Brush Tool Research Articles

Assessing Oral Hygiene Status of Children in an Urban Setting in Sub-Sahara Africa

Objectives: This study assessed oral hygiene status of children in Enugu metropolis and its association with age, sex, tooth brushing tools, frequency of tooth brushing, and past dental visits. Materials and methods: This was a secondary analysis of data. The primary study recruited children from primary schools in Enugu East Local Government Area in Enugu in 2020. Data on age, sex, level of education, tooth cleansing tools, frequency of brushing, dental visit, and oral hygiene status were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Multivariate logistic regression for potential determinants of oral hygiene status of children was conducted. A model was developed to determine the potential determinants of oral hygiene status among children in Enugu metropolis. The effect of all significant factors on dental visit was inferred at P< 0.05. Results: Children aged 5 to 12 years with mean age of 8.21±1.90 years participated in the study. There were 307 (48.3%) males and 329 (51.7%) female study participants. Many, 371 (58.3%), of the participants were aged 5-8 years and 540 (84.9%) had fair oral hygiene status. Males significantly had lower odds of having good oral hygiene (AOR: 0.154; CI: 0.035-0.687; P=0.014) when compared to the females. Conclusion: Many children had fair oral hygiene and sex was a risk indicator of oral hygiene status among children in this population.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО СТАРЕНИЯ НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ШЕРОХОВАТОСТИ ГЛАЗУРОВАННОЙ И ПОЛИРОВАННОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ДИОКСИДА ЦИРКОНИЯ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ IN VITRO

Aim: to evaluate the characteristics of glazed and polished surface during hydrothermal aging using different types of zirconium dioxide. 
 Materials and Methods. The same standardized samples from different types of zirconium dioxide with a diameter of 10 mm and a height of 1 mm were used for all experiments. These types included Katana (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) HTML (control) UTML, STML, and ZirCAD Prime (Ivoclar Vivadent). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the roughness and to visualize the surface morphology of the samples. The Bruker Innova instrument was used as an atomic force microscope. Image acquisition was carried out in semi-contact mode. The probe sensor was TESP-V2 with a triangular-shaped probe and a tip radius of 7 nm. The scanning area was 50 x 50 μm. Frequency 0.5 Hz. The study of roughness was reduced to the processing of AFM image data. For this purpose, three arbitrary sections were made in the height map channel and the necessary roughness parameters Ra, Rz were calculated using software.
 Results. There was an increase in roughness during artificial aging of the control group of glazed surface, Prime group of polished surface, and Prime group of glazed surface. There is a decrease of roughness in the process of artificial aging of the control group of glazed surface, for STML and UTML groups of both glazed and polished surface. In the case of samples of group "polishing" it is possible to observe that roughness is formed by traces of abrasive material. From the results of the study of roughness it can be noted that for the samples of the group "Glaze" roughness is formed mainly by traces of brush or other tools used in the process of glaze application
 Conclusion. Artificial aging affects the roughness of the glazed and polished surface of zirconium dioxide with cubic phase predominance depending on the amount of yttrium content.

The Design of a Virtual Prototyping System for Authoring Interactive Virtual Reality Environments From Real-World Scans

Abstract Domain users (DUs) with a knowledge base in specialized fields are frequently excluded from authoring virtual reality (VR)-based applications in corresponding fields. This is largely due to the requirement of VR programming expertise needed to author these applications. To address this concern, we developed VRFromX, a system workflow design to make the virtual content creation process accessible to DUs irrespective of their programming skills and experience. VRFromX provides an in situ process of content creation in VR that (a) allows users to select regions of interest in scanned point clouds or sketch in mid-air using a brush tool to retrieve virtual models and (b) then attach behavioral properties to those objects. Using a welding use case, we performed a usability evaluation of VRFromX with 20 DUs from which 12 were novices in VR programming. Study results indicated positive user ratings for the system features with no significant differences across users with or without VR programming expertise. Based on the qualitative feedback, we also implemented two other use cases to demonstrate potential applications. We envision that the solution can facilitate the adoption of the immersive technology to create meaningful virtual environments.

Model of Influence of the Machined Material Properties on Wear of the Polymeric-Abrasive Tool Filaments

Abstract For polymer-abrasive brush tools (PABT) working on CNC machines it is necessary to correct their wear constantly, since it is much higher compared to the wear of metal tools. Based on the dependence of tool wear on machining parameters for various materials, it is necessary to study the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of the material machined. The purpose of the paper is to study the process of finishing the surfaces of parts made of materials of different types with PABT. The analysis of dimensional wear of disc PABTs during the polishing various materials with certain physical and mechanical properties is provided in the article. The polishing was carried out in rational modes that ensure high quality and productivity of surface treatment. The similarity theory and dimensional analysis were used to assess the influence of the properties of the material machined on the intensity of PABT filament wear. To calculate it, dimensionless complexes were established, which take into account the physical and mechanical properties of the machined materials and evaluate their resistance to the penetration of abrasive grains, the ability of the material to absorb mechanical energy in the process of deformation and destruction under the impact of PABT filaments. The developed model was created for the first time. It made it possible to solve the problem of predicting the degree of dimensional wear of the disc PABT when polishing various materials, including difficult-to-machine ones. Prediction of the intensity of PABT filaments wear allows timely correction of the tool position during machining on CNC machines to ensure a constant pressing of the PABT to the surface being machined. The obtained Км material coefficient takes into account the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of the machined material and then estimates the intensity of PABT filaments wear. The KМ material coefficient can also be used to assess the PABT life and calculate the economic efficiency of the parts finishing treatment at the stage of technology development and the selection of polishing tools.

Interactive Scribble Segmentation

We present a deep learning model for image segmentation that uses weakly supervised inputs consisting of scribbles. A user can draw scribbles on an image with a brush tool corresponding to the labels they want segmented. The network can segment images in real time while scribbles are being drawn, giving instant feedback to the user. It is easy to correct mistakes made by the network, as more scribbles can be added. During training we use a similar psuedo-interactive and iterative setup to make sure that the network is optimized towards the human-in-the-loop inference setting. On the contrary, standard scribble segmentation methods do not consider the training of the algorithm as an interactive setting and thus are not suited for interactive inference. Our model is class-agnostic and we are able to generalize across many different data modalities. We compare our model with other weakly supervised methods such as bounding box and extrema point methods, and we show our model achieves a better mean DICE score.

Gear Wheel Finishing with Abrasive Brushing Tools to Improve the Surface Quality of Tooth Flanks for the Industrial Application

A high surface quality of tooth flanks can improve the service life and the performance of gears, as well as reduce acoustic emissions. However, high demands on the gear geometry pose a challenge for the finishing of tooth flank surfaces because the dimensional accuracy that can be achieved with modern grinding processes must not be impaired by the finishing process. A preceding study has shown fundamentally that profiled abrasive brushing tools can be used to improve the quality of individual tooth flank surfaces. Due to the integration into the grinding machine, it represents a promising alternative to common finishing applications. Before the process can be used in an industrial environment, process reliability and tool life must be examined. For this purpose, complete reference gearwheels (39 × 10) were finished with the brushing tools. It could be shown that the surface roughness can be reliably reduced by ΔRa ≈ 0.2 µm by using a single brush for an entire gearwheel without changing the gear geometry. In addition to the influence of the tool specifications on the work result, the influence of the initial roughness after grinding was considered in particular. It was found that the achievable surface roughness depends significantly on the depth of the grinding grooves, as these are retained as desired, while the roughness peaks are fully smoothed. Furthermore, a device for the machine-integrated profiling and dressing of brushing tools was successfully designed, implemented, and tested.

Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld in Brewing Industry: Case Study

In this paper, a case study of pitting corrosion of austenitic stainless steel weld of a pipe in brewing industry is presented. Pitting corrosion caused leakage and the cause of corrosion was sought to be found. After a comprehensive investigation, comprising of visual inspection, chemical composition, hardness, tensile and metallographic testing. It was found that there are two reasons that influenced the occurrence of pitting corrosion, both related to welding process. The first is the unnecessary cleaning of the inside of the pipe by wire brush tool on the power drill, introducing creases that held the acidic cleaning agent. The concentration of the acid rose after evaporation that caused the corrosion, aided by the tinting of the weld zone. Tinting was caused by insufficient oxygen purging from the inside of the pipe by shielding gas. After welding, no passivation was performed, which left the heat tinting layer with compromised corrosion resistance

Deliberate Surface Treatment of Zirconium Dioxide with Abrasive Brushing Tools

Brushing with bonded abrasives is a flexible finishing process used to reduce the roughness of technical surfaces. Although industrially widespread, especially for the finishing of metallic surfaces, insufficient knowledge of the motion, the material removal, and the wear behavior of the abrasive filaments complicates predictions of the work result. In particular, the reliable finishing of ceramics with bonded diamond grains proves difficult due to increased material removal rates, quickly leading to undesirable changes in the workpiece geometry. Based on technological investigations with abrasive brushing tools, this article provides insights into the surface finishing of zirconium dioxide with a focus on finding compromises between reduction in the surface roughness and alteration of the workpiece shape.

Changing Art of Anatomy Illustrations

Anatomical illustrations have gradual changed since their inception. The pioneers of the field have initially used pencil drawings, followed by line illustrations, colored illustrations, two dimensional and three-dimensional illustrations, and it grew up to virtual reality. Recent studies have observed their benefit in teaching anatomy, especially for providing spatial orientation of various structures and complex topics such as middle ear, pterygopalatine fossa, where dissection cannot offer much comprehension. Drawing software such as Illustrator and Photoshop have revolutionized the image quality in anatomy textbooks. Adobe Illustrator comprises many useful tools to draw anatomical diagrams such as pen tool, pencil tool, paint brush tool, text tool. It has various paper sizes to choose and different formats of files to create vector-based images. The drawing hardware such as Wacom Cintiq, Apple iPad Pro with pencil enhances the experience with drawing software.

68 - Toothbrushing Duration Effect on Streptococcus Mutans Adherence to FRC

The purpose of this research was to study if there was an effect of toothbrushing duration on the adherence of S. mutans to FRC. The FRC sample (EverX Posterior, GC Corp, Japan) was first prepared using the mold in the shape of a disc with a diameter of 10 mm x 2 mm thickness. A total of 16 samples were prepared. Toothbrushing simulation using soft bristles was carried out on 16 samples prepared. The brushing was done with a simulated brushing tool with a speed of 250 rounds/minute and a weight of 200 grams drained in aquades. The durations selected for the simulation were 20, 40 and 60 min. A control group of 0 min toothbrushing was prepared. Streptococcus mutans were first grown, then cultured in liquid BHI medium, and incubated at 37 C for 24 hours. The turbidity of the bacterial suspension was standardized with McFarland standard of 0.5 which was equal to 1.5×10 CFU/mL. The FRC which was given the toothbrushing intervention was added into the BHI culture medium which contained S. mutans. It was then incubated at 37 C for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the FRC samples were removed, washed with PBS and vortexed for 1 minute. The solution containing the S. mutans was analyzed using ELISA reader at a wavelength of 540 nm. Statistical analysis of Anova and LSD were examined after obtaining the data. The results showed the optical density value mean of 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes of toothbrushing were 0.04300.0003, 0.04310.0005, 0.04320.0012, and 0.0530.0005. Statical analysis showed that there was a significant effect of toothbrushing duration on the adherence of S. mutans on FRC (p<0.05). LSD result showed there was a significant difference between the 60 minutes group and the others (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the toothbrushing simulation duration up to 60 minutes increased the number of S.mutans adherence to the FRC sample.

Modeling of Contact Forces for Brushing Tools

Brushing with bonded abrasives is a flexible finishing process used for the deburring and the rounding of workpiece edges as well as for the reduction of the surface roughness. Although industrially widespread, insufficient knowledge about the contact behavior of the abrasive filaments mainly causes applications to be based on experiential values. Therefore, this article aims to increase the applicability of physical process models by introducing a new prediction method, correlating the contact forces of single abrasive filaments, obtained by means of a multi-body simulation, with the experimentally determined process forces of full brushing tools during the surface finishing of ZrO2. It was concluded that aggressive process parameters may not necessarily lead to maximum productivity due to increased tool wear, whereas less aggressive process parameters might yield equally high contact forces and thus higher productivity.

Underwater Power Tools for In Situ Preservation, Cleaning and Consolidation of Submerged Archaeological Remains

In situ protection and conservation of the Underwater Cultural Heritage are now considered a primary choice by the scientific community to be preferred, when possible, over the practice of recovery. The conservation of the artefacts within their environmental context is essential in fact for a correct interpretation of archaeological presences and to preserve their true value intact for future generations. However, this is not an easy task because modern technological equipment is necessary to make the work carried out by underwater restorers and archaeologists faster and more efficient. To this end, the paper presents three innovative underwater power tools for the cleaning, conservation, and consolidation activities to be performed in submerged archaeological sites. The first one is an underwater cleaning brush tool for a soft cleaning of the underwater archaeological structures and artefacts; the second one is a multifunctional underwater hammer drill suitable to be used as a corer sampler, chisel, or drill; the last one is an injection tool specifically designed to dispense mortar underwater for consolidation techniques of submerged structures.

Experimental study on the brush tool–assisted shear-thickening polishing of cemented carbide insert

To obtain uniform surface roughness of the complex cutting edge of the cemented carbide insert in the polishing process, a novel method, brush tool–assisted shear-thickening polishing (B-STP), was proposed in this study. This method introduces the flexible brush tool into the shear thickening polishing process to improve the surface roughness consistency of the complex cutting edge. The influence of the fiber-density of the brush tool and its contact length with insert on the B-STP performance was firstly investigated, and then the effects of four main processing parameters including polishing speed, diamond abrasive concentration, abrasive size, and inclination angle on the surface roughness and its consistency of the cutting edge were analyzed by Taguchi method. The ANOVA method was employed to evaluate the effective weight of the four factors and optimize the polishing conditions. The polishing experiment under optimum processing parameters combination with polishing speed 70 rpm, abrasive concentration 6 wt%, abrasive size no. 5000, and inclination angle 2°. The average surface roughness Ra of the seven measuring points on the cutting edge decreases from 118.01 to 8.13 nm in 10 min polishing, while the standard deviation decreases from 7.40 to only 0.3 nm. The comprehensive performance of surface quality obtained by the B-STP method is improved by 9.47 times and 3.67 times, respectively, compared with the STP method and the non-optimized B-STP method. The results show that the B-STP is an effective method for high consistency polishing of the cemented carbide insert cutting edge with complex shape.

野慈姑(Sagittaria trifolia)人工授粉的有效性:授粉工具与花粉保存

人工授粉作为一项关键性技术在生态研究与农业生产领域广泛应用，但是授粉过程中的工具有效性以及花粉保存尚未受到研究者的关注。以植物野慈姑为试验材料，研究了人工授粉方式和花粉保存条件对繁殖的影响。两年的结果表明，相较于直接接触式授粉，借助毛刷工具授粉显著降低了野慈姑的座果概率和种子数。花粉经过半小时野外高温保存后，其授粉的座果概率显著高于对照组，但单果种子数和种子大小保持稳定。综上，在野慈姑的人工授粉中应避免使用毛刷等工具，离体花粉可置于野外环境适当保存。在相关应用中，研究人员应当警惕工具授粉造成的负面影响，注意比较工具与其他授粉方式的等效性，保证实验的科学性。;Artificial pollination is a key technology with a wide range of applications in the fields of ecological research and agricultural practice. However, the effectiveness of pollination tools and pollen preservation has not received much attention. In this study, we investigated the effects of different artificial pollination methods and pollen storage conditions on the reproductive performance of Sagittaria trifolia. Results of two years showed that compared with direct contact pollination, pollination with brush tools significantly reduced fruiting probability and seed number in S. trifolia. The conditions of pollen handling also had significant effect on fruiting probability, in which half-hour field temperature storage had an advantage over control, whereas seed number per fruit and seed size remained stable. In summary, to aid artificial pollination in S. trifolia, pollination tools such as brushes should be avoided due to their negative effects on seed reproduction, and pollen in vitro can be preserved under field condition for an appropriate time. In related applications, researchers should be cautious of pollination tools and pay attention to the equivalence of different pollination methods prior to comparative experiments, in order to ensure scientific validity.

Surface Finishing of Zirconium Dioxide with Abrasive Brushing Tools

Brushing with bonded abrasives is a finishing process which can be used for the surface improvement of various materials. Since the machining mechanisms of abrasive brushing processes are still largely unknown and little predating research was done on brushing ceramic workpieces, within the scope of this work technological investigations were carried out on planar workpieces of MgO-PSZ (zirconium dioxide, ZrO2) using brushing tools with bonded grains of polycrystalline diamond. The primary goal was the reduction of grinding-related surface defects under the preservation of surface roughness valleys and workpiece form. Based on microscopy and topography measurements, the grain size sg and the brushing velocity vb were found to have a considerable influence on the processing result. Furthermore, excessive tool wear was observed while brushing ceramics.

BERLATIH DIRI DENGAN POLA HIDUP SEHAT SEJAK DINI

This healthy lifestyle training activity is intended for students around the Perumahan Polda-Bhayangkara Buper Distrik Heram Kota Jayapura Propinsi Papua. Healthy lifestyle training activities are intended for students because they are easier to train a healthy lifestyle from an early age. By knowing healthy behavior from an early age, the trainees will be easier to do it from the beginning so that the formation of healthy behaviors is more easily achieved. The focus of this activity is focused on healthy lifestyle material through eating, drinking, hand washing and bathing. There were twenty school children around this housing complex who participated in this activity. This activity is carried out for three days. Material about health, especially the benefits of hand washing, healthy food, healthy drinks and the benefits of regular and clean baths. Also carried out in this activity is practice and guidance on how to wash your hands properly with cleansing soap. Healthy eating and drinking activities are also carried out along with a menu of bolu cakes, green beans, pudding and milk. At the end of the training there were tools for brushing teeth, toothpaste, notebooks and stationery for them. Through this healthy lifestyle training program the participants gained insight into doing a healthy lifestyle, practiced some healthy behaviors and got a tooth brushing tool. The hope is that by practicing some of these healthy behaviors during the training, these can be continued in daily life with the support of various parties, especially in their family.Keywords: Healthy lifestyle, training, students, Jayapura, Papua

Preparation of symmetrical and asymmetrical cutting edges on solid cutting tools using brushing tools with filament-integrated diamond grits

The manufacturing of asymmetric cutting edges is crucial for tool life and performance of cutting tools. For rotationally symmetric cutting tools with a complex profile of the cutting edges, such as milling or drilling tools, no suitable preparation methods exist so far. This paper presents a model that describes the targeted preparation of symmetrical and asymmetrical cutting edges using abrasive brushing tools with filament-integrated diamond grits in dependence of various process parameters. The selected process parameters and dimensions of the brushing tool ensure the accessibility of real cutting tools. In addition, the results of investigations on brushing tool wear are presented.

An image processing method for investigating the morphology of cereal endosperm cells

ABSTRACTIn cereal seeds, the number, morphology and development of endosperm cells are closely related to grain quality, weight and yield. Endosperm cells differ morphologically in different regions of the seed. Nevertheless, it is important to be able to analyze the morphology of cereal endosperm cells. We established an image processing method to enhance the outlines of endosperm cells. The endosperm cell wall was traced precisely using the “pen tool” in Photoshop software (PS). The tracing was defined as the “work path” and was highlighted using the PS “brush tool.” Images of mature rice, maize and wheat endosperm sections stained with different methods were analyzed using this method. Combined with the whole sections of mature and developing cereal kernels, the processed image exhibited clearly the morphology of endosperm cells in any region of endosperm and at any stage of endosperm development. The processed image was more accurate and efficient for analyzing morphological characteristics than the unprocessed image.

Personalized Sketch-Based Brushing in Scatterplots.

Brushing is at the heart of most modern visual analytics solutions and effective and efficient brushing is crucial for successful interactive data exploration and analysis. As the user plays a central role in brushing, several data-driven brushing tools have been designed that are based on predicting the user's brushing goal. All of these general brushing models learn the users' average brushing preference, which is not optimal for every single user. In this paper, we propose an innovative framework that offers the user opportunities to improve the brushing technique while using it. We realized this framework with a CNN-based brushing technique and the result shows that with additional data from a particular user, the model can be refined (better performance in terms of accuracy), eventually converging to a personalized model based on a moderate amount of retraining.

EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF EQUATIONS’ ADEQUACY OF GEOMETRIC CONNECTIONS IN THE MUNICIPAL MACHINE WITH THE BRUSH WORKING BODY PARALLELOGRAPHIC SUSPENSION

Introduction. The authors arise the question of increasing the efficiency of the municipal machine. Moreover, the influence of the clamping force of the brush body on the surface and on the brush deterioration and, as a consequence, on the quality of the roadway cleaning is highlighted in the article.Methods and materials. The results of the changing process of the brushing tool vertical coordinate in the municipal machine were presented, depending on the displacement of the hydraulic cylinder rod. The analysis of the existing types of the brushing working body suspension was carried out. As a result of such analysis, the authors established the most frequent usage of the three-point and parallelogram suspensions, the schemes of which were also presented in the article.Results. The equations of geometrical connections of the municipal machine elements, which could be used in mathematical model, are presented. In addition, the kinematic diagram of the municipal machine with the brush working body suspension is drawn up. Therefore, the presented model takes into account such parameters as the length of the levers’ arms, the linear movements of the hinges, the rod stroke, the levers’ angles and the distances between the hinges. The methods and the course of the experiment for determining the displacement dependence of the brush body from the displacement of the hydraulic cylinder rod are described. The authors also present the photographs of the experimental research fragments.Discussion and conclusions. On the basis of the obtained data, the authors construct the experimental and theoretical dependences’ graph of the brush body displacement and the actuator hydraulic cylinder rod displacement. The analysis of such graphs confirms the adequacy of the geometric constraint equations and also proves that these equations could be used in the mathematical model of the position controlling process of the brush operating body and also for determination the optimum value of the brush working element clamping force to the surface.