Brown Paper Research Articles

Effect of pre-harvest treatment, packaging and storage conditions on shelf life and quality of lasora (Cordia myxa) fruits

An experiment was conducted on the effect of pre-harvest spray of calcium chloride (1–2%), pre-cooling, packaging materials and storage conditions on shelf life and quality of lasora fruits. The LDPE bags were found most efficient in reducing the PLW followed by cling film and brown paper bags both under ambient and refrigerated conditions. The pre-cooled fruits revealed significantly lower PLW compared to non pre-cooled fruits up to 4th day in ambient condition and till 14th day in refrigerated conditions. Under ambient conditions, the maximum shelf life of 7 days was recorded in LDPE followed by cling film wrap and brown paper bags while under refrigerated conditions it could be extended up to 14 days in LDPE and cling film packed fruits and 7 days in brown paper. The spoilage was significantly higher at ambient condition within 7 days in LDPE packed fruits (3.54%) and least in cling film. The spoilage increased to 10–12% in refrigerator when the fruits were stored for longer duration and it was not affected significantly by different treatments. The antioxidant activity was absent in the fruits stored in ambient condition while it was recorded in refrigerated fruits even after 14 days of storage.

Knotting matters: orderly molecular entanglements.

Entangling strands in a well-ordered manner can produce useful effects, from shoelaces and fishing nets to brown paper packages tied up with strings. At the nanoscale, non-crystalline polymer chains of sufficient length and flexibility randomly form tangled mixtures containing open knots of different sizes, shapes and complexity. However, discrete molecular knots of precise topology can also be obtained by controlling the number, sequence and stereochemistry of strand crossings: orderly molecular entanglements. During the last decade, substantial progress in the nascent field of molecular nanotopology has been made, with general synthetic strategies and new knotting motifs introduced, along with insights into the properties and functions of ordered tangle sequences. Conformational restrictions imparted by knotting can induce allostery, strong and selective anion binding, catalytic activity, lead to effective chiral expression across length scales, binding modes in conformations efficacious for drug delivery, and facilitate mechanical function at the molecular level. As complex molecular topologies become increasingly synthetically accessible they have the potential to play a significant role in molecular and materials design strategies. We highlight particular examples of molecular knots to illustrate why these are a few of our favourite things.

Foliar Application of Multi-micronutrients Grade IV and Different Fruit Covering Materials: A Focus on Yield and Quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Bhagwa)

Background: Foliar fertilization as a highly effective approach to regulating plant nutrition has garnered significant attention in recent years. This study determined to elucidate the impact of foliar application of micronutrients grade IV and pre-harvest fruit covering bags on the quality and yield of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. Materials and Methods: Micronutrients grade IV was applied to foliage at the time of flowering and three weeks after first flowering with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% concentrations. Thereafter, the completely set fruits of pomegranates were covered in a newspaper bag, brown paper bag, white paper bag, non-woven bag, and non-covered fruits left as control treatment. Findings: The results revealed that significantly (P<0.05) higher amount of fruit yield (ton/hectare), fruit retention, total sugar (%), and reducing sugar (%) was observed with the application of multi-micronutrients at 1.0% level concentration. In addition, all the aforementioned parameters showed significantly (P<0.05) higher values at 1.0% multi-micronutrients with the interaction of brown paper bags covering materials. Conclusion: To conclude, fruit covering materials and the application of nutrients substantially influence the yield and quality of pomegranate.

Influence of pre-harvest fruit bagging and plant cover on peel colour, physical appearance and quality traits of pomegranate fruits in arid conditions

Aim: To study the influence of fruit bagging and plant cover on microclimate modification and its role on external quality traits and physico-chemical fruit characteristics of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa in arid conditions. Methodology: Fruits bagging was done with single layer bags of news paper (NP), brown paper (BP), white parchment paper (PP), non-woven polypropylene (NWP), complete plant covering with non-woven polypropylene (CNWP), and un-bagged with no cover was kept as control. Bagging was done 60 days after fruit set and continued until harvest, each year. Results: Bagging and plant covering modified the microenvironment which positively influenced the fruit development. Among the bags, inside air temperature was higher in BP followed by NP, PP and NWP, while RH was higher in PP. PP bags was most effective for the development of attractive red peel color (a* value = 44.4) followed by NWP (a* value = 39.6) or CNWP (a* value = 36.6). All four bags were able to check thrips incidence completely, while PP bagging provided physical scratches or fungal spot free fruits. Physical attributes of fruits including fruit weight, aril weight, peel thickness and juice content were considerably affected. Interpretation: Fruit bagging or plant covering is simple, cost-effective and eco- friendly way to produce quality safe pomegranate fruits under adverse climatic conditions of arid regions.

Alternative methodology for the germination test in chemically treated corn hybrid seeds

The objective of this work was to identify the most suitable conditions for the evaluation of the germination test in corn seeds through the use of different substrates. Two tests were carried out for the development of the work. In test 1, the hybrid Morgan 30A37 PWV was used in a factorial scheme of 5 substrates with 8 chemical treatments. The seeds were treated industrially with the following insecticides: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS, Poncho, Inside FS + BioCoat Corn, Inside FS + Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn and Maestro FS + BioCoat Corn. For test 2, the hybrid used was the FS533 PWV in a factorial scheme of 5 substrates and 5 treatments, in which the seeds received the industrial treatment with the insecticides: Inside FS, Inside FS + Maestro FS, Maestro FS and Poncho. Both tests were submitted to two temperatures (20°C and 25°C) and five substrates (germitest® paper; germitest® paper + sand; germitest® paper + soil; germitest® paper + coal and brown paper). The most suitable substrates for installing the germination test in chemically treated corn seeds were brown pepper and germitest® + charcoal. And the temperature of 20°C is the one that allows the most uniform and rapid development of normal seedlings in the germination test in treated hybrid corn seeds.

Comments on Randall Brown's Paper, "The Evolving Art of Program Evaluation," on the Occasion of Brown Receiving the Peter Rossi Award From APPAM, November 12, 2020.

Comments on Randall Brown's Paper, "The Evolving Art of Program Evaluation," on the Occasion of Brown Receiving the Peter Rossi Award From APPAM, November 12, 2020.

Biodegradable mulch controls weeds and increases water use efficiency in lettuce crops

ABSTRACT Vegetable cultivation requires high water use and weed control. Soil cover using recycled paper, can be an alternative to polyethylene film to reduce weed incidence, soil temperature and increase water use efficiency beyond reduces costs and environmental pollutions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of biodegradable mulch in weed management and water use efficiency (WUE) in lettuce crop. The treatments were composed of brown recycled paper (RP), black polyethylene film (PF) and soil without cover with weed removal (WR) and without weed removal (WW). RP and PF were efficient to control weeds. The soil temperature with RP was 8.2 and 2.1ºC lower than with PF and WR, respectively. The lettuce yield with RP was 14.5 and 28.3% higher than WR, and with PF, respectively. The water volume applied with RP was 26.5% lower, and WUE was 55.6% higher compared to WR. Soil cover with recycled paper controlled weeds, reduced soil temperature and water consumption and increased yield and water use efficiency in lettuce crop.

Successive Saccharification of Waste Paper as a Resource for Bio-product Development

Environmental pollution and the exploitation of fossil-based products are topical issues that should be a matter of concern to the global population. The production of bio-based substances from waste biomass is a way to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and limit environmental pollution. Enzymatic catalysed saccharification of cellulose is an important step for the bio-conversion of biomass such as waste paper into glucose that could be utilized as a feedstock for the production of value added bioproducts and this process can also be considered as an alternative route of waste management. During this study, fresh cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma viride was incubated separately with seven different waste paper materials during twelve successive incubation periods of 2 h each. The amount of sugar released from each paper material during each incubation period was determined. The highest sugar concentration released from each paper materials was produced during the first incubation period except the filter paper for which the highest amount of sugar was produced during the 9th period of incubation. During these optimum sugar producing incubation periods the highest total sugar concentration was released from brown envelope paper (3.3 mg.mL-1 followed by foolscap paper (3.0 mg.mL-1) and office paper (2.8 mg.mL-1) while the lowest amount of sugar was released from Pick ’n Pay paper (0.6 mg.mL-1). The relative saccharification percentage was also calculated which showed that filter paper produced the highest amounts of sugar followed by newspaper, and foolscap paper with advertising paper from a retailer. Pick ’n Pay offered the highest resistance towards cellulase catalysed bio-conversion into sugar.

Books at the Borders of Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

This paper proposes that Picasso’s landmark 1907 painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is full of images of books and pages, especially at the borders of the canvas. The curving shapes which are traditionally seen as “curtains” can alternatively be interpreted as the white pages and brown paper wrappers of open books, rotated 90 degrees. This “visual marginalia” suggests that Picasso’s famous brothel scene could be regarded as a semiotic construction, befitting the painting’s early title (devised by Picasso’s writer friends), “The Philosophical Brothel”. The painting also contains iconographic representations of textuality. A slightly open book can be perceived in the middle of the painting, and along the bottom border, an open envelope and writing paper can be seen laid atop the tipped-up table, under the fruit. I claim that Picasso’s images of texts derive from his acquaintance with the text-driven, monumental novel, Don Quixote. I give special attention to the narrative Author’s Preface to the Spanish literary classic, in which the author describes assembling quotations from diverse sources to compose the first and last pages of his book. Picasso visually represents this allusion by depicting pages at the left and right “ends” of his canvas. Other texts and images are considered as sources for the bibliographic imagery, which generally suggests that this canvas as a fictive tissue of quotations, akin to the overabundance of texts that Don Quixote is reading in Cervantes’s novel. The image of the blank writing paper and its envelope, finally, encourages viewers to see the painting as a letter of communication, for which we ourselves must provide the writing that would represent our interpretations.

Bunch bagging with triple protection reduce chilling injury of banana fruit ‘Nanica’ (Cavendish AAA sub-group) / Ensacamento do cacho com proteção tripla reduz a injúria pelo frio em frutos de banana ‘Nanica’ (Cavendish subgrupo AAA)

The bagging of banana bunch can control chilling injury (CI) in the field, which causes browning of fruit peel. The investigation aimed to evaluate the reduce chilling injury in 'Nanica' banana bunches with the use de triple protection. The experiment was conducted in Jacupiranga, SP, Brazil, in a design was completely randomized with two treatments, bunch without protection (no protection) and triple protection, with thirteen replications. Triple protection consisted of brown paper with polythene coating (layer closest to the fruit), blue transparent polyethylene (median layer) and black opaque polyethylene (outermost layer).The bagging was made before of opening of the bracts of inflorescence. In the coldest day, when the temperature inside the canopy reached 4.23oC, the triple protection raised the temperature the surface of the peel by 3.06oC in relation to no protection fruits. On the hottest day, triple protection did not increase the temperature of the skin of the fruit excessively. There were no losses from sunburn fruits. Bunches with triple protection and no protection did not differ in terms of mass that had an average value of 30.87 Kg planta-1. No protection bunches were harvested an average of ten days. There were differences between unprotected fruits and triple protection in terms of chilling injury index (CI index), brightness (L*) and hue angle (ho) of peel. Triple protection reduced CI index and promoted fruits with bright green peel at harvest and bright yellow at ripening. The materials used in triple protection can be recycled or reused.

Physical and chemical pre-treatment of waste paper to increase saccharification by Trichoderma viride cellulase

<p>Waste paper is a major component of solid waste with cellulose, a glucose biopolymer, as structural component. Cellulose is a worthy substance with renewable possibilities and if resolved into glucose it could be utilised as a feedstock for fermentation into bioproducts like bioethanol and biopharmaceuticals. The extent of saccharification is an important variable to maximise waste paper as a renewable feedstock. The structural nature of cellulose however prevents an effective bioconversion process and as a result procedures need to be developed making waste cellulose more susceptible for the hydrolytic action of cellulase. Seven different paper materials have been chemically and physically pre-treated prior to cellulase catalysed saccharification with Trichoderma viride cellulase. Non-treated brown envelope paper showed the highest relative degree of saccharification followed by Pick ’n Pay advertising paper from a local retailer and foolscap paper while newspaper resulted in the lowest degree of saccharification. When pre-treated with a combined chemical and physical procedure composed of NaOH and sonication the bioconversion of brown envelope paper showed the highest degree of degradation followed by foolscap paper and office paper. The highest percentage increase in saccharification due to pre-treatment was observed with office paper while newspaper and Woolworths advertsing showing a decrease in saccharification after pre-treatment.</p>

Paper towel test as independently self-administered to quantify cough-related urine loss: Compliance and comparisons with survey-only data in SWAN.

The epidemiologic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) includes urinary incontinence (UI) questionnaire items. We introduced an independently self-administered paper towel test (PTT-ISA; invention disclosure #2021-347) to objectively demonstrate UI. Aims were to determine: (1) PTT-ISA compliance and (2) relationship to questionnaire results. 276 community women were invited to complete both SWAN questionnaire and PTT-ISA. For PTT-ISA, a woman holds a trifold brown paper towel against her perineum while coughing hard three times. She checks the towel for wetness and compares it with pictorial showing wetted area gradations (dry towel through >6 ml/saturated). She then selects the best photo match for her towel. A newly conceptualized variable constructed as PTT-ISA plus questionnaire results was formed. Of 276 women, noncompliance with PTT-ISA was 2.2% (6 women). Four others (1.5%) were missing questionnaires. For the remaining266 women, conceptual cohesiveness between questionnaire-only and PTT-ISA + questionnaire was demonstrated in 165 (62.0%). Lack of cohesiveness occurred in 101 (38.9%), including 41 women who said "no" to the questionnaire item indicative of stress UI and had leakage on PTT-ISA; leakage degree varied across the full pictorial spectrum from drops to saturated. PTT-ISA demonstrates high compliance, with rate comparable to survey compliance. It is a novel measure for objective sign of urine loss when independently self-administered by community women outside of a clinic environment. Further research comparing PTT-ISA with clinician-observed cough test is warranted. As independently self-administered, PTT-ISA is simple, noninvasive, inexpensive, and an acceptable test that adds value to otherwise survey-dependent research.

Comparison of some edible coatings and paper bag on preservation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) during storage

To investigate the effect of some edible coatings on weight loss and storage life of two thorny cucumber cultivars including Tiba’ and ‘Kurage’ cultivars, this research was conducted in a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment comprised five treatments including three edible coatings (olive oil, almond oil and liquid paraffin), packing in brown paper bag without any edible coating and control treatment. All of the treated samples were placed in a thin plastic container having eight holes and control samples were placed in a plastic box solely. Packages were stored at 10 oC and 85-90% RH for 14 days. The results showed that ‘Tiba’ cultivar had higher firmness than ‘Kurage’ cultivar. Cucumbers coated with almond oil had the least weight loss in comparison with other coating materials, but the differences between two cultivars were not significant. The highest color difference was belonged to the paper bag treatment which had the significant difference with control and the other coating treatments. Cucumbers placed in paper bag resulted in the highest greenness value. In conclusion, both thorny cucumber cultivars covered with coating materials showed the best appearance and luster shape which was related to the effects of edible coatings on reducing water loss, chlorophyll degradation and softening.

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Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite things This song sticks in my brain whenever I hear it. Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II published “My Favorite Things” in 1959, well before the term earworm was coined. Here are some of my favorite things about the American Chemical Society; perhaps some will stick with you, like a catchy tune. ACS Career Consultants. Are you looking for a job or planning to make a career transition? Is it time to refresh your résumé or craft your LinkedIn profile? ACS career consultants provide one-on-one advice both virtually and in person at ACS meetings and career events. In addition, ACS career consultants hold virtual office hours every week for chemists seeking advice and networking in a small-group environment. This benefit is free

Effect of host plant on cornucopia of mango fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their triumphant management in context of climate change.

A study was performed to assess the preference of fourteen mango cultivars for fruit flies and their management by bagging. So the choice of Tephritid flies to mango cultivars during fruiting phase is crucial. Fourteen different cultivars of mango viz., ‘Dusehri’, ‘Malda’, ‘Langra’ early cultivars, ‘Chaunsa’, ‘Fajri Klan’, ‘Sensation’ medium whereas ‘Sanglakhi’, ‘Retaul-12’, ‘Mehmood Khan’, ‘Tukhmi’, ‘Kala Chaunsa’, ‘Chitta Chaunsa’, ‘Dai Wala’ and ‘Sobey De Ting’ late cultivars were assessed for their suitability for fruit flies. The results indicate that the population density of fruit flies was higher on late cultivars like ‘Sanglakhi’ (20.61 percent), ‘Mehmood Khan’ (20.22 percent) and ‘Reutal-12’ (19.92 percent) were proved to be highly susceptible to fruit flies. Among these the cultivar ‘Reutal-12’ was selected being commercial and future cultivar for the management of fruit flies through bagging. The results reported that the attack of tephritid fruit flies and other insect pests were zero in bagged fruits as compared with control. It was further recorded that the bagged fruits has maximum average fruit weight i.e. 203.50 and 197.83 g per fruit was noted in those treatments where butter paper bag and brown paper bag was wrapped with better coloration as compared with un-bagged fruit with 159.5 g per fruit. Similarly, on an average fruit length were more i.e. 90.17, 91.33 mm in bagged fruit and 85.33 in un-bagged fruits. Furthermore, bagged fruits have zero incidence of disease with reduced fruit crack, fruit sunburn, mechanical damage, bird damage, fruit blemished and agrochemical residues on the fruit. So, it is concluded that the special attention should be given on ‘Reutal-12’ for the management of fruit flies when devising an IPM program for the control of fruit flies. Further, bagging has proved to be the good agricultural practices for the production of quality mango.

Mehanske lastnosti in absorbcija vode izbranih naravnih vlaken kot zamenjava za azbest

This work investigates the influence of banana (Musa Sapientum) and jute fibers as a reinforcement in a cement/waste brown paper pulp matrix for applications in housing construction in Nigeria. The natural fibers were extracted from banana trunk and cocoa sack and, thereafter, treated with 1-M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 2 h to expose the lignin and cellulose and thus expose the hemicellulose content of the fibers. The treated fibers were allowed to dry in air for 7 days before cutting into short fibers of 10 mm length. Paper pulp was prepared by soaking waste brown cardboard papers in water for 24 h, thereafter, it was grinded in the paper pulp machine to form a paper pulp slurry, and then sun-dried for 5 days. The treated fibers were thoroughly mixed with the dried paper pulp to develop Fiber Cement Board (FCB) samples of varied weight content (5, 10, 15, and 20) w/% using the hand lay-up technique with the aid of a cold compacting machine. Thereafter, an appropriate quantity of cement as binder and treated sugarcane bagasse as filler material were added to the mix. The developed FCB samples were allowed to cure in air in the laboratory for 28 days before testing. Flexural, compressive, thermal conductivity, and water absorption tests were carried out on the samples using a universal testing machine, Lee's disk apparatus, and the percentage weight of different immersed samples in water, respectively. The results of the mechanical properties examined showed that FCB sample D containing (10 w/% banana fiber, 10 w/% jute fiber, 15 w/% cement/bagasse and 65 w/% paper pulp) gave the optimum results for the flexural and compressive properties with a respective value of 0.843 MPa and 7.333 MPa, while FCB sample F gave the best results for the thermal conductivity and water-absorption property.

Hyperventilation syndrome

The image of a patient breathing into a brown paper bag is a quite familiar one in popular culture. Although this is not recommended, it has been used by some patients to relieve the symptoms of hyperventilation. Hyperventilation syndrome (sometimes known as ‘dysfunctional breathing’) is defined as chronic or intermittent episodes of hyperventilation with associated somatic symptoms. There are many possible symptoms, but they generally include anxiety, paraesthesia and a further sensation of breathlessness. It should be a diagnosis of exclusion, as other conditions causing similar symptoms can be life-threatening.

Claudette Colvin & I take the bus, and: Heaux Creed

Claudette Colvin & I take the bus, and: Heaux Creed Honora Ankong Claudette Colvin & I take the bus What radicalized you? She asks & I look up from my worn-out copy of the bluest eye. It is early fall in Blacksburg & the marigolds are still in bloom. We speed past plantation rd. what didn't? even her stares know me I wanted to birth a revolution but they wouldn't let me. I was young too dark already pregnant with child. They said it wasn't a good look. I want to tell her everything—how I got off the waitlist my black blasphemy mouth calling to a god I wasn't even sure existed. I wanted to write poems & they offered money but when I grew mad with anger and poemed all my black rage they clapped & said but it sings so beautifully. At the next stop, she moves to sit even closer to me us colored folks were never allowed to try on the merchandise at the stores, mama would use a brown paper bag trace & cut out our foot outlines when it was time for new shoes. Too often I've been the only Black person in the room & too often I have felt invisible, I tell her. Like the day my white professor insisted to say nigger as we read Countee Cullen. I resisted but she insisted & the department did nothing. Harriet & Sojourner was in the bus with me that day we were learning bout them in school & my mind was filled with so many things black. They held me down, one on each side. I couldn't move, I wouldn't move. Pointing at my book us black girls only as ugly as the hate reflected on us. Staring out the bus at the sap-green trees zooming past us, I ask her how we escape this place. We don't run— we walk away with the daylight. [End Page 93] Heaux Creed In the name of my freest self—In the name of a slow whine at the club on a nigga I just met & have no intention of sexing.In the name of his liquored breath against my neckIn the name of it's packed & sweltering hot in here & I'm sweating out my edges & the next bitch that step on me gone catch these hands.In the name of 1 dollar fake-gold bamboo earrings from the beauty supplyIn the name of loose morals & my third tequila soda & I'm drunk & confessing my everlasting love to the gxrl I just met in the bathroom.In the name of ratchet intellectualism,In the name of Toni Morrison braless at a disco in '74 & some of my best poems were written on a napkin at the bar counter, something about the fellowship of being amongst kin.In the name of all that I consider to be gospel— [End Page 94] In the name of Khia's "Don't Trust No Niggaz," me & the homegxrls driving home after the party & it's bout 3:30am & we shouting out lyrics like spells:In the name of "everything is everything" & bag lady, you gone hurt yourselfIn the name of we got a lot to be mad about & didn't they tell you that I was savage? Giggling down the dorm hallway & fumbling the keys & everytime I get drunk I text an ex.In the name of my friend who grabs my phone before I get a chanceIn the name of the sankofa tattoo on her nape she looks me soft in the eyes & whispers, this time next year we'll be living so good, I swear & I dream—In the name of that one picture of Nina Simone & Miriam Makeba sharing a kiss & a cigIn the name of poem for a woman whose voice I like & homage to my hips & hull & hoodwitch, gumbo yaya & build yourself a boat, salt body shimmer & the black maria, magical negro & how to carry water.In the name of all that we name ourselves: hoe, hoochie, thot, trick, gawd. asé asé asé [End Page 95] Copyright © 2021 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents

Influence of Pre-Sowing Seed Priming and Packaging Materials on the Quality of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of seed priming on seed quality of freshly harvested sesame seeds stored in different packaging materials. During 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 different pre-sowing seed priming treatments were adopted for seed production. Freshly harvested seeds were packed in aluminum foils, plastic packets, brown paper packets and cloth bags; and stored under ambient condition to monitor the deterioration pattern of seed quality during 2018-19 and 2019-2020. Germination (%), vigour index, electrical conductivity and α-amylase activity were evaluated at 2 months interval up to 8 months of storage. The results showed that among the packaging materials evaluated aluminum foil can be used for longer period with least deterioration. Among the treatments, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.2 MPa, followed by KNO3 @ 50 mM and KH2PO4 @ 200 mM treatments gave high quality seeds in terms of germination, vigour index and electrical conductivity. Therefore, seed priming of sesame seeds with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 @ -0.2 MPa may be done to produce high quality seeds which can be safely stored in aluminum foil.

Diversity of wood decaying fungi from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad campus, maharashtra (India)

The specimen of macro fungi were sun dried and kept in brown paper packet as per international mycological herbarium guidelines. Macroscopic and microscopic characters were recorded, fresh material from field and dried material in laboratory. The white rot fungi secretes enzyme which attacks not localized nears the hyphae but is wide spread and deeply diffused. The specimen of macro fungi were sun dried and kept in brown paper packet as per international mycological herbarium guidelines. Macroscopic and microscopic characters were recorded, fresh material from field and dried material in laboratory. Macroscopic observations carried out by using Cosmo Compound Light Microscope under 10X objective.