeled throughout the enterprise in a distributed network that can adapt to the changing needs of the enterprise to do load leveling, dynamic and late binding, reconfiguration, and reallocation of hardware resources as necessary. If the domain includes the Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT), then deployment could include edge devices, embedded software, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), PCs, servers, cloud computing, and of course mainframes. The Object management Group (OMG) Data Distribution Services (DDS) standard enables these capabilities across these devices in a universal format implemented by multiple vendors. However, before this complex system of systems can be implemented, it must first be architected and designed to ensure that it will be fit for purpose both now and as the complex system of systems expands and evolves. This paper will examine the aspects of modeling software in the UAF, and how it can help guide enterprise and system and software architecture.

Team resilience in multiple project environments: What characteristics should be explored?

Purpose: This paper aims to explore how project team members' resilience differs based on industry type, project budget, company type, and gender. Design/methodology/approach: Using the conservation of resources theory, this study focuses on exploring the insight of the gathered data from the perspective of descriptive statistics. To achieve this objective, a descriptive analysis was conducted using purposive sampling and snowball techniques, gathering data from 349 respondents. The collected data was analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 25. Findings: The study's results indicate that male respondents are dominant, primarily working in the construction industry, while female respondents tend to work in other industry sectors. Moreover, male respondents exhibited higher resilience scores, but no significant difference in resilience was observed based on gender. However, resil-ience levels varied according to the industry sector. Respondents from industries other than the construction sector tended to display higher resilience. Research limitations/implications: Considering that the study finds only minor variations, businesses in the same industrial sector might think about implementing a practice benchmark. Examining businesses outside of these im-portant industries, however, may provide difficulties. Subsequent data-gathering endeavors may be broadened to encompass more industry sectors and subsequently scrutinized via case studies utilizing smaller samples from certain sectors. Originality/value: This study reveals that it is important to further expand and investigate these insights. Resources for team resilience, such as team confidence, a roadmap for teamwork, the ability to improvise as a team, and psychological safety for the team, can be added to future research. Furthermore, it is crucial to do quantitative research to look at how these elements show up in various industry sectors.

Time and Cost Management in Water Resources Projects Utilizing the Earned Value Method

Today, the development of infrastructure and construction projects in developing countries is of paramount importance. Water projects, in particular, play a crucial role in advancing agriculture, industry, and the economy. The success of these projects hinges on the effective management of time, cost, and quality. The most critical indicator of a project's success is its completion within the forecasted time and budget leading up to its operation. This study aims to assess the impact of Earned Value Management (EVM) 's impact on managing project schedules and budgets in water resource projects. The earned value method was employed to ascertain if the project was ahead or behind schedule and whether the costs were within the budget or had overrun. The values of the Earned Value Index were analyzed at three stages of project implementation. Examining the Schedule Variance (SV) at various phases indicates that a lower percentage is more advantageous for the project. Initially, the SV was 40%, signaling a delay mainly due to the delayed start of operations in the injection gallery and access points. This improved to 25% in the second stage, with the commencement of previously lagging activities. The schedule variance decreased to 11.6% in the final stage, aligning closer to the project schedule's end. Additionally, the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) value, which reflects the efficiency of project management in terms of timeliness, improved from a weak start of 0.6 to 0.88 (with 1.0 indicating that project performance is on target).

Analysis of Delays and Time Acceleration Strategies in the Renovation of Grha JST Building

Effective construction project management necessitates adherence to cost, quality, and timeline objectives. However, delays frequently challenge project success, impacting both schedule and budget. This research investigates the causes and consequences of delays within the Grha JST building renovation project, exploring mitigation strategies. Utilizing the Earned Value and Crashing methods, the study analyzes project performance to identify efficient delay management approaches. Recommendations are provided to enhance future project execution and mitigate delays effectively.

Mixed-integer linear programming for project scheduling under various resource constraints

Project scheduling is an important management task in many companies across different industries. Generally, projects require resources, such as personnel or funds, whose availabilities are limited, giving rise to the challenging problem of resource-constrained project scheduling. In this paper, we consider the scheduling of a project consisting of precedence-related activities that require time and two types of resources for execution: storage resources representing, e.g., the project budget; and renewable resources representing, e.g., personnel or equipment. Storage resources are consumed by activities at their start or produced upon their completion, while renewable resources are allocated to activities at their start and released upon their completion. The resource-constrained project scheduling problem with consumption and production of resources (RCPSP-CPR) consists of determining a minimum-makespan schedule such that all precedence relations are respected, the demand for each renewable resource never exceeds its capacity, and the stock level of each storage resource never falls below a prescribed minimum. Due to the consideration of storage resources, the feasibility variant of this problem is NP-complete. We propose a novel compact mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model based on a novel type of sequencing variables. These variables enable us to identify which activities are processed in parallel and whether a sequencing of activities is necessary to respect the resource capacities. Our computational results indicate that our novel model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art MILP models for all considered scarcity settings of the storage resources. Additionally, our results indicate a superior performance for instances of the well-known resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP).

Identifying Communication Flow in the Development of Apartment Project X to Enhance Time Performance

This research aims to develop a risk-based communication flow in apartment projects with a focus on improving time performance. The methods employed include surveys and case studies, with data collected through the creation and distribution of questionnaires to experts, along with an analysis of results conducted by Company X. The findings indicate that the communication flow implemented at PT. X has proven to be valid and effective. However, several factors hinder the smooth communication flow, such as inadequate planning and scheduling of work, insufficient communication due to mismatched methods and technologies, inefficient information distribution systems, inadequate project budget planning, lack of resources, incomplete scheduling of time and resources, inappropriate listening and speaking skills, lack of empathy among parties, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, emotional conditions, and lack of mastery of communication techniques. Based on these findings, several actions are recommended to enhance communication flow, including improving planning and scheduling of work, using communication methods and technologies appropriate to field conditions, improving information distribution systems, ensuring project budget planning availability, increasing resources, creating comprehensive time and resource planning, enhancing listening and speaking skills, improving empathy among parties, upgrading facilities and infrastructure, controlling emotional conditions, and enhancing mastery of communication techniques. By implementing these recommendations, it is hoped that the communication flow in apartment projects can operate more effectively and efficiently, thereby improving overall project time performance.

Optimizing cost of quality in commercial projects using fuzzy expert system

ABSTRACT Previous studies on the Cost of Quality (COQ) have focused on direct costs, employing prevention, appraisal, and failure costs (PAF). However, the advent of ISO 9001–2015] edition underscores the importance of the risk approach in quality management, necessitating the inclusion of project risks in COQ calculation. This paper introduces a prototype Fuzzy Expert System (FES) model tailored for determining optimal COQ in commercial projects while accounting for project risks. Using the means of the Prevention - Appraisal - Failure model and utilizing data gathered from prior research and validated through official questionnaires and interviews, this study assigns weights to quality risks and allocates them to respective COQ components. Risks such as inadequate planning, coordination issues, construction errors, and delays are identified as influential factors affecting COQ. Our findings suggest that COQ in commercial projects typically amounts to approximately five percent of the project budget. Validation of the prototype Fuzzy Expert System achieved through application to five actual cases (including two for system familiarization and three for validation), demonstrates an accuracy rate of 95%. The prototype Fuzzy Expert System emerges as a valuable tool for COQ evaluation, serving as a reliable checkpoint for individuals with varying levels of expertise in the field.

Comparative Analysis of Conventional Methods with BIM Methods on Construction Cost Estimate at Structure Project Design Calculations (Case Study of Construction of A Satpol PP Building)

Construction cost estimate in construction projects requires high accuracy in calculating work volumes and applying unit cost analysis. Lack of accuracy in calculating the volume of work can result in inaccurate cost estimates, causing project budget overruns. This research discusses the use of 3D BIM planning concepts using Autodesk Revit software to help calculate volumes accurately, with the aim of reducing project budget overruns. Comparative analysis of cost estimates between the use of Autodesk Revit and conventional methods provides an overview of the efficiency and effectiveness of using BIM software in estimating construction project costs. The object of this research is the Satpol PP Bantul office construction project, with a focus on structural work. This research method includes data collection, 3D BIM modeling, calculating cost estimates based on the volume produced using unit cost analysis, and comparative analysis of cost estimates between the use of BIM software and conventional methods. Based on the research results, it found that the construction cost estimate for structural work from Revit had a value of IDR 862,330,518.59 and a difference of IDR 53,420,195.31. This shows that the use of the 3D BIM concept results in 5.83% cheaper calculations than conventional construction cost estimate methods.

Financial resource scheduling and road construction projects performance in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya

Kenya has seen a boom in road building during the last couple of years as a result of the government's significant investments in the construction industry to upgrade infrastructure, such as road networks. Road network construction is one of the key pillar of the country long term vision 2030. However, the performance of the road projects has experienced various challenges leaving some roads uncompleted, others poorly done after huge investment of public resources. This study sought to evaluate the influence of financial resources scheduling on the performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The research was based on resource dependence theory. A descriptive design as well as the cross-sectional survey was used. The population of interest for this study consisted of 39 road construction projects being implemented by Kenya Urban Roads Authority and Kenya National Highway Authority within the Nairobi metropolitan area. A semi structured questionnaire was utilized to collect primary data. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results revealed projects resource scheduling had a positive and significant effect on project performance of road construction projects in Nairobi Metropolitan, Kenya. The study concludes that effective financial resource scheduling enables that organization to manage risk that may occur from changes in the project’s outcome. Financial resource scheduling starts from developing the project budget which is a process for allocating administered and departmental funds necessary to build a financial foundation for producing stated project deliverables.

Factors Controlling the Formation and Evolution of a Beach Zone in Front of a Coastal Cliff: The Case of the East Coast of Evia Island in the Aegean Sea, Eastern Mediterranean

The present study examines the recent evolution of a cliff coast along the Aegean Sea, considering its geotectonic context, oceanographic factors, sediment dynamics, and human impact. Initially, the formation of this coastal stretch was influenced by neotectonic faults, oriented both semi-parallel and diagonally relative to the present coastline orientation (NE–SW). Subsequently, the delivery of terrestrial sediment from ephemeral rivers and cliff erosion, along with nearshore wave-induced hydrodynamics have played a secondary role in shaping its current configuration, which includes a beach zone along the base of the cliff. This secondary phase of coastal evolution occurred over the past 4–5 thousand years, coinciding with a period of slow sea level rise (approximately 1 mm/year). Evidence such as uplifted notches and beachrock formations extending to around 5 m water depth suggests intervals of relative sea level stability, interrupted by episodic tectonic events. Anthropogenic interventions, related to both changes in coastal sediment budget and coastal engineering projects, have caused beach erosion, particularly in its central and northern sectors.

المخاطر بمجمع إسكان المعذر وآثارها على المشاريع الهندسية

This study was conducted in the urgent housing complex in Mather (Riyadh) as a partial requirement to obtain a master's degree in risk management. The study was about the risks in the urgent housing complex in Mather and its effects on engineering projects. This study aimed to identify the risks in the urgent housing complex in Al-Mather and their effects on engineering projects, and the extent to which the reduction of those risks was achieved. To achieve these goals, the researchers collected information from reliable sources from the previous study, and by means of a questionnaire for the purpose of collecting real data from the workers in the complex as well as the supervisors in the complex with a variety of experiences from the private and public sectors and contractors. The questions of the questionnaire included the effects of risks on engineering projects, focus on maintenance, construction and general services in the complex, and strategies to reduce those risks. The study concluded with results indicating the general services that are implemented in the complex with a general average of (3.17) according to the five-point Likert scale, and with an average standard deviation of (1.39) for the first axis. The results showed agreement on the impact of risks on maintenance work with a general average of (2.9) with an average standard deviation of (1.45) for the second axis, and the results also showed that the sample agrees on the impact of risks on the implementation of construction projects with a general average of (3.18) and an average standard deviation of (1.17) for the third axis. The study recommended the operation of safety systems and reducing the risk of leakages that affect the safety of buildings, the creation of a department specialized in risk management and treatment, as well as the allocation of budgets for maintenance and new projects to maintain the devices and components of the project for the development and modernization of the complex and to keep pace with the current regulations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Identifying Critical Tasks in the Kadiri University 4 Floor Building Construction Project Using the Critical Path Method

This study aims to identify critical tasks in the construction of a 4-floor building at Kadiri University using the Critical Path Method (CPM). The project is planned to be completed within 43 weeks, from October 2023 to August 2024, with a budget of IDR 20,551,534,000. Data collection involved direct site visits for primary data and secondary data from project documentation, including the Cost Budget Plan (RAB) and project schedule. Using Microsoft Project software, a project network was mapped, and CPM analysis was performed to identify the critical path. The analysis revealed that several tasks, such as site cleaning, demolition, temporary project fencing, heavy equipment work, geotechnical work, and various structural works from the 1st to the 5th floors, are on the critical path. These tasks have zero slack time, indicating that any delays will directly impact the overall project timeline. Identifying the critical path is crucial for project managers to prioritize resources and efforts on these tasks to ensure the project stays on schedule. This study underscores the significance of CPM in project management for timely completion and effective resource allocation, providing valuable insights for managing similar construction projects.