Breathing Valves Research Articles

Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Breathing Valves in Atmospheric Storage Tank under Fuzzy PID

The atmospheric storage tank breathing valve relies too much on manual experience and simple monitoring methods in monitoring and fault diagnosis, and cannot provide high-precision fault diagnosis and prediction. Therefore, this article introduces a monitoring and fault diagnosis system for atmospheric storage tank breathing valves based on Fuzzy PID (Proportional-Integrated-Derivative). The research aims to design the atmospheric storage tank breathing valve system into three modules. The monitoring module uses sensors for data collection, while the early warning module classifies the data based on the monitoring module to find the optimal classification boundary and achieve abnormal state recognition. The fault diagnosis module uses the fuzzy PID algorithm to thoroughly inspect and evaluate the abnormal conditions detected in the atmospheric storage tank, and finally evaluates the monitoring and fault diagnosis of the atmospheric storage tank breathing valve before and after improvement. The results showed that the diagnostic accuracy improved by using fuzzy PID was 35.2% higher than before. In summary, the diagnostic method proposed in this paper is superior to the traditional method and improves the reliability and performance of the system.

Призначення, модифікації і експлуатація резервуарного обладнання хімічних цехів коксохімічних виробництв

DOI: 10.31081/1681-309X-2024-0-2-48-56 Specialty 161. U.D.C. 662.74.001.24(07) PURPOSE, MODIFICATION AND OPERATION OF CAPACITIVE EQUIPMENT OF BY-PRODUCT PLANTS OF COKE PRODUCTION © Ye.I. Kudriavtsev, L.O. Kazak (STATE ENTERPRISE "STATE INSTITUTE FOR DESIGNING ENTERPRISES OF COKE OVEN AND BY-PRODUCT PLANTS'' (SE "GIPROKOKS''), 61002, 60 Sumska str., Kharkiv, Ukraine) The article presents an overview of capacitive equipment used in chemical shops of coke production. The advantages of metal modern capacitive equipment and the possibility of its long-term operation in present conditions are analysed. The basic principles are highlighted of selection when designing the type and materials of tanks and related equipment, which include heating devices, pumping equipment, various types of stirrers, coils, level, pressure and temperature measuring devices, breathing, hydraulic, safety and emergency valves, etc. In particular, the volume, material, wall thickness, and design of the bottoms and roofs of capacitive equipment depends not only on the technological features of the designed process in which it is used, but also on such factors as seismicity of the installation area, natural conditions, available industrial sites, etc. Information on modern requirements for the design features of capacitive flow-through equipment is provided, and the advantages of various design features are highlighted. The most modern and progressive features of the materials used, the principles of designing tank heating systems, etc. are presented. A generalised classification scheme for capacitive equipment is provided. The main requirements for modern capacitive equipment for various technological purposes are formulated: reliability and structural strength, due to the choice of technical solutions and materials resistant to the effects of product components present in this equipment. Examples of designed and installed equipment using different types of steel are given. Brief information is provided on the latest developments of SE “GIPROKOKS” that are of interest for use in coke production, taking into account the positive experience of operation, originality and efficiency of technical solutions, and specific features of particular enterprises. Keywords: coke production, design, capacitive equipment, tank, collector, heater, mechanised illuminator, material, heating, operation. Corresponding author Ye.I. Kudriavtsev, e-mail: jonnykvn1979@gmail.com

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF PRESSURE CHANGES IN THE GAS SPACE OF OIL STORAGE TANKS

Vertical steel tanks are a significant part of the main oil pipelines in terms of cost, purpose, and environmental impact. More than 30 % of vertical steel tanks will never be equipped with pontoons and floating roofs, but will be equipped with breathing valves, which are an ineffective means of reducing losses. The creation of excess pressure in the gas space of the tank requires control over it, while for tanks that have been in operation for a long time, a decrease in excess pressure and vacuum is allowed due to leakage of individual tank components. During the study, experiments were carried out to determine the change in pressure on 6 model tanks with a changing and stable filling level. As a result, it was revealed that it is necessary to analyze the change in pressure in the gas space of the reservoir by the operating organization online. This will allow timely detection of deviations in the operation of the tank and take the necessary action.

Experimental investigation on condensation inside of storage tanks during rapid cooling in a heavy rain event

Experiments have been performed on a 2.6 m3 gas and liquid filled vertical storage tank at ambient conditions that has been cooled with cold water. The breathing volume flow and main parameters, such as gas and wall temperatures, condensate masses generated and tank differential pressure have been measured. The experiments have been performed with dry air, water and methanol as storage media. The aim is to obtain validation data for future models and correlations for cooling of storage tanks. Additionally, the impact of fog formation in the tank atmosphere, dropwise and film condensation and rain intensity during heavy rain events on the maximum breathing flow rate have been investigated. As a result of the analysis of physical phenomena during the cooling of the tank, an increase in the maximum breathing volume flow for storage media with increasing vapor pressure was observed. Strong fog formation was visible in all experiments with condensable liquids. In contrast to alcoholic storage media, dropwise condensation on the wall is expected when storing aqueous media. Rain intensity and heat transfer models from literature were examined regarding the sizing of tank breathing valves. Deviations between experimental data and a typical manual calculation model for sizing of tank breathing devices varied between 13% and 143%. The validation on the experimental data clearly showed that current models are not suitable for describing the breathing volume flow rate that occurs during sudden heavy rain events with sufficient accuracy.

Investigation of parameters of leakage of toxic and explosive substances and gases under the action of high pressure from tanks of the special purpose during

Tanks for the storage of oil products and toxic substances in warehouses are the main ones. They can be in the form of separate tanks or a group of tanks. The most widespread are vertical steel tanks with a stationary roof that a placed in open areas. The tanks heat up, and the intensity of evaporation of the oil product increases in case of fire. If there is a permanent roof, the pressure in the tank will increase. If the capacity of the breathing valves is less than the intensity of evaporation then there is a risk of explosion. Explosions in the tank often lead to the separation of the bottom, and the side cylindrical surface and the roof fly away instantly, spilling oil on neighboring tanks and the territory of the tank’s park. Then the combustion area increases intensively. The destruction of the integrity of the tank, due to the separation of the bottom, contributes to temperature and power stresses, the value of which increases with increasing temperature of their heating and increasing pressure, respectively. The values of temperature stresses are added to the power stresses caused by pressure, and when the critical value is reached, destruction occurs.
 In the article by the method of mathematical modeling using the laws of thermodynamics and mechanics of liquids and gases, analytical dependences for research of parameters of leakage of toxic substances and gases at action of high pressure from capacities at their storage are received. Saint-Venant’s principle was used to model the gas flow rate process. The dependence of the duration of gas leakage from special purpose tanks at the change of the area of the emergency hole and the pressure drop is obtained. The obtained results allow determining the velocity and mass flow rate of the gas depending on the area of the hole, the time flow, and the difference of pressure. Therefore, the task of research the emergency situations of engineering cylindrical tanks under the influence of temperature and pressure, which leads to the spillage of toxic substances and gassiness is actual. The researches results are presented graphically.

The influence of pressure changes on the integrity of tanks for storage of petroleum products and toxic substances

Tanks for the storage of oil products and toxic substances in warehouses are the main ones. They can be in the form of separate tanks or a group of tanks. The most widespread are vertical steel tanks with a stationary roof that a placed in open areas. The tanks heat up, and the intensity of evaporation of the oil product increases in case of fire. If there is a permanent roof, the pressure in the tank will increase. If the capacity of the breathing valves is less than the intensity of evaporation then there is a risk of explosion. Explosions in the tank often lead to the separation of the bottom, and the side cylindrical surface and the roof fly away instantly, spilling oil on neighboring tanks and the territory of the tank’s park. Then the combustion area increases intensively. The destruction of the integrity of the tank, due to the separation of the bottom, contributes to temperature and power stresses, the value of which increases with increasing temperature of their heating and increasing pressure, respectively. The values of temperature stresses are added to the power stresses caused by pressure, and when the critical value is reached, destruction occurs.
 We investigated the stress-strain state of a steel vertical tank for the storage of oil products and toxic substances. The analysis of the reasons for the occurrence of admissible pressure in the tank, which is the reason for the loss of its integrity, is carried out. Using the differential equation of a closed cylindrical shell, which is under the action of internal pressure, analytical expressions are obtained to find deformations and stresses in the side cylindrical surface and bottom. Were calculated axial and annular stresses for the tank of RVS-900. Based on the basic relations of the theory of elasticity of thin plates and shells analytical expressions of the stress-strain state of the cylindrical tanks are obtained for conditions for changing of pressure on their structural elements. It is shown that the greatest values of axial stresses are obtained on the surface of the connection of the cylindrical surface with the bottom. The researches results are presented graphically.

Low Flow Anesthesia Techniques in Pediatrics

The wellbeing highlights of sedative machines and the accessibility of precise gas observing today beat the greater part of the specialized deficiencies and balance previous protection from the standard exhibition of low-stream sedation methods. Boundless accessibility of gas analyzers for checking FiO2, ETCO2 and specialist observing in present day sedation workstations help in the smooth, pragmatic lead of LFA. The clinical utilization of low-stream sedation is disentangled (without the need to turn to troublesome numerical counts) by the accessibility of dependable rules for the protected presentation of these methods in routine clinical practice. The recharged interest in LFA for grown-ups during the previous few decades and utilization of improved sedative and observing hardware likewise energized LFA in pediatric patients. The principle concerns raised were: spills because of utilization of uncuffed ETT and all the extra observing (example associations, channels, warmth and dampness exchangers, catheter mounts and point connectors) and breathing valves in the circuit adding to dead space and protection from the breathing circuit. Aviation route fixing with uncuffed ETT or LMA is demonstrated to be adequate to perform LFA in pediatric patients. The point of this survey article was to decide the wellbeing of low stream sedation in pediatrics and to energize more prominent utilization of the strategy in these patients.

Preliminary study of a mask filtration test device with respiratory simulation

Objective: To develop an air particulate protective mask filter test device that can simulate the dynamics process of human breathing. Methods: The new device used two air pumps working alternately to simulate the dynamics process of human breathing. On March 4th to 17th, 2017, the new device and the traditional one-way airflow mask filtration test device were used to measure the internal and external particle levels of 39 masks of 13 models of 6 brands, and then the filtration efficiency of the mask was calculated and the test results were compared. Results: For the mask without breathing valve, there was no statistically significant difference between the filter efficiency test results of the new device and the traditional unidirectional airflow filter performance test device (P>0.05) . For masks with breathing valves, the new device detected that three of them had lower filtration efficiency (99.50% vs 98.63%, P<0.01) . After sealing the mask breathing valve with glue, the filtering efficiency of the mask with a breathing valve detected by the new device significantly improved (98.63% vs 99.50%, P<0.01) . Conclusion: This new device can simulate the dynamic process of human exhalation and inhalation, and measure the filtration efficiency of the mask. For masks with breathing valves, the new device makes it easier to detect the decrease in the filtering efficiency of the mask caused by the breathing valve.

3-D printing firms rise to coronavirus challenge

For hospitals experiencing shortages of medical supplies needed to treat people with COVID-19, 3-D printing could prove a stopgap means of producing critical parts. Three-dimensional printing companies such as Carbon and Stratasys are already offering their expertise in the effort against the pandemic. “This is where distributed manufacturing is really going to shine,” Carbon chairman Joseph DeSimone said March 23 in a webinar the firm held about the coronavirus response. An illustration of 3-D printing’s potential came recently from Italy. A hospital was in need of critical breathing valves that it couldn’t procure through normal channels. Cristian Fracassi and Alessandro Ramaioli, two engineers at the Italian start-up Isinnova, started fabricating them with their 3-D printer. The pair had to reverse engineer the parts because the original manufacturer, citing lack of regulatory approval, wouldn’t send them designs. But red tape and the time required to design and produce parts means 3-D

Порівняльний аналіз технічних характеристик сучасних моделей засобів індивідуального захисту органів дихання

ABSTRACT. This article analyses the main features of respiratory protective equipment used during combat actions under the conditions of chemical and radiation contamination. Objective: To study the technical characteristics of respiratory protective equipment that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are equipped with for compliance with NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of sources of scientific information about respiratory protective equipment in operational service with Ukraine and NATO have been conducted. Study methods used: analytical, historical, bibliographic, systematic and informational approach. Results and discussion. It was established that the majority of respiratory protective equipment that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are equipped with has been manufactured before 1991. Their shelf lives exceed the acceptable ones, and the standards by which they were manufactured do not meet modern requirements. The authors have defined the principal directions for improving respiratory protective equipment: versatility for various tactical tasks; possibility of use along with optical devices; compliance of intercommunication systems and breathing valves with NATO standards; providing respiratory protection against a wide range of chemicals; long shelf life; resistance to special treatment means (degassing); possibility of rapid switch to combat position; portability and ease of use. Conclusion. Modern technical characteristics of respiratory protective equipment should comply with the nature of the threats and the best international standards. An important direction in the development of weaponry and military equipment in Ukraine is the improvement of domestic technologies and development of own production of personal protective equipment, technologically compatible with the samples that are in the operational service with NATO countries. Keywords: military toxicology, military radiology, medical protection, respiratory protective equipment.

Breathing resistance in automated metabolic systems is high in comparison with the Douglas Bag method and previous recommendations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance to breathing in metabolic systems used for the distribution and measurement of pulmonary gas exchange. A mechanical lung simulator was used to standardize selected air flow rates ([Formula: see text], L/s). The delta pressure (Δ p, Pa) between the ambient air and the air inside the equipment was measured in the breathing valve’s mouthpiece adapter for four metabolic systems and four types of breathing valves. Resistance for the inspiratory and expiratory sides was calculated as RES = (Δ p/[Formula: see text]) Pa/L/s. The results for resistance showed significant ( p &lt; 0.05) between-group variance among the tested metabolic systems, breathing valves, and between most of the completed [Formula: see text]. The lowest resistance among the metabolic systems was found for a Douglas Bag system which had approximately half of the resistance compared to the automated metabolic systems. The automated systems were found to have higher resistance even at low [Formula: see text] in comparison with previous findings and recommendations. For the hardware components, the highest resistance was found for the breathing valves, while the lowest resistance was found for the hoses. The results showed that resistance in metabolic systems can be minimized through conscious choices of system design and hardware components.

Taste buds on the lips and mouth of some blenniid and gobiid fishes: comparative distribution and morphology

Analysis of taste buds (TB) on the lips and oropharyngeal cavity in several species of gobies (Gobiidae) and blennies (Blenniidae) from the Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Seychelles, revealed three types of these organs: types I and II, which protrude above the surrounding epithelium on lobules of various forms, and type III, which terminate on the level of the epithelium. These TB are composed of either light or dark sensory cells with apical microvillar extensions, and of basal cells situated at the TB base. Synaptic junctions occur between the TB cells and the sub‐epithelial sensory nerves. Numerical distribution and morphology of TB on the lips and in the oral cavity of the species studied revealed patterns that are specific on both species and family levels. In most of the gobies the lips, jaws and oral breathing valves are usually covered by numerous lobules, each of which bears papillae with two to seven type I and type II TB, reaching a total of up to 7500 buds on the lips and in the oropharyngeal cavity in these fishes. The number of TB increases with growth (age) of the fish, and the combined and total sensory area of TB in an adult fish can reach up to 80 000 μm2. In contrast, in blennies the anterior region of the oral cavity is seldom lobulated, with far fewer TB; the majority of TB are found in the more posterior region. It is postulated that these differences in TB density and location between gobies and blennies are connected to differences in foraging strategies and diet, and may represent ecomorphological adaptations.

Advances in Alaryngeal Communication and the Art of Tracheoesophageal Voice Restoration

Advances in Alaryngeal Communication and the Art of Tracheoesophageal Voice Restoration

Examination of the Metamax I and II oxygen analysers during exercise studies in the laboratory

The performance of the Metamax I and the Metamax II portable analysers for measuring the O 2 uptake has been examined during exercise. Healthy subjects ran on the treadmill or bicycled on ergometers while the O 2 uptake was measured by the Metamaxes and also by the Douglas bag technique or the Vmax 29 instrument. In the first series of experiments, O 2 uptake was measured by each instrument in turn. In later experiments two or more breathing valves were connected in a series, thus enabling measurement of the O 2 uptake simultaneously by more than one instrument. The O 2 uptake measured by the Metamax analysers rose linearly by the value given by the control methods. However, there were variations of 5% because the relationships differed between subjects. When the data from each subject were examined separately, the error of regression was 0.5 - 1 µmol s -1 kg -1 (2 - 3%), and the error of regression when relating the O 2 uptake to the exercise intensity was similar to that found when using the Douglas bag technique alone. In most cases the lung ventilation reported by the Metamaxes was a few percent less than that given by the control methods, while the fractional extraction of O 2 was higher for the Metamaxes. The respiratory exchange ratios (R-value) reported by the Metamaxes were in good agreement with those of the control methods in the range 0.9 - 1.0 only; for this parameter, the Metamaxes do not seem to be reliable for exercise testing. The O 2 uptake and the R-value were also calculated from the raw data reported by the Metamaxes. The calculated values differed somewhat from those reported by the instruments, and the calculated values were more in agreement with those obtained by the Douglas bag technique than those reported by the instrument. This study suggests that the O 2 uptake reported by the Metamaxes is precisely measured within subjects but that there are some systematic errors as well as variations between subjects.

Analysis of breath-by-breath exercise data from field studies

We describe a system useful for collecting and analyzing breath-by-breath exercise test data in the field. In studies of untrained subjects, analysis of artifacts is particularly important. Our system uses pattern-recognition criteria to reject breaths if the breathing valves do not operate satisfactorily or if deviations from the calibrating baseline occur.

Effect of respiratory valve dead space on pulmonary ventilation at rest and during exercise

An investigation was undertaken to obtain specific, data relating respiratory valve dead space to changes in ventilation volumes. Four commercially available, commonly used, breathing valves were used to measure ventilation (VE) and oxygen consumption (Vo2) at rest and several levels of treadmill exercise. Ventilation increased as valve dead space increased and was independent of breathing frequency. The largest dead space (Triple–J valve, 300 ml) produced the greatest ventilatory increases at rest ranging from 16 to 11218 greater than the ventilatory volumes measured with the Lloyd valve (48 ml dead space). Analysis of ventilatory volumes for a low (48 ml) and a high dead space valve (300 ml) yielded significantly different values (P < .05) at rest and all levels of exercise except near maximal. Vo2 values for all valves (36–300 ml dead space) were not significantly different. The effects of added dead space are important when measuring ventilation volumes.

Mechanical assistance to respiration in emphysema: Results with a patient-controlled servorespirator

A patient-cycled servorespirator has been described which is capable of applying transthoracic pressure proportional to the subject's tidal volume, inspiratory velocity, expiratory velocity or combination of these three. The patient's chest circumference served as a function generator for this servorespirator, the change in diameter being assessed by a straingauge pneumograph. This was shown to be proportional to tidal volume in normal subjects and in patients with severe emphysema. It was also demonstrated that the servorespirator closely followed this tidal volume with a proportional intratank pressure change. Effective ventilation was increased by this respirator in all of the eighteen severely emphysematous patients studied. It is suggested that it decreased the work of breathing since the oxygen consumption significantly decreased in those subjects in whom assistance did not produce a change in ventilation. When the effect of inspiratory assistance given as an applied pressure proportional to flow velocity was compared with the effect of similar expiratory assistance alone, effective ventilation was increased by the inspiratory but not by the expiratory assistance. In five patients, two commonly employed intermittent positive pressure breathing valves were ineffective in lowering the arterial carbon dioxide tension when expiration was unimpeded through the valve system. When expiration was partially obstructed, the pCO 2 was lowered in two of these subjects. Three of these five subjects were tested on both the servorespirator and the intermittent positive pressure breathing valves, and the servorespirator lowered the arterial carbon dioxide tension in all of them. It is suggested that the increase in functional residual capacity which accompanies the positive transpulmonary pressure during inspiratory assistance is desirable from the standpoint of increasing effective respiration. Certain mechanical derangements of the lungs in emphysema and their relationship to the effectiveness of the various types of mechanical assistors are discussed. The experiences of other investigators with the effects of mechanical assistance, without the complicating effect of concomitant drug therapy, have been reviewed. An “ideal” type of mechanical assistor for use in the short-term assistance of patients with severe pulmonary emphysema has been described.

Oral breathing valves in fishes

Oral breathing valves in fishes

Maxillary breathing valves in the sharks Chlamydoselachus and Cetorhinus with notes on breathing valves in thirteen marine teleosts

AbstractChlamydoselachus anguineus has, extending across the upper front mouth just behind the origin of the rear teeth of each row, a shelf of tissue forming a functional breathing valve. Valves of three types were found in five specimens. One has the hinder edge crescentic, another is like the head of a ‘broad arrow,’ and the third is intermediate in outline. A similar valve, crescentic in outline has been found in the upper front mouth of a 13‐foot specimen of Cetorhinus maximus dissected in the American Museum.Breathing valves are briefly described in thirteen marine teleosts at Tortugas, Florida. Some fishes had only maxillary valves, some mandibular, and a few had both. These consist of thin folds of tissue which swing back and forth as the fish breathes. A brief summary is given of breathing valves in other teleosts and in sharks and rays.The function of breathing valves in fishes is to prevent regurgitation of water during expiration as the fish swims along with partly open mouth. It is also correlated with feeding where the food is impaled on the teeth and held for swallowing, or where the fish feeds on pelagic organisms collected by swimming along with open mouth.

Oral Breathing Valves of Teleosts, Their Modifications and Relation to the Shape of the Mouth

Previous articleNext article FreeOral Breathing Valves of Teleosts, Their Modifications and Relation to the Shape of the MouthEvelyn Groesbeeck MitchellEvelyn Groesbeeck Mitchell Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 38, Number 446Feb., 1904 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/278386 Views: 145Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sterling B. Tebbett, Christopher H. R. Goatley, Víctor Huertas, Michalis Mihalitsis, David R. Bellwood A functional evaluation of feeding in the surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus : the role of soft tissues, Royal Society Open Science 5, no.11 (Jan 2018): 171111.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171111Gitartha Kaushik, Sabitry Bordoloi Ultrasurface structure of oromandibular area in a hill stream teleost Glyptothorax trilineatus Blyth, 1860, Acta Zoologica 98, no.44 (Dec 2016): 362–369.https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12182E. Gisbert, C. Moreira, D. Castro-Ruiz, S. Öztürk, C. Fernández, S. Gilles, J. Nuñez, F. Duponchelle, S. Tello, J.F. Renno, C. García-Dávila, M.J. Darias Histological development of the digestive system of the Amazonian pimelodid catfish Pseudoplatystoma punctifer, Animal 8, no.1111 (Jan 2014): 1765–1776.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114001797B.G. Kapoor, H.E. Evans, E.A. Pevzner The Gustatory System in Fish, (Jan 1976): 53–108.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60280-1E. W. Gudger Oral breathing valves in fishes, Journal of Morphology 79, no.22 (Sep 1946): 263–285.https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050790203E. W. Gudger Maxillary breathing valves in the sharks Chlamydoselachus and Cetorhinus with notes on breathing valves in thirteen marine teleosts, Journal of Morphology 57, no.11 (Mar 1935): 91–104.https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050570105Burt G. Wilder Errors in Nomenclature, Science 19, no.490490 (May 1904): 798–798.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.19.490.798.a