Bud Necrosis Disease Research Articles

Managament of peanut bud necrosis disease in groundnut by botanical pesticides

In the management of PBND in groundnut neem seed extract (10%), we recorded significantly lower PBND incidence, AUDPC, apparent infection rate (20.41, 19.5% PBND; 956, 756 AUDPC; 0.0026, 0.002 apparent infection rate) followed by neem cake extract 10% spray (2747, 23.36% PBND; 1275, 1316 AUDPC; 0.0034, 0.0025 apparent rate of infection in 2000–2001 and 2001–2002, respectively). Weekly spray of monocrotophos reduced the PBND (26.77%) and recorded significantly higher pod yields (2547, 2465 kg/ha) and lower AUDPC (861, 1373), and apparent infection rate (0.0021, 0.0019 in 2000–2001 and 2001–2002, respectively) compared to other treatments.

Weed and crop plants as reservoirs of peanut bud necrosis tospovirus and its occurrence in South India

Survey was carried out on occurrence of peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh (AP) the major groundnut growing states in South India. PBND incidence was observed on crops, viz., greengram, blackgram, tomato, watermelon, cowpea, chilli, cucumber and sesame besides groundnut. The PBND incidence was higher in rainy season crops than in post-rainy season. Its proportion varied from place to place, and it was high in the vegetable and pulses growing areas. The weed plant species Achyranthus aspera, Acalypha indica, Alysicarpus rugosus, A. longifolia, Commelina bengalensis, Commelina jacobi, Corchorus trilocularis, Cyanoptis cuculetta, Eclipta alba, Euphorbia geniculata, Lochnera pusilla, Physalis minima and Sesbania rostrata were recorded for the first time as alternate hosts of PBND. Infection was also noticed for the first time on cucumber, muskmelon and sesame crops. Five weed species, viz., Achyranthus aspera, Ageratum conyzoides, Alysicarpus rugosus, Commelina bengalensis and Vigna trilobata were found abundant in AP and Karnataka. More infection was observed on Ageratum conyzoides (17.56%) compared with other weeds.

Management of peanut budnecrosis disease in groundnut through intercropping with cereal and pulse crops

Intercropping groundnut with sorghum at a 3:1 ration has given lower AUDPC (1018) with a mean pod yield of 1868 kg/ha, and was found significant in reducing the PBND (34.2%) compared to sole groundnut (AUDPC of 1545 mean pod yield of 1407 kg/ha, 52% PBND). In groundnut intercropped with pulses, groundnut + redgram (5:1) was found to be effective in reducing PBND to an extent of 10% and recorded higher equivalent pod yield of 2236 kg/ha with 1014 AUDPC compared to sole groundnut (AUDPC 1078, 63.44% PBND; mean pod yield of 1663 kg/ha). The higher incidence of PBND was recorded in the treatments involving greengram, blackgram and soybean and it was also reflected in realising higher values of AUDPC.

Generation means analysis of resistance to peanut bud necrosis caused by peanut bud necrosis tospovirus in peanut

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the types of gene action governing the inheritance of resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) in populations derived from three crosses involving two resistant (ICGV 86388 and IC 10) and one susceptible (KK 60–1) peanut lines. Populations were composed of P1 P2, F1 F2, BC11, BC12, BC11S and BC12S. These populations were evaluated for PBND incidence in a farmer's field in Kalasin province in north‐east Thailand, where PBND is a recurring problem. Results showed variations between crosses in the relative contributions of different types of gene effect. The results indicate that multiple genes control the PBND resistance trait, and that the two resistant lines differ in some of these genes. As non‐additive gene effects are important in all three crosses, selection for low PBND incidence in these crosses would be more effective in later generations.

Combining ability for resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to Peanut bud necrosis tospovirus (PBNV)

SummaryThe combining abilities of field resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) caused by Peanut bud necrosis tospovirus (PBNV) were examined to understand the type of gene action governing resistance to the disease, and to identify peanut lines suitable for use as parents in a PBND‐resistance breeding programme. The Ft and F2 progenies from a six‐parent diallel cross and their parents were evaluated under field conditions. They were assessed for disease incidence at 30, 40, 50 and 60 days after planting (DAP), and reactions of the lines to the disease could be best differentiated at 50 and 60 DAP. Results indicated highly significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for PBND incidence in F1 and F2 generations. Specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were also found to be significant, but their relative contributions to variation among crosses were much less than those of GCA effects. These results suggested that the type of gene action governing resistance to PBND was mainly additive, and selection for PBND resistance in these populations should be effective. Strong correlation coefficients between parental means and GCA effects for disease incidence were seen in both Ft and F2 generations, suggesting that per se performance of the parental line could be used as a predictor of the capability of the line to transmit its PBND‐resistant attribute to progenies. The reciprocal effects were in favour of using resistant lines as female parents. The peanut lines ICGV 86388, 1C 10 and 1C 34 were found to be suitable for use in a PBND–resistance breeding programme.

DIAGNOSIS AND RESISTANCE BREEDING OF PEANUT BUD NECROSIS VIRUS

he occurrence of peanut bud necrosis (PBN) disease in India was first reported in 1968. The high incidence of PBN disease during the 1960s coincided with large-scale imports of the peanut cultivars Asiria Mwitundae and Spanish Improved, both of which are highly susceptible to PBN. Since then, a number of reports have been published in India describing bud necrosis under at least seven different names (Reddy 1988). Crop losses due to PBN have been estimated at USD89 million per year in India during 1976–1986. The disease is also currently recognized as economically important in Nepal (Sharma 1996), in Sri Lanka, and in Thailand (Wongkaew 1995). The causal agent of PBN was originally reported as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Ghanekar et al. 1979). Since then, methods to purify the causal virus of PBN have been developed, which facilitated the production of good quality antisera. On the basis of serological relationships, some physicochemical properties, and thrips transmission, it was shown that the causal virus of PBN in India was a distinct tospovirus that was named peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV, Reddy et al. 1992). These results were subsequently confirmed by Adam et al. (1993). Later, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been produced against the nucleocapsid (N) protein of PBNV (Poul et al. 1992). Antibodies from nine clones failed to react with a TSWV-lettuce (TSWV-L) isolate and with an impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) by triple-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) (coating of PBNV polyclonal antiserum, addition of antigen followed by addition of MAbs and antimouse IgGs conjugated to alkaline phosphatase). Of 16 MAbs produced against TSWV-L (Hsu et al. 1990), 12 H5 Al (f), 12 H5 H5 (1

Registration ICGV 86031 Peanut Germplasm

ICGV 86031 (Reg. no. GP-58, PI no. 561917) is a spanishtype peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata Waldron var. vulgaris Hartz) developed at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India. It was released in 1991 by the Plant Materials Identification Committee of ICRISAT because of its resistance to thrips (Thripspalmi Karny), jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), spodoptera [Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)], groundnut leaf miner (Aproaerema modicella Deventer) and bud necrosis virus (BNV), which causes bud necrosis disease (END) in peanut. ICGV 86031 has also been found to be photoperiod insensitive and resistant to iron deficiency chlorosis (4).

Serological relationships and purification of bud necrosis virus, a tospovirus occurring in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India*

SummaryA procedure for the purification of a tospovirus which causes bud necrosis disease (BND) of peanut in India is described. The virus contained three polypeptides of 78 kDa, 54 kDa and 31 kDa. In two ELISA procedures the virus failed to react with antisera to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) obtained from different sources and with an antiserum to impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Additionally, in reciprocal tests TSWV and INSV antigens failed to react with antiserum to the virus infecting peanut in India.In electro‐blot immunoassay 54 kDa and 31 kDa polypeptides of the virus reacted with the homologous antiserum. None of the heterologous antisera reacted with any of the three viral polypeptides. On the basis of serological differences the virus that causes BND in India is distinct and therefore has been named bud necrosis virus (BNV). This serotype appears to be restricted to Asia.

Registration of ICGS 11 Peanut Cultivar

Released in 1990 for rainy season (July-October) cultivation in zone I of India (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab), the groundnut (Arachis hypogaea subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) cv. ICGS1 was originally derived from a single-plant selection made in a natural hybrid population of cv. Robut 33-1 (Kadiri 3). ICGS1 produced a 17% higher pod yield than the national standard JL24 in trials in India during 1981-84. It produced an average pod yield of 2350 kg/ha in spring season trials in the Punjab during 1982-85, a 93% increase over the standard, AK12-24. ICGS1 has decumbent 2 to decumbent 3 growth habit and matures in ~112 days in the rainy and 120 days in the spring season in India. It has a 70% average meat content. Seeds are tan in colour, with a 100-seed weight of 35 g, and contain 51% oil and 21% protein. Oleic : linoleic fatty acid ratio was 1.44. ICGS1 has field tolerance of bud necrosis disease (caused by tomato spotted wilt virus) and pod yield shows average recovery from midseason drought.

The influence of drought stress on the distribution of insects on four groundnut genotypes grown near Hyderabad, India

AbstractFour groundnut genotypes were grown in a randomized block design across a drought-stress gradient to determine the influence of this factor on insect distribution in the 1985–86 post-rainly season near Hyderabad, in peninsular India. The leaf-miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) was most abundant on the most stressed plants. The cicadellid Empoasca kerri Pruthi had the reverse distribution. The thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood were at first densest where drought stress was least. Their distribution subsequently became reversed and, as the condition of their hosts worsened, they again became most abundant at the wetter end of the gradient. Bud necrosis disease caused most mortality where drought stress was highest. A subsidiary experiment indicated that the intensity of overhead irrigation did not influence the density of A. modicella. There were marked genotype effects: JL 24 carried the highest density of insects and was most susceptible to bud necrosis disease: NC Ac 343 had the lowest leaf-miner and cicadellid populations. M 13 and ICGS 11 had intermediate characteristics.

Groundnut pests and their control in the semi‐arid tropics

Abstract White grubs, termites, millipedes, wireworms and earwigs bore holes in developing groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) pods throughout the semi‐arid tropics. White grubs and termites also damage the roots. The above‐ground pests include Spodoptera litura Fab. and the groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Deventer in Asia. Aphids transmit a number of virus diseases. A thrips Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) is the vector of bud necrosis disease, which is a serious problem in Asia, southern USA and Australia. Jassids can cause much foliar damage, but their pest status is not certain, except as virus vectors. The pest control options lead away from insecticides, which are often available and are too expensive, towards exploiting host plant resistance and natural control and employing management techniques that restrict pest activity.