Apolipoprotein B causes overestimation of serum albumin concentration measured by bromocresol green method in pediatric nephrotic syndrome patients.

Photocatalytic technology has emerged as a research hotspot, with the selection of photocatalytic materials being crucial to its success. Bismuth tungstate exhibits excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity as a photocatalyst; however, its application in pollutant removal is constrained by its low specific surface area and rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers. This study employs a solvothermal method to synthesize Bi2WO6 materials and prepares a Bi2WO6/ZIF-8 composite nanomaterial to enhance the photocatalytic performance of bismuth tungstate. The structure and morphology of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, XPS, FTIR, and BET techniques. The photocatalytic properties were evaluated by measuring UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra, photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance, and photocurrent density. The visible-light-driven catalytic degradation of bromocresol purple (BCP) was assessed. Results indicate the successful synthesis of the Bi2WO6/ZIF-8 composite nanomaterial, achieving a 94.65% degradation rate for BCP. Under visible light, the photocatalytic reaction rate constants of Bi2WO6/ZIF-8 were 3.91 times and 21.56 times higher than those of Bi2WO6 and ZIF-8, respectively. Consequently, the Bi2WO6/ZIF-8 composite nanomaterial can effectively remove dyes from wastewater.

The triarylmethane dyes brilliant cresyl green (BCG) and brilliant cresyl purple (BCP) have been electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and graphene quantum dots (GQD) dispersed in chitosan (AuNP+GQD)chitosan by potential cycling in a novel ternary deep eutectic solvent (tDES). The tDES was composed of choline chloride (ChCl) as the hydrogen bond acceptor plus acetic acid and ethylene glycol as hydrogen bond donors, with perchloric acid as a tDES acid dopant. GQDchitosan was synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly procedure using citric acid as the carbon source in chitosan solution with 1% v/v acetic acid. AuNP dispersed in citrate buffer were mixed with GQDchitosan in the proportion (70/30% v/v). The PBCG/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE and PBCP/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE modified electrodes were compared and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesized polymer films was examined by scanning electron microscopy. After immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx), GOx/PBCG/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE and GOx/PBCP/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE biosensors were employed for the determination of glucose by amperometry at a potential of -0.2V vs. Ag/AgCl. Linear concentration ranges were 10-200µM for GOx/PBCG/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE and 10-140µM for GOx/PBCP/(AuNP+GQD)chitosan/GCE, with corresponding limits of detection of 2.3µM and 3.1µM. The biosensor with PBCG film showed slightly better analytical parameters. The biosensors demonstrated good repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity and were successfully applied to wine samples with very good recoveries.

Despite the demand for personalized wound care, integrating diagnostics and therapeutics into a unified platform remains a significant challenge. To address this, we developed a 3D-printed theranostic hydrogel using vat photopolymerization, enabling precise, multifunctional wound management. The hydrogel matrix, composed of poly(acrylamide-co-hydroxyethyl acrylate) and carboxymethyl cellulose, was chemically crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. Bromocresol purple was integrated into the photosensitive resin to enhance printing fidelity and serve as a diagnostic indicator, providing a distinct colorimetric shift upon skin infection. For controlled drug delivery, graphene oxide (GO) and levofloxacin were incorporated into the system. The 3D-printed hydrogel demonstrated superior swelling capacity (>600%), ideal for absorbing wound exudate. A semi-quantitative linear colorimetric response was observed across varying pH levels, allowing for clear differentiation between healthy healing skin (pH 4.0–6.0) and infected conditions (pH 7.0 and above). Furthermore, the hydrogel exhibited infection-stimulated therapy, with a cumulative levofloxacin release of 92.63% at pH 8, significantly higher than in acidic conditions. Moreover, the incorporation of GO further optimized the delivery profile by tuning absorption and release rates. Synergizing real-time monitoring and on-demand therapeutic action, this 3D-printed system offers a scalable, robust solution for future-ready, personalized wound management.

Water-based melamine-formaldehyde resin and acidic chitosan solution composite for thermochromic phase-change wood exhibits excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties while maintaining thermochromic performance.

Abstract In this study, Vitus vinifera coated with fabricated smart nanofibers such as zein (ZE), zein blended with betalains natural colorant (ZEBT) and zein blended with bromocresol purple dye (ZBCP) nanofibers. Betalains (BTs) natural colorant from Beta vulgaris was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The rheology studies showed that the BTs and BCP dye blended solution had a higher viscosity than the ZE solution. Optimisation studies were performed to obtain a smooth morphology of ZE, ZEBT and ZBCP nanofibers and were characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses. The ZEBT and ZBCP nanofibers could be employed with reversible shifts ranging from pH 1.0–13.0. The spoilage monitoring results on black grapes with ZEBT showed a significant color change indication through pH change than the other fibres. These new pH‐sensitive materials can be used as halochromic indicators for monitoring black grapes spoilage.

Abstract The degradation of organic dyes in wastewater is a major environmental concern worldwide because of their toxicity and carcinogenic effects. In recent years, photocatalytic processes emerged as a favorable technology for the treatment of organic pollutants. Herein, we investigated the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV)/hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )/magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 )—induced degradation process to degrade bromocresol purple dye in water. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were prepared via co‐precipitation and characterized using various analytical techniques. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited UV absorption at 438 nm with direct and indirect band gaps of 1.89 and 0.45 eV, respectively. Energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy confirms iron (~0.7, 6.5, 7 keV) and oxygen (~0.5 keV). Thermal gravimetric analysis indicates thermal stability of up to 850°C with ~2.31% weight loss. The impact of operating parameters such as pH, reaction time, photocatalyst, and H 2 O 2 quantity on photodegradation efficiency was investigated. The highest percentage degradation efficiency of each parameter on dye degradation was determined as follows: pH (73.03%), reaction time (39.63%), catalyst amount (32.77%), and H 2 O 2 volume (37.33%). Kinetic studies showed the photocatalytic degradation of bromocresol purple dye by Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 1.4 × 10 −3 min −1 . The proposed photocatalytic mechanism involving excitation of dye molecules, electron injection into Fe 3 O 4 conduction band, and subsequent generation of reactive species highlights a strong potential of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles as efficient photocatalyst for removing bromocresol purple dye from water. The results of this study contribute to the development of effective photocatalytic systems for the remediation of dye‐contaminated wastewater.

The rapid and personalized management of wound infections remains a significant clinical challenge. This study addresses this need by developing a smart, dual-nozzle 3D-printed theranostic hydrogel pad for on-demand wound care. The platform is based on a tailor-made Pluronic F127-dimethacrylate (PF127-DMA) hydrogel, synthesized to provide optimal printability and dual-functionality. This enables the simultaneous extrusion of two distinct bioinks: a diagnostic ink containing bromocresol purple for pH sensing and a therapeutic ink loaded with graphene oxide (GO) and the antibiotic levofloxacin. The fabricated construct acts as an intelligent wound dressing, providing a distinct visual colorimetric response to differentiate healthy skin pH (4.0-6.0) from pathogenic, alkaline infection conditions (pH 7.4-8.0). Simultaneously, the system provides pH-responsive controlled drug release, with a significantly enhanced cumulative levofloxacin release of 171.68 ± 1.59 µg at pH 8.0 compared to 134.34 ± 1.46 µg at pH 7.4, demonstrating its ability for infection-triggered therapy. The incorporation of graphene oxide was found to critically improve drug release kinetics and promote intramatrix accumulation. Furthermore, in vitro MTT assays confirmed the high biocompatibility of the hydrogel platform. By integrating real-time visual monitoring with controlled antimicrobial release, this 3D-printed theranostic system presents a promising and scalable strategy for advanced wound management.

Quantum confinement effect in NiO and Co–NiO modified with CNTs for photocatalytic removal of bromocresol purple

High-quality adsorbent derived from Crab Shell Activated Biochar (Fe₂O₃@BC) was effectively synthesised from discarded crab shells (CS) for the adsorptive elimination of Bromocresol purple colour (BCP) from textile wastewater. The structure of crab shell biochar (CSB) and crab shell activated biochar (CSAB) was looked at using SEM, and the light properties of the samples made from CSAB were checked with FTIR. The characterisation results suggested that the extracted chitin exhibited substantial properties necessary for surface phenomenon-driven matrices. This study looked at how well crab shell activated biochar and crab shell biochar can remove Bromocresol Purple (BCP) dye from water, finding that CSAB works better than CSB. The adsorption tests were conducted at varying pH levels, varied adsorbent doses, temperatures, and contact durations in batch trials. The kinetic analysis demonstrates that the removal efficiency was optimal according to the pseudo-second. The Weber–Morris intraparticle-diffusion analysis identified three operative adsorption sites. This low-cost crabshell-activated biochar, characterised by its advanced pore structure, distinctive surface properties, and superior adsorption capabilities, has the potential to function as an effective adsorbent for dye removal in textile effluent.

Monitoring the freshness of perishable foods remains a challenge due to the lack of simple and reliable indicators that can visually reflect chemical and microbial changes. In this study, a colorimetric freshness indicator was developed using bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP), two pH-sensitive dyes with complementary transition ranges, to provide a visible and quantitative response corresponding to beef quality during cold storage. Cellulose acetate (CA) films were prepared by incorporating the dyes with different plasticizers—glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG 200 and PEG 400)—at varying ratios, resulting in 24 formulations. Based on color stability and sensitivity to trimethylamine (TMA) vapor, two optimized indicators were selected for further packaging tests with beef samples stored at 4 °C. Beef freshness was evaluated by total bacterial count (TBC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and pH, while volatile amines in the headspace were quantified using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (SPME–GC–FID). The color difference (ΔE) of the indicators showed strong correlations with TBC and TVB-N, and a threshold of ΔE ≈ 12 provided a practical visual cue corresponding to the microbiological safety limit. The two indicators exhibited complementary functions, with G100-1 acting as an early-warning sensor and G100-2 maintaining contrast at later stages. These findings demonstrate the potential of this dual-indicator system as a simple, non-destructive tool for intelligent packaging applications.

The seafood industry is increasingly adopting intelligent packaging to preserve product quality and improve freshness transparency. This study developed and evaluated a pH-sensitive freshness indicator (FI) for skate sashimi (Zearaja chilensis). This product is consumed at varying stages of fermentation. The FI incorporated bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol purple (BCP) in a polymer matrix. It targeted volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) compounds, with trimethylamine (TMA) as the primary marker. As freshness declined, VBN compounds accumulated in the package headspace and caused a gradual FI color change from yellow to blue through pH variation. ΔE increased from 7.72 on day 2 to 23.52 on day 3. This marked the onset of visible color change and the FI reached full blue by day 7. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) quantified monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and TMA throughout storage. ΔE correlated strongly with total bacterial count (TBC, r = 0.978), pH (r = 0.901) and TMA (r = 0.888). These results indicate that microbial growth, alkalinity increase and amine production were closely associated with color transitions. The FI reliably tracked freshness loss in skate sashimi. It has potential to enhance consumer transparency and strengthen quality control in the seafood supply chain.

A new sensor system for the determination of nitrogen-containing pharmaceutical substances has been proposed. It is based on the use of an ion association complex formed between cationic polyacrylamide (CPAA) and sulfonephthalein dye as a reagent. Bromocresol purple (BCP) interacts with CPAA to form a complex through hydrophobic interaction as well as electrostatic interaction. In the pH range from 3.5 to 5.5, this leads to an increase in the intensity of the dianionic form BCP band at 590 nm. The interaction between the polymer and the dye leads to an increase in the acidic properties of BCP, causing its pKa2 to shift from 6.3 to 3.75. Subsequently, when loratadine (LOR) is added to the CPAA/BCP system, the strong electrostatic interaction between the BCP monoanion and the protonated form of LOR leads to a decrease in the intensity of the band at 590 nm and an increase in the absorbance of the band at 432 nm, which is related to the dye monoanion. Here, we have demonstrated that this facile methodology can enable the rapid, reliable, and selective determination of LOR with a detection limit of 1.6 mg L−1 and a linear range from 5.0 to 120 mg L−1. The environmental friendliness of the developed method was assessed using the AGREE metric and is characterized by a high score of 0.83. The developed method represents a new approach to the creation of extraction-free spectrophotometric methods based on ionic associates of anionic dyes with protonated forms of nitrogen-containing medicinal compounds. The method was successfully applied to the determination of LOR in pharmaceutical preparations with satisfactory precision and accuracy. Overall, the results obtained indicate that this method has great potential for application in pharmaceutical analysis.

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is an important resource that is used as a raw material in the production of fertilizers and fuels. It is generated from animal excrement and plant decomposition. Because NH 3 is highly toxic, a high‐sensitivity and responsivity method for its visual detection is required. Fluorescent dyes that respond to NH 3 have been developed for visual detection. However, ultraviolet irradiation is required to confirm changes in their fluorescence colors. Herein, the visualization of gaseous NH 3 under natural light using an ionic liquid–based pH‐responsive dye is reported. The dye is synthesized using trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium (P 66,614 ) and bromocresol purple (BCP). In addition, a [P 66614 ] 2 [BCP] thin film that exhibits a visible response to gaseous NH 3 is synthesized, manifested as a color change from yellow to dark blue. Additionally, it exhibits sensitivity with a limit of detection of 66 ppm, repeatability for >100 exposure cycles, and a rapid response to gaseous NH 3 . To demonstrate practical applicability, gaseous NH 3 emitted from food is detected using the thin film. The thin film responds to trace amounts of NH 3 released from pork, which is visible as a color change from yellow to blue. Thus, [P 66614 ] 2 [BCP] has good application potential as a gaseous NH 3 sensor.

Lodderomyces elongisporus is an emerging, cryptic opportunistic yeast increasingly linked to fungemia, especially in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling devices. Frequently misidentified as Candida parapsilosis due to phenotypic overlap, it escapes timely diagnosis, delaying effective therapy. Despite accounting for<2% of candidemia cases, true prevalence is likely underestimated. Critically, L. elongisporus exhibits reduced susceptibility to echinocandins, making misidentification clinically dangerous. To develop and validate the LODDY Test-a novel, cost-effective, pH-indicator-based culture medium for rapid, accurate identification of L. elongisporus, particularly in resource-limited settings. The LODDY Test integrates four differential carbohydrates (sucrose, maltose, lactose, and arabinose) with bromocresol purple. We tested 41L. elongisporus isolates (1 reference, 40 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region -confirmed environmental strains) and 40 comparator yeasts (C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and Nakaseomyces glabratus) from urban/peri-urban Thai sites. Species identity was confirmed by ITS sequencing. LODDY results were benchmarked against the Analytical Profile Index 20C Auxanographic assimilation test (API 20C AUX), CHROMagar™ chromogenic medium, and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and ITS-DNA sequencing. The LODDY Test achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity, distinctly identifying L. elongisporus (no color change) from yellow-producing Candida spp. and purple N. glabratus. Performance matched MALDI-TOF MS and ITS sequencing but required only basic equipment. The LODDY Test is a low-cost, high-accuracy diagnostic tool suitable for decentralized labs. Its clinical validation in bloodstream isolates is the next step toward improving candidemia outcomes in low-resource settings.

An innovative hydrogel-based colorimetric freshness indicator array for smart packaging of bananas, apples, and pears

In this study, a polymerized film of bromocresol purple was successfully formed on a glassy carbon electrode using cyclic voltammetry. Several parameters were investigated to optimize the polymerization process. The optimal conditions included 35 potential cycles in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 5.6 containing 0.1 M NaNO3 and 5.0 × 10–4 M monomer, resulting in a stable poly(bromocresol purple) film on the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the modified electrode. The modified electrode showed a significant improvement in melatonin detection and was successfully applied for its analysis in phosphate buffer solution at pH 8.0. Melatonin was determined over linear ranges of 0.08–60 µM using differential pulse voltammetry, and 0.2–10 and 20–100 µM using square wave voltammetry, with corresponding detection limits of 24.4 and 51.8 nM, respectively. The developed methods were successfully applied to tablet dosage forms, human serum, and artificial urine samples, yielding satisfactory recoveries between 99.36% and 101.06%. The selectivity of the modified electrode was assessed in the presence of potential interfering substances commonly present in human body fluids, with a tolerance limit of ±3.9%. Furthermore, the modified electrode demonstrated excellent reproducibility and long‐term stability.

Conducting an extensive study of the current outcomes of PG system appears to be of good interest to the scientific community. In an effort to meet the global goal of creating a pollution-free environment for sustainable development, this study reports better PG cell results. A present cell with a Bromocresol Purple (BCP)+NaLS+AA system was used to analyse the different solar properties. By changing a number of the PG cell's characteristics, BCP investigated the primary impacts of solar energy. Better electrical results from renewable energy have been the goal of the research and the PG cell has effectively shown the system's efficiency in an experimental process. For BCP+NaLS+AA system, Photopotential, photocurrent, maximum photocurrent and equ. photocurrent was measured 918.00 mV, 564 μA, 618.00 μA and 564 μA, respectively. The PG cell's fill factor, conversion efficiency and performance were 160.00 minutes, 0.3937 and 2.3446% respectively, according to the data. The results showed that the PG system had undergone a more comprehensive and innovative study.

Synthesis of transition metal and rare earth metal doped nanocrystalline CdAl2O4: An outstanding approach for photodegradation of harmful organic contaminants

Spectrophotofluorometric assay of Sulfaguanidine in Milk whey.