Budgetary Position Research Articles

FISCAL POSITION OF THE UNION BUDGET IN INDIA DURING COVID-19

The present study analyzes the fiscal position as an instrument to measure the amount of government borrowing to require the financial position and their budget shortfall. This study traces the major current changes in the Indian fiscal system during the period 2019-22, though the union's Government adopt the fiscal rule to reduce the financial crisis during the epidemic period of Covid-19. However, the current study also traces the percentage of GDP decrease because of the problem of lockdown during Covid-19 and also studies the budget position in India. The paper concludes with a discussion on the composition of union government receipts and expenditure position in the current scenario and indicated the situation of fiscal and revenue deficit of the government budget. Finally argue that subsidy rationalization is the way forward to fund the much-needed health expenditures and transfers while maintaining fiscal discipline.

REALITY OF SCHOOL INTEGRATION OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY (CP) IN ALGERIA

Cerebral palsy (CP) is asequela of early brain damage, before birth (antenatal), during (perinatal) or in the first two years. It results in motor disorders affecting movement and posture and/or certain cognitive functions. In Algeria, the number of people suffering from cerebral palsy (CP) is constantly increasing due to the lack of proper care. According to the national association "Amel El Hayet" for the protection of children with cerebral palsy (CP), the number of cases is estimated at 150,000 children with this disability, and Algeria records 150 cases per year. The schooling of children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a significant problem in Algeria beyond access to school, because outside the school context, access to the city, to sports and cultural activities is often impossible despite the importance of these activities in the lives of these children. Thus, some are left solely to the responsibility of their familie with all the problems that could be generated, although there is a legislative framework in which schooling can be organized for these children with disabilities. For example, we can highlight the interest of the convention on the rights of people with disabilities (article 14 of the orientation law on national education of law N°08-04 of January 23, 2008) which specifies that: "the State ensures that children with special needs can enjoy the right to education”. The purpose of our research is to reveal the reality of school integration of children with cerebral palsy (CP)in Algeria and to identify the obstacles that hinder the success of this integration: The lack of teaching resources, the non-specialization of the supervision and thelack of status and the companions’ budgetary positions are among the problems encountered in the field. Faced with all these difficulties, children with cerebral palsy (CP) are prisoners at home, without any educational support. In addition to their physical handicap, these children are invisible in society

Cui prodest? Why local governance came to a deadlock in Hungary

Abstract More than thirty years after Hungary’s transition to democracy and the change of territorial governance model, the time is now right to assess the outcome. This paper is primarily an assessment, concluding that the deadlock of the Hungarian local government system can be explained not only by the centralisation efforts of the governing and opposition political elites or the continuous decline of the budgetary position, but also by the indifference of local society. The fact is that the Hungarian local governments were not protected from being squeezed out of a significant part of public services, from a narrowing of their room to manoeuvre and from their authority position being weakened, by the general constitutional provisions introduced in 1990. An important proposition of this paper is that (local) society, although still more trusting of local governments than the central government according to various surveys, has not been able to become an ‘ally’ of local governments. The question rightly posed in the title of the paper is, whose interest is the local government system, who finds the values of self ‑governance important? The paper seeks (based mainly on academic literature and on its own and secondary analyses) the reasons/changes that have led to the stalemate of Hungarian local governments despite their initially strong mandate.

The “Opening of the Clackamas”: Log Trucks, Access Roads, and Multiple-Use Infrastructure in Oregon’s National Forests

Abstract Driving mountain roads is a fundamental part of the modern experience in Oregon’s national forests. Building, maintaining, and overseeing forest access roads has been at the core of U.S. Forest Service land management policy since World War II. Beginning in 1942, demand for wartime lumber and the newly industrial scale of logging, particularly after the advent of log trucking, together precipitated a period of rapid infrastructure development in the previously remote resource hinterlands of the Pacific Northwest. Although initially a boon for public relations, timber productivity, and management itself, the roads quickly became fiscal and regulatory burdens for the federal agency. This article examines the story of public-lands logging and recreation—typically told as a narrative of environmental politics—through the lens of automobility. Mass road development, I argue, gradually produced a popular expectation—shared across political divisions and enduring more strongly than ever in the 2020s—that national forests were and forever should be places of easy automotive access. However, this expectation belies what it has taken to develop and maintain that access: namely, logging revenue. By following the political-economic, cultural, and environmental history of one notoriously busy road in northwest Oregon, the Clackamas River Road, historians may better understand the context in which multiple-use infrastructure took shape, as well as the difficult budgetary position in which USFS officials find themselves today, three decades after the spotted owl controversy all but ended a half century of national-forest log trucking.

Impact of New Public Management on the Efficiency of Japanese Museums*

The aim of the present paper was to determine how small government policies have changed the management of Japanese prefectural museums since 2006. To reconstruct the budget positions of local governments, the Koizumi Government advocated a policy of ‘small’ government and cuts in the costs of public facilities. One example is the introduction of the designated manager system (DMS) into museums. The DMS is a form of new public management, enabling private managers to manage public facilities. Using stochastic frontier analysis, this paper investigates the impact of the introduction of the DMS on the efficiency of museums.

Defying Europe? The Euroscepticism of radical right and radical left voters in Western Europe

ABSTRACT Radical Left Parties (RLPs) and Radical Right Parties (RRPs) parties have adopted similar platforms over EU economic integration, rejecting further budgetary/economic authority transfers towards the EU. During the Euro crisis, EU-led management of the recession, constraining budgetary independency, may have worsened public concerns over the loss of state sovereignty on economic prerogatives. Although RLPs and RRPs have conveyed to voters anti-EU budgetary messages, we do not know if the electors have responded to this cueing activity. Thus, this paper seeks to understand whether, during the Euro crisis, voters supported the RLPs and RRPs due to anti-EU budgetary positions or not in Western Europe. On the one hand, we show that voters have electorally rewarded RRPs on the anti-EU budgetary issues, profiling themselves as Euro-rejectionists. On the other hand, we found that voters have not significantly matched RLP anti-EU budgetary stances, perhaps expressing favourable orientations towards the EU inter-state solidarity.

THE STATE SUPPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The article reviews problems in the field of state support for the development of the agricultural sector of Ukrainian economy. The main forms of financial support of the domestic agricultural sector, in particular, direct state support (budget allocations, budget positions) are considered. Legislative initiatives of budget financing of agricultural sector development are highlighted. An assessment of financial support for the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine’s economy for 2015-2019 is done. It is argued that in recent years, state support for the functioning and development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine’s economy has been aimed at increasing budget support, funding program to support farms, farms, hop development, creation of young orchards, vineyards and berries and review them, as numerous enterprises who receive loans, and assistance in obtaining credit financing. The study noted that the available financial support for the development of the domestic agricultural sector still remains insufficient and does not significantly meet the real needs, as in most cases financial resources are not available to businesses. The main measures to improve the current mechanism of state support for the agricultural sector of economy, which are to restructure existing approaches to financing the development of this sector by improving state support for its industries. The main ones are: reduction of corruption and bureaucracy in the process of budget allocation, transition to financial support for projects of innovative development of the agricultural sector on a competitive basis, promoting the implementation of mechanisms of public control over the use of funds. It is argued that the comprehensive implementation of the proposed measures will formalize the tools for modernization of state support for the development of the agricultural sector, which in the long run is transformed into improving the efficiency and competitiveness of the world food market. Keywords: agricultural sector, budget expenditures, state support for development of the agricultural sector, financial support, budget financing.

Staatsfinanzen in der Corona-Krise: G\xfcnstige Bedingungen sichern Handlungsf\xe4higkeit

ZusammenfassungNoch zur Jahreswende 2019/2020 prognostizierten die an der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose beteiligten Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitute für 2020 staatliche Budgetüberschüsse von 21 Mrd. bis 31 Mrd. Euro. Sie gingen von einer Fortsetzung des Aufschwungs aus und erwarteten eine weitere Besserung der staatlichen Finanzlage. Die Staatsfinanzen waren fast ein Jahrzehnt von steigenden Budgetüberschüssen geprägt. Die Corona-Krise verschlechtert die Finanzlage schlagartig; sie wird 2020 zu einem historisch hohen Defizit und einem rasanten Anstieg der Staatsschuldenquote führen. Dank der komfortablen Finanzlage zu Beginn der Corona-Krise und der flexibel ausgestalteten Schuldenbremse verfügt der Staat aber über ausreichende fiskalische Spielräume, um Rettungsschirme und Konjunkturpakete von historischem Ausmaß zu finanzieren.

COVID-19 Has Exposed the Weaknesses in the Australian Tax System: Tax Reform Will Be Required for Recovery

The economic shock and government response to COVID-19 highlight weaknesses in Australia’s tax system. COVID-19 puts pressure on a system under strain from long-term structural forces and the tax-free and tax-reduced status of certain sources of income. Returning to a sound structural budget position cannot be accomplished through passive action that relies on ‘natural’ revenue growth from current tax sources. Discussions should focus on comprehensive reform. Reducing reliance on income (particularly labour) taxes and applying a more equal tax treatment to different individuals and income sources over time are priorities which will support improved well-being and labour market activity.

Profitablity Analysis of Welcome Engineers

A fundamental impediment of the customary budget report containing the asset report and the benefit and misfortune record is that they don't give all the data identified with the budgetary tasks of a firm. They give some incredibly helpful data to the degree that the monetary record reflects the money related position on a specific information as far as the structure of benefits, liabilities and proprietors' value, etc and the benefit and misfortune record demonstrates the after effects of activities during a specific timeframe as far as the incomes got and the expense in curried during the year the budget summaries give a perspective on the budgetary position the tasks of a firm. The focal point of budgetary position is on key figures in the fiscal reports and the huge relationship that exists between them the investigation of fiscal reports to acquire a superior comprehension of the inflexible stance's and execution, money related position is the procedure of choice, connection and assessment. A fiscal summary is an accumulation of information which is sensibly and reliably composed by bookkeeping standards a comprehension of some budgetary parts of a business firm. It might demonstrate a situation at a minute in time, as on account of a monetary record or may uncover a progression of exercises over a given timeframe as on account of a pay articulation

Profitablity Analysis of Bharat Plastics Industries

The focal point of money related position is on key figures in the fiscal summaries and the critical relationship that exists between them the examination of budget reports to acquire a superior comprehension of the inflexible stance's and execution, budgetary position is the procedure of determination, connection and assessment. A budget report is a gathering of information which is legitimately and reliably sorted out as per bookkeeping standards a comprehension of some monetary parts of a business firm. It might demonstrate a situation at a minute in time, as on account of an asset report or may uncover a progression of exercises over a given timeframe as on account of a salary explanation.

Work on Capital Asset and Inventory Analysis

Capital assets generally called unquestionable assets or property, plant and rigging, is a term used in speaking to assets and property that can just with noteworthy exertion be changed over into cash. This can be differentiated and current assets, for instance, cash or records, which are depicted commercial liquid assets. A great part of the time, simply generous assets are implied as fixed. In addition, a fixed/non-current resource can likewise be characterized as an advantage not legitimately offered to a company's shoppers/end-clients. Capital resources are intended for use for a long time. The estimation of these benefits diminishes with their utilization or with time or numerous different reasons. Stock is the most intemperate resources of an assembling organization. There is different stock control method, for example, Economic request amount, reorder point, security feed ABC investigation, XYZ examination and so on. Without a moment to spare stock control, interminable stock control and some more. Stock choices legitimately influence the estimation of expense of products sold and subsequently assume a urgent job in deciding the detailed profit of an organization. Accordingly, an intensive investigation of stock valuation and related records can give a premise to surveying the budgetary position of a firm.

Financial Performance of ICICI Bank

The task titled "An investigation on money related execution" directed in ICICI bank is to break down the budgetary position of the bank. The target of this undertaking is to discover the proficiency of the bank utilizing monetary proportions like benefit proportions, turnover proportion and dissolvability proportion of the bank, to discover the liquidity position of the banks, to ponder the presentation of banks through similar examination and to give appropriate recommend improving the money related execution of the banks. [1],[ 3],[5] The undertaking is related to the bank's information accessible for as long as five years. The ends are drawn from the investigation finished with the proportions, relative, basic size examination. The examination explains the money related position of the manages an account regarding the previous five years. It encourages the banks to put itself among different other aggressive organizations. [2 ],[ 4],[6] The examination through the investigation uncovers the upsides and downsides of the bank's money related status. It empowers the peruser to comprehend the different budgetary parts of a banks through uncomplicated elucidation and discoveries for study reason. [7],[ 9] ,[11] Money related execution can improve the budgetary quality of banks. The bank's liquidity position needs to increment and it will take care of future issue. The bank is keeping up the stores and surplus better so it can confront money related worry later on. To appropriate keep up of budgetary execution to accomplish the bank objective. [8],[ 10] ,[12]

Inventory and Ratio Analysis

Inventories are rough materials, work-in-process items and completely finished product that are seen as the section of business' points of interest that are arranged or will be readied accessible to be obtained. Itemizing a sensible stock model is one of the genuine stresses for an industry. The most timely intelligent stock organization explores return to the second decade of the earlier century, anyway the eagerness for this legitimate area is up 'til now mind boggling. There is distinctive stock control technique, for instance, Economic solicitation sum, reorder point, security blend, etc. [1],[ 3],[5] Stock is the most ludicrous assets of a collecting association. Stock decisions honestly impact the estimation of cost of product sold and in this way expect a fundamental employment in choosing the declared pay of an association. As needs be, a serious examination of stock valuation and related records can give a reason to looking over the budgetary position of a firm. [2 ],[ 4],[6] Fixed assets generally called generous assets or property, plant and equipment, is a term used in speaking to assets and property that can just with critical exertion be changed over into cash. This can be differentiated and current assets, for instance, cash or budgetary adjusts, which are depicted commercial liquid assets. Guideline speaking, simply significant assets are implied as fixed. Also, a fixed/non-current asset can moreover be described as a bit of leeway not really offered to an organization's clients/end-customers. Fixes assets are planned for use for quite a while. The estimation of these favorable circumstances decreases with their use or with time or various reasons..

SIX SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS ON BUDGET DEFICITS, PUBLIC DEBT AND MONEY

The paper sets out and elaborates on six propositions on budget deficits, public debt and money which should inform debates on fiscal policy. The propositions are:Money availability is not a limitation on government expenditure as the central bank is able to provide any required finance. The key considerations should focus on the issues of the social desirability of the proposed expenditure and the eventual funding of the expenditure.Phrases such as ‘magic money tree’ are designed to confuse and mislead.Proposals such as people’s QE do not enable any stimulus which cannot be obtained from conventional fiscal policy and is anti-democratic putting expenditure decisions in the hands of unelected central bankers.The golden rule’ of public finance (borrowing only for public investment) suffers from the fallacy of treating government like a firm and is comparable to the ‘government is like a household’ fallacy.The target for budget position should be to secure full employment and capacity. Funds would be forthcoming to underpin such a position.Public debt should be judged sustainable (and not excessive) by reference to the level of debt which results from a budget position as forthcoming from proposition 5. Public debt is to be considered as less of an issue (when government can cover interest through taxation and through money creation) than private debt and foreign debt.

The Fiscal Federalism Approach in the Eurozone Related to Structural Budgetary Development, and Its Contribution for the Last Period

In this study, we aim to bring up making meaningful the financial budgetary development which assert the financial alterations of budgets in EU express a powerful important to ensure the balance of countries that are in Euro Area. Therefore, as aimed at our research the general location of government budget positions related to the fiscal federalism that are formed via “interest expenditures”, “gross debt” and “deferred liabilities” from last year’s take important place to analyses and put forth budgetary developments in the scope of Euro Zone. In the other hand, how the budgets of EU member countries effect on the Eurozone is important matter due to the financial alterations related to these countries’ budget because this structural fact constitutes the affect levels that maniple on the Euro Area. Even more, the structural importance of the fiscal federalism is that come from the concept related to the effected general economic growth levels such as connected with each country government expenditures and revenues contributes in EU. Certainly, this concept determines its structural contribution levels to ensure and maintain Eurozone harmonization, and the assumption and no-assumption financial alterations or the concerned aims are shaped by these the denominators impact that reflect also computed in terms of potential GDP. Especially to the EU's future, it appears that the whole financial budgetary positive alteration access in the fiscal federalism process can set to important role to reduce the weight of financial total national tax burden. Keywords: Government Budget; Euro Zone; Financial Alterations; Economic Expansion, Gross Domestic Product (GDP). JEL Codes: H11 ; H60; H68; H71. DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-4-04

Multi-Dimensional Effect of Oil Pricing On Pakistan Economy: A Case of Study

Pakistan economy is growing steadily. This growth demands higher energy consumption and consequently putting high pressure on countries economy. Pakistan mainly depends upon oil and gas resources to fulfill energy requirements. Indigenous resources of Oil are not enough to quench energy thirst of the growing economy. As a result Pakistan has to import large quantity of oil and oil based products from Middle East countries. Gas reserves in the country are enough for current gas requirements. So natural gas is playing a key role in power sector. Currently in oil upstream and downstream sector there are some local and international companies involved and government of Pakistan is establishing such policies that it can attract more international investors in this sector but the rapid pace of change, high degree of uncertainty and unstable political situation of the country present significant challenges and risk to foreign investment. The paper is a review of possible consequences and challenges presented by high oil prices in Pakistan. Pakistan is heavily dependent on imported fuels and this dependence is expected to increase even further in future given the depleting gas resources. The rising oil prices in the international market has had affected negatively balance of payment position as well as on the budgetary position of the country and contributed in creating inflationary pressures in the economy. For long run development oil will remain an important source of energy. The government should chalk out strategies for ensuring efficiency in use; and development, adequacy and reliability of supply and the pricing of petroleum products in such a way that will not create extra burden on the consumers. Unless appropriate steps are taken this trend of rising oil prices will further aggravate the negative impacts on the economy.

How Did Fiscal Policies Affect the Business Cycle Volatility in China?

This article presents an empirical study of the effect of fiscal divergence on the business cycle volatility at the provincial level in China. We use the model of Darvas, Rose, and Szapáry (2007) and Furceri (2009) to examine this relationship. We find that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the fiscal divergence and business cycle volatility across China. Our empirical results are robust with respect to the different measures of fiscal divergence and the different detrending methods. Results show that provinces with similar government budget positions tend to have smoother business cycles in China.

(Un-)intended effects of fiscal rules

The paper investigates the fiscal effects of Swiss cantonal debt brakes by taking explicitly into account the rules’ coverage. An in-depth analysis provides unique evidence that suggests the following: First, fiscal rules reduce public deficits. The effect is stronger the better the analyzed budget position corresponds with the variable targeted by the rules. Second, cantonal debt brakes exhibit some unintended effects, i.e., an evasion into unconstrained accounts, emphasizing the importance of constraining all accounts. Third, the existence of political budget cycles depends on the institutional context, i.e., the timing of elections and the presence of debt brakes. Fifth, cantonal debt brakes dampen the fiscal deterioration during unexpected deficit shocks by more rapid fiscal adjustments.

About a Legal Roundup of Public Budgets

Each Member State (MS/EU) should have differentiated targets medium term budgetary position, which may deviate from the requirement of close to balance or the surplus, while providing a safety margin in the 3% of GDP (deficit). This limit provides some budgetary flexibility, taking into account the needs of public investment of MS... The negative impact would be offset due to economic multiplier effects, but also by implementing the National Agency for Fiscal Administration (NAFA) measures to streamline the system of revenue collection. In a legislative context complicated enough, given the connections binding European rules, budgetary issues requires more than ever a good grasp of the activities of those involved in the preparation, adoption, execution and control, public budget sector. In addition, the relatively recent establishment of the Regional General Directorate of Public Finances (RGDPF) led to redistribution of tasks, powers and duties between the subunits and institutions within NAFA, imposing perform certain correlations for the full understanding of concepts/phrases/regulations. Amid such motivations, professors Elena Doina Dascalu, and Ionel Bostan, performed a very useful endeavor editorial, entitled Public Budgets: elaboration, adoption, implementation, published Techno Media (Sibiu/Romania, 2016). The appearance of the work is a continuation of previous concerns of the two authors known as other important works, higher tensile or less. From this date, those interested in working in academia and experts from public institutions with responsibilities fiscal and control/audit, benefit through the book we refer here to a comprehensive tool - the breviary of the most significant concepts and expressions legislative they operate within public budgets.