Broad Sense Research Articles

The questions of judicial interpretation and the principle of legal certainty

Changing the theoretical approaches to the definition of the essence and role of judicial interpretation, as well as consolidation the right to interpret the law by the Supreme Court, formulating the legal positions that are mandatory for lower courts, allowed judicial practice to become deeper and more expressive, gave it a creative beginning. At the same time, the excessive introduction of the creative element into law enforcement did not always leave it the opportunity to remain on the positions of reasonable predictability, and, therefore, to meet the criterion of legal certainty. The article is devoted to the analysis of changes in approaches to understanding judicial interpretation, as well as its practical implementation – in the context of compliance with the principle of legal certainty. In the process of work, the authors analyzed scientific researches and fundamental works, which summarized the main domestic views and approaches of theoretical value regarding judicial interpretation, and also the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The practice of the Supreme Court and the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court was chosen thematically, in the context of the application of articles 174, 309 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The authors stated the appeal/return to hermeneutics as a methodological direction in jurisprudence in the process of analyzing the evolution of views on judicial interpretation. In this regard, the concept is supported that the norm of the law can not be dogmatic-constant; its modernization is carried out, in particular, through judicial interpretation; and that “thoutless-dogmatic adherence to the letter of the law” is not an example for imitation in the administration of justice. At the same time, it was stated the need to adopt in the end a fair and impartial court decision (in the broadest sense - as a judicial act). The latest changes in the practice of the Supreme Court regarding the appeal in the appellate procedure for the removal of the seizure of property within the framework of pre-trial investigation were analyzed for compliance with the above-mentioned provisions. It is concluded that the rapid redeparture from previous legal positions, despite its substituting (which is considered indirectly): 1) does not correspond to the wisdom, logic and professionalism of the court; 2) calls into question the fairness and impartiality of the judgment; 3) contrary to the principle of legal certainty. It is proposed to recognize appropriate doctrinal control over such cases of law enforcement.

Eschatology and Care

Abstract The manuscripts of the Wellcome scribe are a group of illustrated learned codices, written mainly in Latin, which were presumably produced in Thuringia around the middle of the 15th century. Whereas the text-image structures of individual codices have been researched since the 1920s, partly in the context of the Warburg School, their common origin has only been known since the 1990s. The pictorial traditions and textual compilation strategies that can be grasped in the manuscripts continue to pose a challenge for research. The specific composition of eschatological, moralising and, in a broader sense, medical texts, which are occasionally interspersed with vernacular sections, point to an audience in the vicinity of educational institutions such as universities, which at the same time placed a high value on practical life orientation. A polarity of eschatology and care becomes tangible, which seems to be typical of late medieval mentality. The specific nature of this mentality and its intermedial manifestation in the manuscripts of the Wellcome scribe await further research, which is to be promoted in a colloquium announced in this article for spring 2026.

Employee Perceptions of Affordability at NASA MSFC

Affordability has been a key directive in engineering projects, particularly at NASA, as organizations seek to develop larger and more complex systems on stable or reduced budgets. For the objective of this research, we describe affordability in a broader sense as the ability to maximize organizational outputs while minimizing associated cost. Exactly how individual employees and managers enact this directive may differ, potentially causing misalignment when seeking to improve affordability. The purpose of this research is to understand employee perceptions of affordability at NASA’S Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. To capture these perceptions, this research used a survey adapted from pre-validated measures of organizational culture and climate with the addition of affordability-based questions. According to employee responses, areas in which improvements can be made regarding affordability at NASA MSFC include the prioritization of affordability as an organizational directive, team member input in decision-making processes related to affordability, and modernization of engineering processes within the organization. Perceived areas of strength in NASA MSFC as suggested by organization members regarding affordability include communication behaviors within the organization, interpersonal working relationships, and internal planning and scheduling. This paper contributes to a growing body of knowledge surrounding affordability in an applied sense by examining areas of focus for engineering management to direct organizational development efforts in order to guide affordability practices.

Taming BIG TECH – A shift in Paradigm and Its Implications for the Principle of ne bis in idem

p class="MsoNormal"With the adoption and entry into force of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) at the EU level as well as national laws targeting similar issues (e.g., the German §19a GWB), questions concerning the consequences of parallel proceedings (PP) pursuant to the competition provisions and – in its broadest sense – ‘digital regulatory law’ become more and more pressing. Potential conflicts with the principle of ne bis in idem are thus about to occur in various different constellations. Against the bigger picture of diverging approaches to competition law and/or regulation in the digital sphere, this article depicts the current legal framework regarding the prohibition of double jeopardy in EU (competition) law. It then identifies scenarios of possible PPs of the different (EU and national) provisions mentioned and exemplifies potential frictions by means of hypothetical case studies. The latter shall be further scrutinized according to the law as it stands and illustrate the different strands of arguments on how to deal with such conflicts. The aim of this article is thus to show that while the current legal framework is workable, the decisive element in many potential scenarios of PPs surrounds the notion of the idem, that is, more precisely, the element of the identity of the facts. A corollary of this finding is that there are pivotal questions to be clarified with respect to the objectives of the two regimes, namely the traditional competition provisions on the one hand and the DMA or DMA-like provisions at the national level on the other hand.o:p/o:p

Gender studies in comparative linguistics (Russian and Chinese languages)

In the last decade of the 20th century such categories as "gender", "ethnicity" and "age" gradually begin to move away from the single interpretation of "biologically determined" and begin to be interpreted differently, considered in a broader sense. In connection with this fact, in the scientific world, gender studies are one of the rapidly developing areas. The article is devoted not only to the analysis of existing developments in the field of gender research in comparative linguistics on the basis of the Russian and Chinese languages, but also to the subsequent comparison of the main trends observed in linguistic genderology. The authors analyzed and identified two main periods in the formation of gender studies - biological determinism and gender studies. The article also describes the transition period that served as the basis for modern gender studies. The main purpose of this article is to review research works on the study of gender in the Russian and Chinese languages for the purpose of comparison. Conducting the research, such general logical research methods as analysis and subsequent synthesis of material were used. The novelty of the research lies in the comparison of existing developments and methods of work in the field of gender studies in comparative linguistics on the basis of Russian and Chinese languages. The conclusions describe the main trends in the development of gender studies. The first trend is to identify the linguistic significance of the gender approach in linguistics as a whole. The second trend is devoted to establishing the role of the so-called extralinguistic reality in the process of forming gender itself. Gender studies in the Chinese language are aimed at studying gender in the theoretical aspect. Also, the works often compare the role and status of men and women in society for differences.

On scale-separated supersymmetric AdS2 flux vacua

We argue that scale-separated AdS2 vacua with at least two preserved supercharges cannot arise from flux compactifications in a regime of computational control. We deduce this by showing that the AdS2 scale is parametrically of the same order as the tension of a fundamental BPS domain wall, which provides an upper bound on the UV cutoff. Since the latter does not need to be associated to any geometric scale, the argument excludes scale separation in a broader sense than what commonly considered. Our claim is exemplified by a bottom-up 2D supergravity analysis as well as top-down models from Type II flux compactifications.

Human interparietal bones: Examination of existing classification schemes and development of a graphic library depicting variations.

Due to its complex ossification during development, the superior region of the human occipital bone is a frequent site of supernumerary bones known as interparietal bones. Interparietal bones have been extensively studied across various disciplines, resulting in multiple classification schemes using icon-like graphics to represent categories of interparietal variants. However, disparities across these classification schemes reveal the need for a standardized system to facilitate comparisons and permit data pooling across studies. Based on an extensive literature review and the examination of physical specimens, a graphic library of 80 evidence-based graphics capturing interparietal variants was designed for community use. It provides five graphics of different morphologies of the lambdoid suture, 64 graphics of interparietal bones, six of ossicles at lambda, three of mendosal suture variants, and two of intrasutural ossicles. This approach allows additional graphics to be added in the future as needed. Graphics are compared to those from existing classification schemes and an exercise using the graphics to classify crania was performed. In the broadest sense, this research establishes a model for improved practices in representing and sharing morphological data.

Graduates monitoring - an innovative statistical product for decision-making processes in education

The purpose of education in its broadest sense is to prepare an individual for life, which, along with general knowledge and skills, includes the individual's ability to engage in social and political processes as well as their professional training - the ability to participate in economic activities as an employer or employee. 1 Data-driven decisions are needed, so that students can make informed choices about what to study, and for government to develop educational programmes and policies. In partnership with the Ministry of Education and Science, the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (CSB) has actively pursued the opportunities for data linking. This endeavour aims to yield an innovative statistical product tailored to the specific requirements of decision-making processes. In Latvia, comprehensive and high-quality administrative data encompassing information on graduates of educational institutions, are available. Use of a single personal identifier facilitates matching the data on graduates with their income, and employment. The Graduates Monitoring Database includes the data on each year's graduates, starting from 2017, providing a comprehensive account of their employment and income for a ten-year period after their graduation.

Weaponized Songs: Pro-Putin and Other Totalitarian Musical Propaganda

Abstract The paper discusses the topic of weaponization of song, understood in the broadest sense as music with text, sung by one performer or several voices, with or without instrumental accompaniment. Whereas battle songs have historically been used during physical attack on the enemy, the use of music in propaganda gained significance in the twentieth century, with the rise of totalitarian regimes. The author refers to Ernst Cassirer’s elucidation of political myth and interprets contemporary uses of song in war propaganda by Putin and Islamic organizations, juxtaposing it with the abuse of song in totalitarian (communist and Nazi) regimes, and arguing that it is the mythicizing potential of song encapsulating a concise propagandist message that makes it the ideal carrier for propaganda. The author draws upon a vast range of literature on the topic, referring to the Third Reich, Maoist China, Putinist Russia, and the jihadi nasheed.

The Role of Chemical Pesticides in Environmental Pollution and Ecological Imbalance

Abstract Maintaining the natural biological balance in the environment is one of the most significant challenges facing humanity in the modern era. As a result of rapid technological development, humans have come to dominate all other living organisms and have begun to alter the surrounding environment. Pollution is a global phenomenon that has existed since the dawn of human history on Earth, and researching it is one of the most complex and challenging tasks. The disasters occurring now in many countries around the world threaten the foundations of life on Earth. It has become clear that Such threats stem from incorrect practices towards the environment. Every action humans take now contributes to some form of pollution, whether it be physical, psychological, or health-related. Pollution, in its broadest sense, refers to the disruption of the purity of soil, water, and their environment. It often begins with a material motive aimed at meeting human needs, but its effects spread to various components of the environment through different paths and forms, ultimately resulting in negative impacts on both humans and the environment. Today, we observe widespread pollution in our environment in its various forms, which not only mars the beauty of life but also instills fear and sorrow. The only option is to raise awareness of these dangers to mitigate them and overcome their associated problems. One of the modern measures of a nation’s civilization is the extent of its concern for the environment and its efforts to control all causes of pollution to preserve human health.

The Choreography of Familial Bargaining: A Qualitative Study of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) Negotiation in China.

This article provides an analysis of the negotiation process surrounding in vitro fertilisation (IVF) decisions in contemporary China, based on an ethnography conducted in Beijing. Building on the theoretical framework of applying a 'reprolens' and scholarly debates on the transforming family landscape in contemporary China, I delineate the complex dynamics through which women negotiate their choice of IVF with their families, documenting the ways in which power is distributed. I highlight not only individual-family power dynamics but also the intricate gendered ones within the family. I argue that family relationships shape the desire for IVF and the decision to pursue it; this journey, in turn, can reshape family dynamics. I propose the term familial bargaining to suggest a relational and dynamic perspective for examining how IVF negotiation is bound up with family relationships. At the intersection of biology and technology, IVF also affects the choreography of familial bargaining, as its different aspects serve as bargaining chips. Further, familial bargaining offers a nuanced perspective that helps to unveil the tensions and micro-politics between the gendered individual and the family in a broader sense.

Cyfryzacja, nowe technologie, media – jak skuteczniej regulować? Przegląd najnowszego prawa europejskiego – wybrane zagadnienia

Media and new information technologies are a challenge today in various contexts, including legal ones. Information security and security in the Internet are of particular importance. They affect basic values such as freedom of speech and media pluralism, and in a broader sense, the quality of democracy and human rights in general. Law in the discussed area is adopted in various systems, but due to the specificity of the problem, supranational regulations are the most effective. Currently, the most important regulation is adopted in the European Union. Although it applies to member states, it may be an inspiration for other systems. It seems that in the future, legislation in the discussed area will be deepened, especially due to the development of new media and the Internet, and the applicable regulations will be subject to constant verification and confrontation with real needs.

Legal Support of International Settlements in Modern Conditions

In the context of globalization, even in the context of economic crises, the focus on increasing corporate income and maintaining and increasing capital encourages companies around the world to analyze dynamically changing opportunities for geographical presence, operational activities, the potential for international settlements, including various settlement tools that directly affect the implementation and development of business. It is also necessary to take into account the current conditions of economic restrictions that are widespread and affect financial, banking, including settlements and legal relations. Sanctions have a serious impact on the modern structure of cross-border settlement relations, foreign exchange transactions around the world. Access to payment systems is critical for banks and other payment service providers in ensuring safe and efficient cross-border payment services. Authorities and operators must weigh these benefits against potential barriers and risks. Stakeholders in the international settlement ecosystem, such as non-banks, financial market infrastructures and foreign banks, may face challenges in gaining direct access to the payment system. Thus, different jurisdictions have the option of improving access to real-time gross settlement systems and other key payment systems that make settlements in central bank currency. Optimized access to domestic payment systems can contribute to the development of international (cross-border) settlement systems by addressing key issues such as long transaction chains, high financing costs, low competition and outdated technologies. In particular, increased access to various solutions in the field of cross-border settlements can contribute to increased competition and the development of innovations, which ultimately reflects the interests of consumers and affects the cost of final products in the markets of different countries. In a broader sense, the financial system could benefit from better mitigating estimated risks and potential benefits to financial stability by reducing manytier arrangements and creating a more diverse and sustainable ecosystem.

Improving the Quality of Mountain Facilities: A Novel Project in the Dolomites Area

In its broadest sense, the mountain environment represents a setting useful for promoting health. This Italian project, conceived and applied in the Dolomites, aims to encourage multi-sector preventive public health policies; improve refuge hygiene; strengthen safety requirements; and implement projects aimed at promoting health. With the support of healthcare workers (HCWs) of the Prevention Department and other professionals in this field, 27 establishments in the Alpine territory have joined the project, benefiting from being recognized as a “Healthy and Safe Refuge” at the end of the quality improvement process. This process consisted of a documentary assessment, an on-site evaluation, and an assessment of analytical evidence relating to parameters investigated by both HCWs and refuge managers according to specific protocols. Data were collected from a specific database via an application to join the project and from sampling reports of parameters investigated for evaluating the quality of water intended for human consumption. The outdoor Alpine environment has recently witnessed extraordinary development and must continue to meet all health and safety requirements, especially in view of a global event—the Olympic Games—that will be hosted in the Dolomites area in 2026.

Music's ability to foster prosocial behavior: a teleofunctionalist perspective.

Drawing on recent interdisciplinary music research-biologically or developmental psychologically oriented-which conceptualizes music as a communicative toolkit primarily serving affiliative communicative interaction, this paper investigates the question of whether and to what extent music is capable of fostering prosocial behavior within the framework of teleofunctionalism-a philosophical theory of mind. A teleofunctionalist perspective allows us to specify this question as follows: To what extent might a function of establishing affiliative socio-interactional relationships be considered a proper function of music, a concept suggested by philosopher Ruth Millikan? From an ontogenetic perspective, musical activities are considered to be rooted in protoconversational communication in early infancy, characterized as interpersonal coordination without involving propositional understanding. These activities develop into coordinated, non-representational forms of vitality, involving basic empathy, shared intentionality, and forms of understanding allowing for shared experiences. This effect of musical activities-establishing shared experiences-can be considered a proper function of music. A teleofunctional explanation of why musical practices that foster cooperation and prosocial behavior are reproduced is provided by the participants' positive evaluation of shared experiences structured by musical activities. By discussing a proper function of a musical activity, the author refines her own considerations concerning the minimal necessary conditions of music and musicality that can be conceived in a broader sense.

Critical Digital Pedagogy: Alternative Ways of Cultivating Critical Consciousness on Religious and Ecological Issues

This study aims to examine to what extent digital learning through documentary films contribute to instill students’ critical consiousness and inclusive understanding on ecological crisis and religious issues. The Mixed Method is employed in this study in which data are collected through observations, participative interviews, and questioners. As research participants, it involves 61 English Education students (the second semester in the year of 2024/2025) of Raden Intan Lampung of State Islamic University (UIN RIL). During one semester of following the lecture of “Islam and Environment”, they are provided the 10 selected documentary films that must be watched, analyzed, and wrote the idea of film into short essay. This study shows that students seems interested and enthusiastic in learning process and, in the broader sense, learning via films can enhance students’ sensitivity, new knowledge, self-awareness. This study also points out that as many as 78.7% of participants agree that political interests, uncertainty of laws, and inequal relation between human and nature are the roots of natural damage. Then, more than 80% of students (very) agree that all religions are responsible for preserving nature, not solely limited to certain religion. Related to the existence of indigenous communities, 54.1% of students very agree that they should be protected and not stigmatized and discriminated. Thus, this study concludes that digital pedagogy through documentary films can be alternative to instill students’ critical consciousness and inclusive religious understanding on the ecological issues.

Dual relay Rh-/Pd-catalysis enables β-C(sp3)-H arylation of α-substituted amines.

A dual relay catalytic protocol, built on reversible dehydrogenation of amines by Rh catalysis and C-H functionalisation of transient imines by Pd catalysis, is reported to enable regioselective arylation of amines at their unactivated β-C(sp3)-H bond. Notably, the new strategy is applicable to secondary anilines and N-PMP-protected primary aliphatic amines of intermediate steric demands, which is in contrast to the existing strategies that involve either free-amine-directed C-H activation for highly sterically hindered secondary aliphatic amines or steric-controlled migrative cross-coupling for unhindered N-Boc protected secondary aliphatic amines. Regioselectivity of the reaction is imposed by the electronic effects of transient imine intermediates rather than by the steric effects between specific starting materials and catalysts, thereby opening the uncharted scope of amines. In a broader sense, this study demonstrates new opportunities in dual relay catalysis involving hydrogen borrowing chemistry, previously explored in the functionalisation of alcohols, to execute otherwise challenging transformations for amines, commonly present in natural products, pharmaceuticals, biologically active molecules, and functional materials.

Literackie źródła i parantele polszczyzny biblijnej. Przyczynki lingwistyczne

The article is an attempt to indicate the complex genetic conditions and manifold ways in which linguistic units of biblical origin have penetrated the Polish language. The object of the study are selected structures of the rank of biblical collocations. These are the expressions: arka przymierza, padół łez/płaczu and the phrase (A) słowo stało się ciałem, which have gained the status of established units of the Polish language mainly through their representation in various forms in native Polish texts and genres belonging to literature in a broader sense (literary fiction, religious literature). The common ground for the dissemination of the biblicisms subjected to description turned out to be native Polish literary-religious texts referring to Marian themes and motifs deeply rooted in Polish literature and culture.

Curriculum Evaluation of English Course of Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) of Tribhuvan University

The study has explored the existing Bachelor in Business Studies (BBS) English curriculum of Tribhuvan University. The existing English curriculum at the Bachelor of Business Studies tends to teach the basics of grammar, communicative functions for business, and some literary constructs to help students connect their understanding of their learning. English is taught in the first and the second year of a year’s bachelor's program in the management faculty. Having a profound focus on the communicative aspect of business, the English curriculum intends to improve linguistic competence at lexical, structural and grammatical levels. The English curriculum opts for producing correct sentences, cohesive paragraphs, and organized texts on one hand and responding to literary and business readings critically and analytically on the other. In a broader sense, the curriculum tends to boost competence towards global understanding thereby strengthening their confidence. The students are expected to learn prior understanding, develop analytical and interpreting skills and enhance better communicative competence and business skills. However, the learners are taught to be capable enough to create new insight through critical reading, rationalizing grammatical assets and employing them in their real-life situations. Thus, this curriculum tries to cover the contemporary needs of both the learners and the society to serve the purpose of the 21st century.

DILEMMAS AND CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN THE SPORTS MARKET

Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) in the broader sense in the sports market encompasses all promotional techniques from the promotional mix spectrum, as well as all communication potentials of the point of sale of the sports product and the product itself, digital resources, and public relations. The lack of coordination in the use of communication potentials has led to the necessity of the IMC concept. The dilemmas and challenges arising from the sports market regarding the application of IMC stem from the issues of defining the sports segments that make up this market, the imprecision in distinguishing between marketing, promotion, and public relations, as well as the lack of synchronisation of communication aspects in the process of reaching customers and maintaining good long-term relationships with them. This paper will consider these dilemmas and challenges, aiming to highlight IMC's full potential in the sports market. Given that the sports market has specific characteristics compared to others, the main research question in this paper is which communication potentials of this market can be considered part of IMC. The results indicate that the sports market possesses a broader spectrum of communication potentials that can be utilized in the application of IMC, as well as that public relations represent a significant resource.