Brown Till Research Articles

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PEAT WATER AT TANJUNG JABUNG BARAT, JAMBI PROVINCE

Clean water is a problem in peat area. Low water quality in peat land area have characteristic brown till black in color, low pH, high heavy metals content that cannot use to daily activities. Tungkal Ilir, Tanjung Jabung in Jambi Province is a place that have low quality in water resources caused by peat. High Total suspended solid (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Conductivity (DHL), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), low pH and high heavy metals are parameters in wastewater in there. This paper will describe physical and chemical parameters on peat water clearly, systematic and give alternative solution to solve this problem.

Subglacial till formation: Microscale processes within the subglacial shear zone

This was a study of subglacial deformation till genesis from a modern temperate glacier, at Skálafellsjökull, Iceland. Detailed microscale properties of till samples (from Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM] and thin section analysis) were examined from a glacial site with in situ subglacial process monitoring and an exposed subglacial surface in the foreland. Two lithofacies were examined, a grey sandy till derived from the ash and basalt, and a silty reddish brown till derived from oxidized paleosols and/or tephra layers. These also represented a clay-content continuum from low (0.3%) to high (22.3%). The evolution from debris to subglacial till was investigated. This included a reduction in grain-size (21% for grey lithology, 13% reddish brown lithology), and reduction in rounding (RA) (32% for the grey lithology, 26% for the reddish brown lithology), and the quantification and analysis of the different grain erosion/comminution processes in the resultant till. It was shown that the microstructures within a till were dependent on shear strain and glaciological conditions (deformation history). The low clay content tills were dominated by linear structures (lineations and boudins, and anisotropic microfabric) whilst the higher clay content tills were dominated by rotational structures (turbates and plaster, and isotropic microfabric). These results are important in our understanding of the formation of both modern and Quaternary tills and informs our reconstruction of past glacial dynamics.

Recharge and pumping hydraulics in a till drumlin above fractured bedrock (Massachusetts, USA)

Recharge and pumping hydraulics of a till-mantled bedrock are analyzed with existing closed-form theory and 12 years of monthly water levels in cluster wells from Scituate Hill, a glacial till drumlin in eastern Massachusetts (USA). The weathered brown till atop Scituate Hill is an unconfined aquifer, delivering steady recharge and a seasonally varying recharge-head fluctuation to the unweathered gray till aquitard beneath it. The water-table fluctuations generate no seasonally varying flow field in the gray till, due to the relatively low hydraulic diffusivity of the brown till. Nearby irrigation pumps drilled into the underlying Dedham Granite in 2011 have introduced seasonal drawdown, and the gray till leaks into the fractured bedrock aquifer. The leakage reflects the moderate diffusivity of the gray till and the relatively high hydraulic diffusivity of the fractured bedrock. Both seasonal disturbances are mildly attenuated across the gray till, so that the Dedham Granite senses recharge, while the water table in Scituate Hill is drawn down by irrigation pumping. Steady and seasonal gray till data are accordingly used to calibrate the transmissivity and storativity of the fractured bedrock and specific yield of the brown till, with physically plausible values.

Quaternary Stratigraphy in Northwestern Maine: A Progress Report

A preliminary Quaternary stratigraphy for northwestern Maine can be assembled from interpretation of ice-flow indicators (dispersal and erosional), exposed sections, and drill-hole logs. Evidence from the ice-flow indicators delineates at least four regions each with different ice-flow histories. The distribution of these regions may result from an eastward invasion of Laurentide source ice during the early portion of the late Wisconsinan and subsequent development of a local ice dome during the closing portion of the Late Wisconsinan substage. Exposed sections contribute the following probable sequence of events to the stratigraphy: 1) deposition of alluvial fans, 2) deposition of a gray compact till beneath eastward flowing (Laurentide) ice, 3) deposition of a brown till beneath northward flowing local ice, 4) deglaciation by a southward retreating ice margin. These events appear continuous and have all been provisionally assigned a Late Wisconsinan age. Drill-hole logs confirm the sequence derived from the exposed sections and allow extension of the Quaternary stratigraphy. The drill-log data show three associated groups of sediments that may in turn result from at least three separate ice margin advances and recessions. The uppermost group of sediments is correlated with those found in exposed sections. The position of the drill-hole logs in an over-deepened basin suggest erosion by at least one even earlier glaciation.

High on Technology ~~~ Low on Memory: Cultural Crisis in Dark City and The Matrix

Satisfied that the sequence of men led to nothing and that the sequence of their society could lead no further, while the mere sequence of time was arti- ficial, and the sequence of thought was chaos, he turned at last to the sequence of force; and thus it happened that, after ten years' pursuit, he found himself lying in the Gallery of Machines at the Great,Exposition of 1900, with his historical neck broken by the sudden irruption of forces totally new. ~~~ Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. ~~~ T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Sluicing down our throats, washing through our minds (Eliot's chambers of the sea), the culture's dataflow surges into us momently, flushing out what we might have remembered, with the output from the socius' memory factory. The deciphering of history, a gratingly slow process of negotiation and disagreement, is replaced by a media blitz on events. All we want to know about massive cultural memory haemorrhages like the Shoah and D-Day can be squeezed into three-hour media bursts, convincing because of their technical brilliance, their ability to elicit emotions and to cre- ate in the viewer the conviction that the truth has been determined and can now be shelved~~~we are at last done with those crises. What with the dataflow are thoughts about who we've been and wanted to be, as a culture, as a society, as a people, in the face of problems of technology, faith, and memory. Anxious for optimal throughput, obeying the urgent pressure of the machine to upgrade to higher processor speeds with greater RAM, we have left ourselves little time to reflect, even less to reconsider, and instead leap from event to event, frantically memorializing (if not remembering) what the past means ~~~ a world war, the death of a celebrity, or the death of the child of a revered president all carry the same valence.l

Hydraulic head in a clayey sand till over multiple timescales

This paper presents an analysis of hydraulic head data measured every 2 h for 2 years in the leading edge of a drumlin that consists of weathered, brown clayey sand till and underlying unweathered gray clayey sand till. The brown till responds as an unconfined aquifer and acts as a boundary condition for the confined gray till aquifer. Analytical models are presented for interpretation of the hydraulic head data using annual, monthly, and daily timescales, for estimation of drumlin (landform) hydraulics and till (formation) properties. The annual average head data from open-standpipe piezometers calibrate drumlin hydraulics that feature steady radial flow in the brown till, because of its higher permeability (1.1 × 10–13 m2) and the finite radius of the drumlin. The lower permeability (1.4 × 10–15 m2) gray till has steady cylindrical flow with an appreciable downward gradient. Open-standpipe piezometer data are modeled at the monthly timescale to confirm the landform hydraulics and calibrate a brown till macroporosity of 0.016. The amplitude of periodic monthly head fluctuations increases towards the edge of the drumlin. Hydraulic head response to aperiodic storm events is significantly magnified by this macroporosity as measured by precipitation gages and buried pressure transducers. The storm data are modeled on a daily timescale to confirm the brown till macroporosity value estimated from the monthly data and to further elucidate gray till hydraulics. Compressibility delays and attenuates the groundwater mound, with a calibrated gray till compressibility of 3 × 10–9 Pa–1. The calibrated models accurately recover drumlin flow fields with plausible property values of the clayey sand till, and accordingly should describe other sites with similar landforms and deposits.Key words: drumlins, till, hydraulics, compressibility, permeability, macroporosity, piezometer.

High on Technology; Low on Memory: Cultural Crisis in Dark City and The Matrix

Satisfied that the sequence of men led to nothing and that the sequence of their society could lead no further, while the mere sequence of time was arti- ficial, and the sequence of thought was chaos, he turned at last to the sequence of force; and thus it happened that, after ten years' pursuit, he found himself lying in the Gallery of Machines at the Great,Exposition of 1900, with his historical neck broken by the sudden irruption of forces totally new. ~~~ Henry Adams, Education of Henry Adams We have lingered in the chambers of the sea By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown Till human voices wake us, and we drown. ~~~ T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Sluicing down our throats, washing through our minds (Eliot's chambers of the sea), the culture's dataflow surges into us momently, flushing out what we might have remembered, with the output from the socius' memory factory. deciphering of history, a gratingly slow process of negotiation and disagreement, is replaced by...

LATE PLEISTOCENE ICE-FLOW DIRECTIONS AND THE AGE OF GLACIAL LANDSCAPES IN NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN

Lineation (alignment) of certain landscape features, most of which are glacigenic, and till-fabric data were mapped and used to indicate glacier flow directions in northern lower Michigan. I also reexamine the limit of the Greatlakean (ca. 11,850 14C yr B.P.) ice advance in northern Michigan. My study assumes that reddish-brown (7.5YR and redder) till in the region was deposited by the last ice advance, the Greatlakean, since this color till covers uplands immediately down ice from an established Greatlakean stratigraphic marker bed. Landscape linearity and till-fabric data within the reddish-brown till landscapes of northwestern lower Michigan both show strong northwest-southeast alignment, indicating that Greatlakean ice advanced out of the Lake Michigan basin. Earlier (Port Huron, ca. 13,000 14C yr B.P.) ice deposited brown till of 10YR hue, as evidenced at a borrow pit where reddish-brown Greatlakean till overlies brown drift. Thus, the “7.5YR and redder” vs 10YR hue limit is interpreted as the outer limit of the Greatlakean advance in northern lower Michigan. By mapping this limit only a few tens of km southeast of its only stratigraphically confirmed position at the Cheboygan bryophyte bed, I imply that Greatlakean ice did not advance as far into northeastern lower Michigan as others previously have suggested. Port Huron landforms in brown till show similar alignment and till fabrics to Greatlakean landforms in red till, suggesting that Port Huron ice in northern Michigan (also) advanced primarily out of the Lake Michigan basin. As it advanced from the northwest, flowlines and till fabrics suggest that the Port Huron ice gradually curved, eventually flowing north-to-south in northeastern lower Michigan, nearer the Saginaw Lobe. [Key words: glacial geology, drumlins, landscape fabric, Greatlakean advance, Port Huron advance, till fabric, glacial dynamics.]

Till stratigraphy and ice movement directions in the Kittila area, Finnish Lapland

Sedimentological, structural and chemical characteristics of till and weathering crust are studied in the Kittila area of western Finnish Lapland. Four separate till beds and a weathering crust are discovered at three study sites ‐ Pulju, Jerisjarvi and Mantovuoma. An upper grey till bed and a brown till bed are found at each site, the former being interpreted as a melt‐out till, the latter as a lodgement till. A yellowish brown till bed occurs only in the Pulju area and is interpreted as a local saprolite till of a lodgement facies, while a lower grey till bed, seen only in the Jerisjärvi area, is a melt‐out type till. The weathering crust (saprolite) is a product of chemical weathering of long duration and must be preglacial in age. In the earlier stages of glaciation the ice divide was located near the Scandinavian mountain range, ice movement took place from the northwest, and a lower grey till bed was deposited in the study area. In the later stages of deglaciation the ice divide was located south of the area, so the ice flowed from the south, depositing a brown till bed and locally also a yellowish brown till bed. In the latest stages the ice flowed from the southwest, depositing an upper grey till bed.

Properties and genesis of a soil and the underlying gibbsite-bearing saprolite, Cape Breton Island, Canada

Brownish yellow saprolite derived from granite gneiss is exposed beneath 1–2 m of reddish brown till along a roadcut in the Cape Breton Highlands. The strongly acid soil is similar to other Podzolic soils of the region except for the presence of gibbsite in the silt and clay fractions. In the saprolite, feldspar and biotite have weathered to poorly crystalline kaolinite, gibbsite, and a minor component of iron oxide. The poorly crystalline kaolinite does not occur in the overlying till.The evidence presented is consistent with the view that the area was covered either by "cold-based" or by stagnant "warm-based" glaciers that eroded the pre-Quaternary surface only slightly and deposited a thin, discontinuous veneer of till derived mainly from local bedrock and saprolite. Weathering products from the saprolite are probably incorporated commonly in tills of the area. During the formation of soils in these tills the poorly crystalline kaolinite and most of the gibbsite are either transformed to other minerals or dissolved and removed in solution.

The Characterization of Some Soils Developed from Mixed Brown and Gray Tills in Central Minnesota

AbstractSuperposition and interbedding of various glacial drifts of the Wisconsin age are common in central Minnesota.Morphological characteristics of soils developed from calcareous gray till (Hayden series), noncalcareous brown till (Flak), and from mixed tills (Holdingford) are shown in the profile descriptions. The series were characterized in the laboratory by pebble identification, particle size distribution, bulk density, moisture holding capacity, total exchangeable cations, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen, percent base saturation, pH, and C/N ratio.The characterization of the profiles studied showed definite morphological, physical, and chemical differences between the soils developed from the mixed tills and those from the unmixed modal brown or gray tills. The study shows the need for a series separation between these soils.

GLACIAL STREAM DIVERSION NEAR HORNELL, NEW YORK

The Almond Dam near Hornell, in south-central New York, is at the site of a glacial diversion of Canacadea Creek. Here the diversion valley is about 1200 feet wide, with rock about 75 feet below the creek level. The rock in the preglacial valley is considerably deeper, and the valley is about twice as wide. The diversion valley is filled with blue till, above which are water-lain deposits with an overlying brown till. The Canacadea Valley thus indicates three advances of ice sheets, to form the diversion and to deposit the blue and brown tills in this valley. The valley of Purdy Creek shows similar conditions. At eight other localities, local changes occurred at or near the close of the last glaciation. At the Arkport dam site, the preglacial valley has been blocked by glacial deposits, and the stream has cut a new, meandering channel in the rock wall south of the old valley. This new valley has been partly refilled with stream gravels. Farther upstream, near Bishopville, is a similar stream diversion. At the dam sites on Carrington Creek, Big Creek, and Karr and McHenry Valley creeks and on Cunningham and Hammer creeks the history appears to have been identical. These represent postglacial drainage changes.