Bud Necrosis Disease Research Articles

Survey on Incidence of Bud Necrosis Disease on Watermelon in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

Survey on Incidence of Bud Necrosis Disease on Watermelon in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh

Correlation of Weather Variables on Emergence of a Virus Disease Bud Necrosis Disease of Greengram Incited by Soybean Yellow Mottle Mosaic Virus at Raichur, Karnataka

Greengram [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is the important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeonpea cultivated in India which is called as “Queen of pulses”, the crop is proned to be infected by many fungal and bacterial diseases. In recent years emergence of a virus disease bud necrosis of greengram was noticed in Raichur and the incidence of disease gradually increased in greengram growing areas of Karnataka. Incidence of bud necrosis disease of greengram and correlation with weather factors was studied during Kharif 2021 at research plot and MARS, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka. The study reveals that, on all four dates of sowing (25th June, 1st July, 9th July and 23rd July 2021), disease was initiated at 25 DAS and highest disease incidence was observed at 75 DAS. The peak activity of thrips was noticed during August month. The weather variables viz., maximum temperature was more than 32 °C, minimum temperature was more than 22°C, rainfall was less than 19 mm/day, morning relative humidity was less than 91 per cent, evening relative humidity more than 44 per cent, evaporation 4.3 mm/day and sunshine hours less than 6 hr/day was favorable for bud necrosis disease in four dates of sowing. Whereas, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and age of the crops were having positive relationship with progress of bud necrosis on all four dates of sowing. Thrips and rainfall showed a positive correlation with disease incidence in all dates of sowing except the fourth date of sowing.

Analysis of distribution pattern of peanut bud necrosis disease incidence in Pavagada district of Karnataka, India

Analysis of distribution pattern of peanut bud necrosis disease incidence in Pavagada district of Karnataka, India

Mapping resistance to WBNV through CIM, JICIM and QTL-meta analysis approaches in watermelon

Since past three decades, tospoviruses have been impacting severe economic losses causing heavy yield reduction in many crops. Watermelon bud necrosis disease caused by watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus (WBNV) is one such tospovirus that has emerged as a devastating disease of watermelon in India. Efforts are underway to develop resistant varieties at ICAR-IIHR and in the current study, efforts have been made to integrate WBNV resistance QTLs from wide range of populations and screening experiments for a comprehensive analysis through QTL-meta-analysis and joint inclusive composite interval mapping (JICIM). Comprehensive analyses for QTLs suggested MQTL_WBNV_2.1 on Chromosome 2, MQTL_WBNV_3.2 on Chromosome 3 and MQTL_WBNV_7.2 on Chromosome 7 as potential candidate QTL regions for WBNV resistance. The genes identified in these QTLs viz., Cla020173 encoding PR-1, Cla001733 encoding pathogenesis-related transcriptional factor and ethylene-responsive transcription (ERF), Cla001590 and Cla001591 genes encoding acid phosphatase, Cla019476 encoding TIR-NBS and Cla011771 belonging to TIR-NBS-LRR gene family may be investigated as putative candidates for WBNV resistance in watermelon. The results obtained in present study may provide way for functional validation of putative candidates and development of suitable markers for marker assisted selection (MAS) of WBNV resistance in watermelon.

Novel and stable major QTLs conferring resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease and identification of resistant high yielding peanut breeding lines

Novel and stable major QTLs conferring resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease and identification of resistant high yielding peanut breeding lines

Genetic analysis of bud necrosis disease caused by groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

In the present study for the first-time genetics and nature of gene action for resistance to bud necrosis disease in tomato was deciphered based on mechanical sap inoculation under the environment-controlled glasshouse conditions with the pure culture of GBNV. To accomplish this study, two resistant (IIHR-2901 and IIHR-2953) and one susceptible parent (PKM-1) were used to generate F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 populations. Castle wright estimation suggested that the trait is governed by the single gene blocks in both the crosses. Chi-square estimation also indicated that the resistance to bud necrosis disease in the cross PKM-1 × IIHR‐2901 is controlled by one or two recessive genes while in the cross PKM-1 × IIHR‐2953, it was found to be governed by one or two dominant genes based on the segregation pattern observed in F2 generation. However, the results remain inconclusive, as the segregation in backcrosses was not behaving as expected for both the crosses. This showed that the classical Mendelian genetics and additive-dominance model were inadequate to explain the genetical mechanism of resistance to bud necrosis disease of tomato. It may be either due to the presence of modifiers in the background or may be due to the presence of epistatic interactions. Later, in this study presence of epistatic interaction was confirmed by the significance of scaling test in both the crosses. Estimates of six parameters [m, d, h, i, j and l] through generation mean analysis, suggested the preponderance of non-allelic interactions mostly of additive × dominance [j] type with negative signs in both the crosses and additive × additive [i] interaction with positive sign in the cross between PKM-1 × IIHR‐2953. Complementary type of epistasis has been observed for both the crosses as both the components viz., dominance [h] and dominance × dominance [l] were in similar direction. Hence, all the above results indicated that the improvement for resistance to bud necrosis disease could be possible through recombination breeding, hybridization followed by selection at later generations with more emphasis on selection between families and lines.

Evaluation of tomato genotypes for resistance to bud necrosis disease caused by groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)

Bud necrosis disease has emerged as the major threat for tomato cultivation throughout the Asia, including India. Several strategies are being explored for the management of the disease and its vector thrips. Of the available, the most effective and practical way to manage the tospoviral disease is to adopt resistant cultivars. However, work on development of resistant cultivars/hybrids to bud necrosis disease is very limited due to non-availability of the resistant sources. Hence, in the present investigation, forty tomato genotypes comprising nine different species were evaluated using two different groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) isolates maintained at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi and at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru. Evaluation was performed through mechanical sap transmission under controlled glasshouse conditions. Evaluated genotypes exhibited differential response in terms of symptoms expression from mild chlorosis to severe bud necrosis, toppling and death of plants post GBNV infection. The genotypes which showed resistance and moderately resistance responses under glasshouse conditions were screened further under natural epiphytotic conditions along with two susceptible checks (PKM-1 and Pusa Ruby) at both the locations in all the three cropping seasons. After evaluation under both the conditions, three genotypes (IIHR-2988, IIHR-2901 and IIHR-1940) were found to be resistant and three more (IIHR-2953, IIHR-2809 and IIHR-2101) were moderately resistant, while the remaining thirty-four genotypes were susceptible or highly susceptible. The evaluated tomato lines, except the resistant and moderately resistant ones, exhibited significant difference in the host response/severity to the two different isolates of GBNV. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between the findings of glasshouse and field-based screening, yet these results are to be validated further by thrips-mediated virus transmission. Out of nine different species of tomato evaluated, only Solanum chilense, Solanum peruvianum and the advance breeding lines derived from them shown resistance or moderately resistance response to GBNV. The resistant lines identified in the present investigation can be utilized to study the genetics of resistance to GBNV and for the development of molecular markers linked to the trait, which subsequently will help to incorporate the resistant genes into the desired elite backgrounds of tomato.

Melon thrips Thrips palmi karny association with bud necrosis disease in water melon

Melon thrips <i>Thrips palmi</i> karny association with bud necrosis disease in water melon

Genomic regions associated with resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population

AbstractParents and 318 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross, TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 were evaluated for peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) resistance and agronomic traits under natural infestation of thrips at a disease hotspot location for 2 years. Significant genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction effects suggested role of environment in development and spread of the disease. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using QTL Cartographer identified a total of 14 QTL for six traits of which five QTL were for disease incidence. One quantitative trait locus q60DI located on LG_AhII was identified using both QTL Cartographer and QTL Network. Another QTL q90DI was detected with a high PVE of 12.57 using QTL Cartographer. A total of nine significant additive × additive (AA) interactions were detected for PBND disease incidence and yield traits with two and seven interactions displaying effects in favour of the parental and recombinant genotype combinations, respectively. This is the first attempt on QTL discovery associated with PBND resistance in peanut. Superior RILs identified in the study can be recycled or released as variety following further evaluations.

ALG 06 320-A new high yielding Spanish bunch groundnut variety

The Central groundnut ALG 06 320 is the cross derivative of (J 11 x CG 52) x ICGV 86015. This variety yielded 2741 kg/ha) and has given higher pod yield over the national check varieties; 33.06% increase over TAG 24 (2060kg/ha); 29.05% over R 8808 (2124 kg/ha); 2.16% over RHRG 06021 (2683 kg/ha); 7.15% over ICGV 00351 (2558 kg/ha) during rabi season from 2008 to 2011 year. The variety ALG 06 320 is early in maturity (115 days) compared to R 8808 (116 days) and; RHRG (117 days). Shelling out turn (70.7%) is comparable with TAG 24(67.7), ICGV 00350 (66%), CTMG 6 (67%), RHRG 06021 (66%); R 8808 (67.7%). Sound mature Kernels are more in ALG 06 320 (90%) compared to TAG 24 (85.3%), R 8808 (84.3%), ICGV 00350 (86%); RHRG (82.7%) Oil content is also high (50.3%) in TAG 24 (49.3%) and R 8808 (49.7%). For the variety ALG 06 320 has shown lesser incidence of Peanut bud necrosis disease, Late leaf spot and rust diseases, compared to zonal check varieties. ALG 06 320 has shown tolerance against Spodoptera litura, leaf miner, leaf hopper and thrips. Thus, the groundnut culture ALG 06 320 was identified for release during 2013 by AICRP (G) and notified as Central groundnut ALG 06 320 during 2017 by CVRC.

Abundance, infestation and disease transmission by thrips on groundnut as influenced by climatic variability at Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh

Abundance, infestation and disease transmission by thrips studied on groundnut at Kadiri of Anantapur (Andhra Pradesh) over six kharif seasons of 2011-16 indicated significantly higher abundance of thrips in 2016 over 2011 to 2015 with infestations on par among 2013, 2014 and 2016 and higher over other seasons. Peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND) transmission by thrips was significantly lower in 2015 and 2016 and higher in 2014. Associations of abundance of thrips with infestation and PBND were significant. Significant influence of PBND by the thrips infestation of only the current week implied significance of concurrent population in disease transmission.Significant positive effect of minimum temperature on incidence of PBND and negative effect of rainfall on thrips infestation were noted.Predictions of thrips abundance, infestation and PBND through multiple linear regression (MLR) models revealed positive influence of minimum temperature lagged by a week. Distribution of rainfall over its amount associated with thrips infestation besides negative role of wind with PBND was noted. Prediction models of PBND incidence combining weather and thrips abundance (R2:0.39) and weather and infestation (R2:0.53) showed that the PBND incidence was dependent on relative humidity andprevalent wind over previous two weeks in addition to thrips abundance or infestation.

Characterization and management of watermelon bud necrosis virus infecting watermelon in India

Bud necrosis disease is an emerging threat for watermelon cultivation in India. It is characterized by necrotic spots and patches on leaves, bud and fruits with characteristic chlorotic ring spots as documented in Coimbatore and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The causative agent of this disease was identified as watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequence analysis of amplified fragment using Orthotospovirus universal degenerate primer pair. Upon mechanical inoculation, the virus produced circular chlorotic local lesions on leaves of cowpea and Chenopodium amaranticolor, necrotic local lesions on Trianthema portulacastrum and bottle gourd, systemic vein clearing on Luffa aegyptiaca, whereas both local and systemic symptoms were observed on Nicotiana tabacum and watermelon. The complete nucleotide sequences of the coat protein (NP), movement protein (MP), replicase (RdRp) and NSs protein genes from WBNV genome of Coimbatore isolate (TN KTP WM1) had a maximum identity of 97% with the genome of the WBNV-JT strain from Southern India. WBNV infection causes significant reduction in nutritional parameters such as carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, calorific value, total sugar, reducing sugar and vitamin A in infected fruits when compared to the healthy ones. For the management of WBNV in watermelon, an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module has been devised which reduced the thrips population and WBNV incidence to a great extent besides increasing the fruit yield.

Viral diseases: a threat for tomato cultivation in Indo-Gangetic eastern plains of India

Tomato, worldwide, is infected by several viral diseases which cause stunting, leaf curl, yellowing, mosaic, mottling, necrosis and shoe-string symptoms on plants, leaves or fruits. Among them, bud necrosis disease caused by an orthotospovirus is emerging as a major constraint to the cultivation of tomato for resource-poor farmers. In the Indo-Gangetic eastern plains, bud necrosis disease incidence on tomato ranged from 0 to 45% under field conditions during 2015 and 2016, along with other diseases such as leaf curl and mosaic caused by begomoviruses (0–35%) and tobamoviruses (0–18%) respectively. Thirty four viral infected samples collected from 11 different villages were screened for different viruses using serological and PCR-based methods. The result revealed that most samples were positive for RNA (peanut bud necrosis virus, tomato mosaic virus) and DNA (tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus, tomato leaf curl Palampur virus, tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus, tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus) viruses along with their satellites (DNA-α and DNA-β) respectively. Further, the incidence of bud necrosis correlates to the weather parameters, which demonstrate that a long dry spell leads to higher incidence of viral disease, whereas lower incidence was observed during the rainy period considering a reduced vector population.

Evaluation of watermelon genotypes against bud necrosis disease caused by a distinct watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus under field and glasshouse conditions

Abstract Bud necrosis disease (BND) caused by watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus (WBNV), has emerged a major deterrent in watermelon cultivation in Indian subcontinent. In the present study, identification of resistance source against WBNV under field and glasshouse conditions was carried out, wherein a total of the 45 watermelon genotypes were evaluated during 2010–11 and 2011–12 crop seasons in a randomized block design with three replications each. Field evaluation was carried out using 0–4 disease rating scale. Of the 45 watermelon genotypes, a wild relative, Citrullus colosynthis showed highly resistant (HR) reaction against BND during both the crop seasons (absorbance @ 405 nm: 0.07-0.28). While, five genotypes viz., PWMH-1, PWMH-2, PWMH-3, PWMH-12 and PWMH-20 during 2010–11 showed moderately resistant (MR) reaction against BND under field condition however, the varied absorbance was recorded as 0.97, 1.74, 1.01, 0.14 and 0.14, respectively in these genotypes. Whereas, during 2011–12, PWMH-34, PWMH-36 and PWMH-37 showed highly susceptible (HS) reaction under field condition. Absorbance of all the field evaluated genotypes during 2011–12 was ranged from 0.19–1.47. In glasshouse evaluation of selected 25 genotypes, C. colosynthis showed 40% transmission therefore it was found MR reaction while, the rest of genotypes showed HS reaction against WBNV. Moreover, five genotypes viz., PWMH-1, PWMH-2, PWMH-3, PWMH-12, and PWMH-20 showed MR reaction under field condition during 2010–11, but under glasshouse condition these genotypes showed HS reaction except the C. colosynthis. Value of absorbance at 15 DPI in glasshouse inoculated plants ranged from 0.12–0.90 with the percent transmission of 40–100% at 35 DPI. Therefore, C. colosynthis is the source of resistance against WBNV and it is being utilized in development of WBNV resistant varieties in the Indian conditions.

In planta silencing of NSs and Hc-Pro through RNAi constructs: to develop durable resistance

Groundnut bud necrosis disease and Papaya ring spot disease are devastating disease of tomato and papaya/cucumber. In order to develop transgenic resistance against these viruses, gene silencing approach was followed to target the conserved viral sequences for obtaining wide spectrum of resistance. Viral derived small non coding RNA was used to silence viral gene. To have efficient processing of hairpins, microRNA backbone has been used to harbour viral derived siRNA. An artificial microRNA having miRNA159a backbone harbouring 21-nt siRNA sequences from RNAi suppressor (GBNV–NSs and PRSV–Hc-Pro) genes were constructed. To establish the efficacy of these amiRNA constructs, transient expression assay were performed and attenuation of viral symptoms were observed on expression of artificial microRNA construct in infected plants. Our data demonstrate that expression of virus-specific siRNAs using artificial-miRNA is an effective and predictable approach to silence Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) and Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV).

Multiple and mixed infections with yellow mosaic, leaf crinkle and bud necrosis disease complex in mungbean: A threat to cultivation of mungbean in India

The occurrence, incidence, yield losses and diagnostics of yellow mosaic disease (YMD) caused Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), bud necrosis disease (BND) caused by Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) and Urdbean leaf crinkle disease complex (ULCD) were studied in mungbean (Vigna radiata) in Delhi condition. Eighteen mungbean cultivars were grown for successive four years from 2006 to 2009. Overall disease incidence of 11.6–18.5% for YMD; 14.4–20.5% for ULCD and 9.4–14.5% for BND were estimated. The mixed infection was studied in kharif season and overall it was 10.5% for YMD+ULCD, 8.3% for YMD+BND, 6.8% for ULCD+BND and 4.3% for YMD+ULCD+BND. None of the mungbean cultivars exhibited resistance to any of the three diseases. Yield loss estimated in susceptible mungbean cv. PS 16 was up to 61.1, 91.0 and 76.8% over control for YMD, ULCD and BND, respectively. Mixed infection with YMD and BND caused 92.8% yield losses. Biological and molecular detection using enzyme linked Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide analysis determined that MYMIV is the causal agent of YMD and GBNV of BND. Although etiology of ULCD was not confirmed, however, seed and sap transmission study showed that it is caused by an infectious agent.

GJG-31: A high yielding and better quality Spanish bunch type groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) variety for Gujarat state

A Spanish bunch type groundnut genotype GJG-31 is a hybrid derivative of the cross GG-2 x PBS-21065. It has recorded an overall mean pod yield of 3483 kg/ha, which was higher than the check varieties viz., GG-2 (2545 kg/ha), GG-4 (2812 kg/ha), GG-6 (2965 kg/ha) and TG-26 (2887 kg/ha). Thus, this genotype expressed an overall improvement of 36.86 per cent, 24.07 per cent, 17.47 per cent and 20.64 per cent in pod yield over the check varieties GG-2, GG-4, GG-6 and TG-26, respectively. This genotype was also tested in trials of All India Coordinated Research Project i.e. Initial Varietal Trial-Spanish Bunch-I and II during summer seasons of 2008 and 2009, respectively, where the performance was better than the local check variety GG-6 (14.46%) and zonal check variety TG-26 (11.79%). However, it was comparable with check varieties viz., TAG-24, TG-37A and Dh-86. The kernel yield (2460 kg/ha) of GJG-31 was also higher than the check varieties viz., GG-2 (1822 kg/ha), GG-4 (2115 kg/ha), GG-6 (2174 kg/ha) and TG-26 (2159 kg/ha). GJG-31 recorded average 100-kernel weight of 40.77 g, average 100-pod weight of 115.3 g and average shelling out-turn of 70.62 per cent. GJG-31 was found free from peanut bud necrosis disease incidence as disease was not appeared in this variety. Due to its consistent superior performance, GJG-31 has been released for general cultivation in the summer bunch groundnut growing areas of Gujarat state.

English

Peanut bud necrosis disease is one of the major diseases in peanut. Interspecific pre-breeding lines were identified as resistant to bud necrosis disease. Molecular diversity analysis in 115 lines resistant to bud necrosis disease using simple sequence repeat markers revealed wide genetic diversity among lines. Out of 219 bands amplified, 205 were found polymorphic. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.5 to 0.94, with an average of 0.82. The cluster analysis and PCoA grouped 115 resistant lines and one susceptible cultivar into three major clusters sharing 58% similarity. Susceptible cultivar KRG-1 was distantly related to resistant lines NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86. AMOVA predicted 96% variation within population and 4% among populations. NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86 were found to be moderately resistant and KRG-1 as highly susceptible under artificially challenged inoculation conditions. The incubation period for appearance of disease symptoms were longer in NRCGCS-28 and NRCGCS-86 than KRG-1 under artificially challenged inoculation conditions. Thus, the present study reports additional sources for resistance to peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND). Key Words: Peanut, peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND), simple sequence repeat (SSR), genetic diversity.

Biochemical Composition and Disease Resistance in Newly Synthesized Amphidiploid and Autotetraploid Peanuts

Genetic diversity in peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) is narrow due to its evolution and domestication processes. Amphidiploids and autotetraploids (newly synthesized tetraploids) were created to broaden its genetic base. Molecular analysis has shown that the newly synthesized tetraploids had broader genetic base; and were genetically divergent when compared to cultivated peanut. Nutritional composition relative to oil, fatty acid composition, O/L ratio, protein, iodine value and presence of plant proteinase inhibitors such as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors were studied in the synthesized tetraploids. Some of the newly synthesized tetraploids had higher amounts of proteinase inhibitors. Evaluation of newly synthesized tetraploids revealed several lines resistant to late leaf spot (LLS) and peanut bud necrosis disease (PBND).

Pathogen-derived resistance using a viral nucleocapsid gene confers only partial non-durable protection in peanut against peanut bud necrosis virus

Genetic engineering of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using the gene encoding for the nucleocapsid protein (N gene) of peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) was used to impart resistance to bud necrosis disease in peanut (PBND), a disease for which no durable resistance is available in the existing germplasm. Over 200 transgenic lines of peanut var. JL 24 were developed for which integration and expression of the transgenes was confirmed by PCR, Southern hybridization, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The T(1) and T(2) generation transgenic plants were assayed through virus challenge in the greenhouse by using mechanical sap inoculation at 1:100 and 1:50 dilutions of PBNV, and they showed varying levels of disease incidence and intensity. Greenhouse and field evaluation with T(2) generation plants indicated somewhat superior performance of the three transgenic events that showed considerable reduction in disease incidence. However, only one of these events showed over 75 % reduction in disease incidence when compared to the untransformed control, indicating partial and non-durable resistance to PBND using the viral N-gene.