Broad Transition Research Articles

Thermomagnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of FeCoNiCrAl-type high-entropy alloys

In this work, we investigate the effects of substituting Ni/Al for Cr on the thermomagnetic and magnetocaloric properties of FeCoNiCrAl-type high entropy alloys (HEAs). Ni and Al appear to prefer the BCC phase, and increases in the Al composition appear to stabilize the BCC phase. In contrast to Al, Ni content yields an increase in the FCC phase fraction, resulting in a drop off in magnetization. The phase transformation from BCC to FCC was intensified at annealing temperatures of 800 °C and higher due to increased diffusion rates and the resulting spinodal decomposition. A magnetic phase transition around 150 K was found in the FeCoNi1.5Cr0.5Al annealed alloy potentially corresponding to the FCC phase, and a very broad magnetic phase transition was observed in the annealed FeCoNiCrAl alloy, resulting in a high refrigerant capacity of RCFWHM = 242.6 J⋅kg-1 near room temperature. A peak magnetic entropy change of −ΔSM = 0.674 J⋅kg-1⋅K-1 was also obtained at applied fields of ∼70 kOe at 290 K in the FeCoNiCrAl HEA. These magnetocaloric values are comparable to Fe-based metallic glasses such as Fe-Tm-B-Nb and Fe-Zr-B-Co alloys, with a similar transition near room temperature.

71Ga NMR characterization of an n-doped free-standing gallium nitride wafer

The crystallinity of an n-doped free-standing GaN wafer sliced from a GaN crystal grown on a GaN template with a mask pattern was characterized by 71Ga NMR. The quadrupolar frequency determined from the quadrupolar-split 71Ga spectra agreed with that of free-standing GaN single crystals reported in the literature. On the other hand, the broad satellite transition lines compared to the central transition line manifested structural deviation. The satellite linewidths were notably anisotropic with respect to the angle between the magnetic field and the crystalline axes; this phenomenon was attributed to the strain distribution inside the crystal. Assuming uniform deformation of the crystal as the main origin of the satellite linewidths, the longitudinal strain distribution was estimated to be on the order of 10−5. The strain distribution was also found to be slightly larger at the center of the wafer than at the edge.

An extended-cavity diode laser at 497 nm for laser cooling and trapping of neutral strontium

We present the first extended-cavity diode laser in Littrow configuration operating in the cyan wavelength range around 497 nm. The gallium-nitride based diode laser features a free-space output with up to 60 mW, operates in a single frequency mode, is tunable over a range of more than 8 nm and has a Lorentzian linewidth of less than 90 kHz. A detailed characterization of the tuning capabilities of the diode laser and its emission spectrum is provided. This compact, simple and low cost laser source replaces more complex systems based on frequency doubling and therefore simplifies the development of future compact and mobile optical clocks based on neutral strontium. Applications include efficient repumping of strontium atoms from the 5s5p state and the 9.8 MHz broad 5s5p transition might be of interest for sub-Doppler cooling.

Disappearance of Tramadol and THC-COOH in Hair After Discontinuation of Abuse. Two Different Profiles.

The retrospective calendar of an individual's drug use requires a multisectional analysis in which the length of hair, corresponding to the full temporal window available, is cut into shorter sections to measure drug use during shorter periods of time (generally 1 cm corresponds to ~1 month). Segmental hair analysis is used to verify both previous drug history and recent enforced abstinence. However, after drug discontinuation, the fresh new hair growth segment cannot be immediately negative, due to the contribution of dormant hair. The objective of the study was to test hair samples from chronic tramadol and cannabis users after the discontinuation of both drugs and to evaluate the delay to wait until the hair will become negative. Hair specimens were obtained from eight subjects with a known history of tramadol abuse. Hair was collected 3-6 months after tramadol discontinuation. Tramadol was tested by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with a LOQ at 5 pg/mg. A second set of hair specimens were obtained from 15 subjects with a known history of cannabis abuse. Hair was collected 6-9 months after cannabis discontinuation. THC-COOH was tested by LC-MS-MS with a LOQ at 0.2 pg/mg. The hair stands were cut into L × 1 cm segments, according to their length (L), and tested for the respective drug. It was asked to each subject to clearly indicate the date of drug discontinuation. Assuming a rate of hair growth of 1 cm/month, the segment corresponding to the time of last drug use was calculated. The older segment just before this one was considered as the 100% of the response. THC-COOH and tramadol concentrations in this segment ranged from 2.3 to 8.9 and 895 to 21,010 pg/mg, respectively. After cessation of drug consumption, the presence of both drugs in new growing hair segments continued for a certain period with a more or less broad transition zone. Negative hair results were obtained ~3-4 and 6-7 months after cessation of tramadol and cannabis abuse.

Conformational Bias in Unfolded Proteins Studied by Sequence Reversal

Sequence patterns of charge, hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and other amino acid physicochemical properties contribute to mechanisms of protein folding, but how sequence composition and patterns influence the conformational dynamics of the denatured state ensemble is not fully understood. To investigate structure-sequence relationships in the denatured state, we reversed the sequence of staphylococcal nuclease and characterized its structure, thermodynamic character, and hydrodynamic radius using circular dichroism spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, and size-exclusion chromatography as a function of temperature. The macromolecular size of “Retro-nuclease” was found to be highly expanded in solution with characteristics similar to biological intrinsically disordered proteins. In contradistinction to a disordered state, Retro-nuclease exhibits a broad sigmoid transition of its hydrodynamic dimensions as temperature is increased, indicating a thermodynamically controlled compaction. Counterintuitively, the magnitude of these temperature-induced hydrodynamic changes exceed that observed from thermal denaturation of folded unaltered staphylococcal nuclease. Undetectable by calorimetry and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, the lack of heat capacity or fluorescence changes throughout the thermal transition indicate canonical hydrophobic collapse did not drive the Retro-nuclease structural transitions. Instead, temperature-dependent circular dichroism spectroscopy and computer simulation correlate the temperature sensitivity to the intrinsic sampling of backbone conformations for polyproline II and α-helix. Using analytical techniques that relate backbone conformational bias to hydrodynamic size, the observed changes in Retro-nuclease structure with temperature indicate backbone conformational propensities and coil transition enthalpies that are in good agreement with calorimetric and spectroscopic studies of short peptides.

Improvement of Energy Storage Characteristics of (Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 Thick Films by the Increase of Electric Breakdown Strength from Nano-Sized Grains

Lead free (Ba0.7Ca0.3) TiO3 thick films with nano-sized grains are prepared using an aerosol deposition (AD) method at room temperature. The crystallinity of the AD thick films is enhanced by a post annealing process. Contrary to the sharp phase transition of bulk ceramics that has been reported, AD films show broad phase transition behaviors due to the nanosized grains. The polarization-electric hysteresis loop of annealed AD film shows ferroelectric behaviors. With an increase in annealing temperature, the saturation polarization increases because of an increase in crystallinity. However, the remnant polarization and cohesive field are not affected by the annealing temperature. BCT AD thick films annealed at 700 °C/2h have an energy density of 1.84 J/cm3 and a charge-discharge efficiency of 69.9%, which is much higher than those of bulk ceramic with the same composition. The higher energy storage properties are likely due to the increase in the breakdown field from a large number of grain boundaries of nano-sized grains.

The politics of consensus: al-Nahda and the stability of the Tunisian transition

Tunisia&s transition away from authoritarianism has been shaped by a politics of consensus, which has brought together representatives of the former regime with their historic adversary, the Islamist movement al-Nahda. This article argues that consensus politics was a legacy of the authoritarian regime that was re-produced during a democratizing transition. The politics of consensus was encouraged and enabled by al-Nahda, which prioritized its inclusion within this elite settlement to provide political security for itself and the broader transition. However, this came at a cost, engineering a conservative transition, which did not pursue significant social or economic reform. The Tunisian case shows that historical legacies, such as consensus politics, can shape a transition as much as contingent, pragmatic decisions by political leaders.

Low dimensional magnetism in the trirutile tantalates Co1−xMgxTa2O6 with weak-ferromagnetic features

The magnetic properties of the low-dimensional trirutile tantalates Co1−xMgxTa2O6 [x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0] are reported in this paper. CoTa2O6 is an antiferromagnet with a transition temperature at TN=6.6 K, while showing a very broad peak in the magnetic susceptibility at ≈12 K owing to the low dimensionality of the magnetic interactions. In our study, where Mg is introduced at the Co position, we see the disappearance of the broad transition for high values of x. For the x=0.1 composition, three transitions are observed in the magnetization at 28 K, 6 K, and 3.3 K. Our analysis of magnetization data using the anisotropic Heisenberg and the Ising models for spin chains points out that the magnetic interactions in Co1−xMgxTa2O6 are indeed low dimensional. Field-induced metamagnetic transitions are observed in the case of x=0 and x=0.1 compositions of Co1−xMgxTa2O6, which are evident in the magnetization isotherms at T=2 K. Interestingly, we find that with progressive doping up to x=0.5 and 0.7, we obtain higher magnetization pointing to the possibility of weak-ferromagnetism. This might point toward the formation of single-chain magnets, which opens up a new possibility in low dimensional oxides for spintronics applications.

A Nested Land Uses–Landscapes–Livelihoods Approach to Assess the Real Costs of Land-Use Transitions: Insights from Southeast Asia

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is viewed as an effective way to mitigate climate change by compensating stewards of forested areas for minimizing forestland conversion and protecting forest services. Opportunity costs assess the cost of foregone opportunity when preserving the forest instead of investing in an alternative activity or resource use. This paper questions the calculation method of opportunity costs using averaged economic benefits and co-benefits of different land-use transitions. We propose a nested approach to land-use transitions at the interface between landscapes and livelihoods and assessing a wide range of potential socio-ecological costs and benefits. Combining household surveys and focus groups with participatory mapping, we applied the approach in villages of Laos, Vietnam and China positioned along a broad transition trajectory from subsistence shifting cultivation to intensive commercial agriculture. By looking beyond the economics of land use, we highlight important linkages between land-use changes and livelihood differentiation, vulnerability and inequalities. Our results show the importance of addressing the impacts of land-use transitions on a wide range of potential ecological and socioeconomic costs and benefits at multiple levels.

Alkaline-Earth Atoms in Optical Tweezers

We demonstrate single-shot imaging and narrow-line cooling of individual alkaline earth atoms in optical tweezers; specifically, strontium-88 atoms trapped in $515.2~\text{nm}$ light. We achieve high-fidelity single-atom-resolved imaging by detecting photons from the broad singlet transition while cooling on the narrow intercombination line, and extend this technique to highly uniform two-dimensional arrays of $121$ tweezers. Cooling during imaging is based on a previously unobserved narrow-line Sisyphus mechanism, which we predict to be applicable in a wide variety of experimental situations. Further, we demonstrate optically resolved sideband cooling of a single atom close to the motional ground state of a tweezer. Precise determination of losses during imaging indicate that the branching ratio from $^1$P$_1$ to $^1$D$_2$ is more than a factor of two larger than commonly quoted, a discrepancy also predicted by our ab initio calculations. We also measure the differential polarizability of the intercombination line in a $515.2~\text{nm}$ tweezer and achieve a magic-trapping configuration by tuning the tweezer polarization from linear to elliptical. We present calculations, in agreement with our results, which predict a magic crossing for linear polarization at $520(2)~\text{nm}$ and a crossing independent of polarization at 500.65(50)nm. Our results pave the way for a wide range of novel experimental avenues based on individually controlled alkaline earth atoms in tweezers -- from fundamental experiments in atomic physics to quantum computing, simulation, and metrology implementations.

Photon-recoil spectroscopy: Systematic shifts and nonclassical enhancements

In photon recoil spectroscopy, signals are extracted from recoils imparted by the spectroscopy light on the motion of trapped ions as demonstrated by C. Hempel et al., Nature Photonics 7, 630 (2013) and Y. Wan et al., Nature Communications 5, 3096 (2014). The method exploits the exquisite efficiency in the detection of phonons achievable in ion crystals, and is thus particularly suitable for species with broad non-cycling transitions where detection of fluorescence photons is impractical. Here, we develop a theoretical model for the description of photon recoil spectroscopy based on a Fokker-Planck equation for the Wigner function of the phonon mode. Our model correctly explains systematic shifts due to Doppler heating and cooling as observed in the experiment. Furthermore, we investigate quantum metrological schemes for enhancing the spectroscopic sensitivity based on the preparation and detection of nonclassical states of the phonon mode.

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of Sm3+ doped lead barium niobate (PBN) ceramics

Rhombohedral samarium doped Lead based ceramic materials were fabricated by a high temperature conventional solid state mixed oxide ceramic process. The ceramic composition Pb1-x-3y/2BaxRey3+ Nb2O6 (x = 0.35 and y = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06, Re3+ = Sm3+). The pure and Sm3+ doped lead barium niobate ceramic materials are single phase with rhombohedral(hexagonal) symmetry obtained from powder x-ray diffraction (XRD). The grain size has been measured for all the compositions and lying between 1.60 and 2.90 μm. Broad dielectric peak phase transitions observed with temperature in pure and Sm3+ ion modified lead barium niobate ceramic materials. It is observed that the high values of piezoelectric charge coefficients in d31 and d33 in Sm3+ doped lead barium niobate ceramics. The mechanical quality factor Qm and d33 increases with increase of Sm3+ ion concentration and indicating a highly polarisable lead ion contributing to high Curie temperature dielectric constant.

Interpenetrating thermophobic and thermophilic dual responsive networks

ABSTRACTPoly(N‐acryloyl glycinamide) (PNAGA)/poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels were made by UV‐light initiated radical polymerization in two‐steps. The IPN hydrogels showed a double thermoresponsive behavior due to the combination of PNIPAAm (thermophobic) and PNAGA (thermophilic) networks. Increasing the content of the thermophobic PNIPAAm network leads to a change from a broad thermophilic volume phase transition temperature of PNAGA to a thermophilic–thermophobic‐type dual transition for the prepared IPN. Due to the double thermoresponsive character of the IPN gels, the mechanical properties are dependent upon temperature as demonstrated by performing tensile tests in water at 15 and 50 °C. Furthermore, the IPN hydrogels were characterized using turbidity measurements, SEM, and the determination of the equilibrium swelling ratio. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 539–544

Torsional Fiber Actuators from Shape-memory Polymer

ABSTRACT:Humanoid robots, prosthetic limbs and exoskeletons require soft actuators to perform their primary function, which is controlled movement. In this work, we explored whether crosslinked poly[ethylene-co-(vinyl acetate)] (cPEVA) fibers, with different vinyl acetate (VA) content can serve as torsional fiber actuators, exhibiting temperature controlled reversible rotational changes. Broad melting transitions ranging from 50 to 90 °C for cPEVA18-165 or from 40 to 80 °C for cPEVA28-165 fibers in combination with complete crystallization at temperatures around 10 °C make them suitable actuating materials with adjustable actuation temperature ranges between 10 and 70 °C during repetitive cooling and heating. The obtained fibers exhibited a circular cross section with diameters around 0.4±0.1 mm, while a length of 4 cm was employed for the investigation of reversible rotational actuation after programming by twist insertion using 30 complete rotations at a temperature above melting transition. Repetitive heating and cooling between 10 to 60 °C or 70 °C of one-end-tethered programmed fibers revealed reversible rotations and torsional force. During cooling 3±1 complete rotations (Δθr = + 1080±360°) in twisting direction were observed, while 4±1 turns in the opposite direction (Δθr = - 1440±360°) were found during heating. Such torsional fiber actuators, which are capable of approximately one rotation per cm fiber length, can serve as miniaturized rotary motors to provide rotational actuation in futuristic humanoid robots.

A robotic multiple-shape-memory ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuator: modeling approach

The multiple-shape-memory ionic polymer–metal composite (MSM-IPMC) actuator can demonstrate complex 3D deformation. The MSM-IPMC has two distinct characteristics, which are the electromechanical actuation effect and the thermal-mechanical shape memory effect. The bending, twisting, and oscillating motions of the actuator could be controlled simultaneously or separately by means of thermal-mechanical and electromechanical transduction. In this study, a theoretical model for the MSM-IPMC was developed and experimentally investigated. Based on previous studies on the electromechanical actuation effect of ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC), a comprehensive physics-based model of MSM-IPMC which couples the actuation effect and the multiple shape memory effect was developed. To verify the model, an MSM-IPMC sample was prepared and used in experimental testing. The simulation results were shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results obtained. The multiple shape memory and recovery rate of three different polymers, namely the Nafion, Aquivion and GEFC of different ions, which are the hydrogen, lithium and sodium, were also tested. Based on the results, it is shown that all the polymers demonstrate the multiple shape memory effect with varying amounts of programmable shapes. The ion type was shown to have an influence on the broad glass transition range of the polymers, which in turn dictated the number of possible programmable shapes for each membrane. The current study is beneficial for the better understanding of the multiple shape memory effect of MSM-IPMC.

Cr or C controlled formation of transition martensite in dissimilar metal weld

In this study, Ta and Y, were added as inducing elements into low-alloy steel and Ni-based alloy dissimilar metal weld (DMW), to separately promote the interfacial diffusion of C and Cr, such that the formation of transition martensites was affected as well. The results show that the samples with inducing elements have broad transition zones compared with the control sample, and the C-rich and Cr-rich transition martensite layers can be distinguished by scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis and electro-probe microanalyzer indicates that the width of the transition martensite in the DMW is determined by the content and diffusion range of Cr rather than those of C. The C-rich martensite laths grow in various directions, whereas the Cr-rich martensite laths are at an angle of ~45° with respect to the fusion line. Kernel average misorientation maps demonstrate that when the C-rich martensite layer appears alone in the transition zone, the stress of the weld interface is high. When the C-rich and Cr-rich martensite layers appear together, the interfacial stress significantly decreases. X-ray diffraction spectra show that (110)α is the main peak of Cr-rich martensite, (111)γ is the main peak of the unconverted face-centered-cubic phase, and these two directions can fit each other well. The formation of the C-rich martensite layer is primarily driven by the chemical potential, whereas the formation of the Cr-rich martensite layer is primarily driven by the welding stress.

Rheological Control of Lateral Growth of the Tibetan Plateau: Numerical Results

AbstractThe collision and continued convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates in the past ~50 million years have raised the Tibetan Plateau, but whether or not, and how, the plateau has grown laterally remains controversial. Here we show that useful insights can be gained by studying lithospheric deformation across the front margins of the Tibetan Plateau. Crossing its northern and eastern sides where the plateau is bounded by the Tarim and Sichuan blocks, the topographic slope is steep and crustal deformation is localized near the margins of the plateau, whereas across northeastern Tibetan Plateau the topographic slope is gentle and crustal deformation is diffuse over a broad transition zone. Using a suite of two‐dimensional viscoplastic finite element models, we reproduced the major features of the two types of plateau margins with different rheological contrasts between the Tibetan Plateau and the bounding Asian blocks. Our results suggest that the bounding Asian blocks with a strong mantle lithosphere, such as the Tarim and the Sichuan Basins, have restricted the lateral growth of the Tibetan Plateau, although limited lateral expansion of the plateau can occur where the upper crust of these bounding blocks are relatively weak. Major lateral growth of the Tibetan Plateau mainly occurred northeastward, where numerous terranes with relatively weak mantle lithosphere are readily deformed and incorporated into the Tibetan Plateau. This growth front has reached the strong Alashan and Ordos blocks. Further lateral growth of the Tibetan Plateau depends on whether or not the Tibetan tectonics can weaken the mantle lithosphere of these Asian blocks.

Моделювання екотону відповідно за мозаїчними характеристиками утворень сучасних ентомокомплексів на пшениці озимій

The article discusses the construction of the main problem of phytosanitary diagnostics of an ecotone - its complex ecological structure, primarily a mosaic, which determines a high level of biodiversity as a consequence of the effect of ecotones, as well as the effects on phytophagous complexes on winter wheat. An ecotone is the highly dynamic boundary between two disparate ecosystems:vegetation types and biomes. Ecotones can be very narrow and sharply defined, suchas a terrestrial-aquatic boundary, or they can represent a broad transition betweendiffering biomes, such as a gradual conversion between grassland and forest. Often, the flora and fauna found on either side of an ecotone will not be similar to one another,and species favoring one side of the ecotone will not fare as well on the other. Because of the variability in vegetation cover and abiotic factors characterizedby ecotones, biodiversity across an ecotone tends to be higher than in relativelyhomogeneous habitats on either side of the ecotone. Ecotones can be formed bynatural processes, such as floods, fires, and volcanic activity, but increasingly, humanland use activities have created ecotones. Examples of anthropogenic ecotones areagricultural-pastoral boundaries, urban-rural spaces, and parks or protected landadjacent to lands used to meet human resource needs. One concern that land managers express over ecotones is that they favor the successof invasive species. Human land uses such as road building or agricultural activitiescreate ecotones with wholly different competition and predation regimes. Areas ofundisturbed natural habitat are typically more resistant to invasive species, but patcheswhere parts of previous ecosystems have been removed prove particularly prone tocolonization by invasives, such as fire ants, tumbleweed, or buffelgrass. Ecotones usually prefer certain types of vegetation and fauna over others. Species requiring a high degree of stability and continuity of the habitat will not succeed in ornear ecotone; species adapted to breaches or boundaries can better utilize the sources found in these niches. Abiotic factors, such as erosion, sedimentation, snow accumulation, nutrient availability, salinity and temperature, are affected by certain cations and tend to differ from one side of the border to the other. Ecotones can also form microclimates that, in addition to others, belong to other species. For example, а а fields of winter wheat surrounded by a forest will be characterized by higher extreme temperatures and faster temperature changes than the surrounding forest. In addition, direct light reaching the ground will lead to accelerated evaporation and, possibly, dry meadow soils faster than in the forest. The features of an ecotone, in particular the presence of environmental friendliness between populations, its parameters — location, density, and other indicators. Keywords: ecotone, biodiversity, landscape, entomophagous, ecotone mosaic, agrocenoses, winter wheat

Pollen, Plague & Protestants: The Medieval Monastery of Þingeyrar (Þingeyraklaustur) in Northern Iceland

ABSTRACT Until recently, Icelandic monasticism has been considered remote from European monasticism and that it had little impact upon medieval Icelandic society. Focussing upon a monastic site in northern Iceland (Þingeyraklaustur), palaeoecological data is utilised to explore the role of Icelandic monasticism with regard to land use in order to discern whether or not the aforementioned conventions hold true. In particular, are changes in land use associated with the eleventh century revival of European monasticism apparent in Iceland? Further consideration is given to changes in land use arising due to the challenges of plague, Reformation, and the prevailing climate regime for the Medieval period in Iceland. At Þingeyraklaustur, the clearance of Betula seems to be associated with the foundation of the monastery in the early twelfth century. The impact of plague is observed in the recovery of Betula during the fifteenth century. On both counts, events at Þingeyraklaustur reflect those encountered in the palaeoecological archive for monasteries elsewhere in Europe. Overall, there is a broad transition from dwarf shrub wetland to a grassland dominated landscape from the time of Iceland’s settlement, through the monastic period (AD 1133–1551), and beyond the sixteenth century Reformation into the eighteenth century.

Tuning the Phase Transition from UCST-Type to LCST-Type by Composition Variation of Polymethacrylamide Polymers.

Polymethacrylamide copolymers with hydrophobic N-substituted acrylamides, such as N-cyclohexylacrylamide and N-tert-butylacrylamide, are rare examples of polymers showing composition-dependent thermoresponsive behavior in water. They show unexpected behavior different from the conventional copolymers of a thermoresponsive polymer with hydrophobic comonomers. On increasing the amount of the hydrophobic comonomer in the polymer, there is a change from UCST-type phase behavior to complete solubility, followed by compositions showing LCST-type transition and insolubility in water (U-S-L-I-type change). At 50 mol% of less hydrophobic N-tert-butyl acrylamide (logP 0.87) in contrast to ≈25 mol% of N-cyclohexylacrylamide (logP 1.51), the broad UCST-type transition of polymethacrylamide is turned to LCST-type transitions with very narrow hysteresis in water and PBS buffer. The use of H-bond and water-structure breaker showed the role of H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions in phase transitions of UCST-type and LCST-type, respectively. This work is an important add-on to the infant field of nonionic polymers of UCST-type.