Breast Cyst Research Articles

Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and breast diseases using Mendelian randomization analysis

BackgroundGrowing evidence suggests a relationship between gut microbiota composition and breast diseases, although the precise nature of this association remains uncertain. To investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and breast diseases, we utilized two-way Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsFour common diseases were included as outcomes: breast cancer, breast cysts, inflammatory disorders of the breast, and infections of the breast associated with childbirth, along with their subtypes. Genetic data on gut microbiota were extracted from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The primary approach used to investigate the association between these genetic factors and gut microbiota was the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method with random-effects types. Sensitivity analyses, such as Cochran’s Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, and leave-one-out analysis, were conducted to ensure the stability and reliability of the MR findings.ResultsWe discovered plausible causal links between 20 microbial categories and the breast diseases, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Notably, Family.Rikenellaceae (p: 0.0013) maintained a significant inverse relationship with overall breast cancer (BC), after the Bonferroni correction. In the reverse MR analysis, interactions were observed between Genus.Adlercreutzia and estrogen receptor-positive cancer. In addition, Genus.Sellimonas, Family.Rikenellaceae, and Genus.Paraprevotella were associated with ER+ and overall breast cancer, whereas Genus.Dorea was linked to both estrogen receptor-negative and overall breast cancer. Family.Prevotellaceae was the only category correlated with inflammatory breast disorders. Moreover, Genus Eubacteriumruminantiumgroup, Genus.Lactococcus, and Family.Alcaligenaceae were associated with breast cysts, while Genus.Anaerofilum, Genus.Butyricimonas, Order.Coriobacteriales, Order.Pasteurellales, and Order.Verrucomicrobiales showed significant associations with infections of the breast associated with childbirth. No evidence of heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was found.ConclusionOur Mendelian randomization analysis confirmed a causal relationship between gut microbiota and breast diseases. Early stool tests may be a viable method for screening diseases to identify people at higher risk of breast diseases.

Outcomes of Traditional Excisional Management of Breast Cysts with Ultrasonographical Guidance

Background: Surgery for breast cysts may be necessary for symptom relief or to rule out malignancy. Compared to palpation alone, ultrasound guidance provides better accuracy and outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of conventional excisional therapy of breast cysts under ultrasonographic supervision. Ultrasound-guided excision allows precise localization of the lesion, potentially leading to better results than palpation-guided methods. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2024 on 40 patients undergoing excisional management of benign breast cysts. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n=20) underwent ultrasound-guided excision, while Group B (n=20) had palpation-guided excision. Outcomes measured included recurrence rates, cosmetic satisfaction, and post-operative complications. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 28.0, employing independent t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical data. p ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The recurrence rate was 5% in the ultrasound-guided group, compared to 20% in the palpation-guided group (p = 0.03). Cosmetic satisfaction was significantly higher in the ultrasound-guided group, with 85% reporting good to excellent outcomes, compared to 55% in the palpation group (p = 0.02). Post-operative complications, including hematoma and infection, were lower in the ultrasound-guided group. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided excision of breast cysts is less invasive, with increased accuracy, lower recurrence, and improved cosmetic outcomes compared to palpation-guided excision. It should be considered the first-line treatment for benign breast cyst excision.

Skin-Conformable Flexible and Stretchable Ultrasound Transducer for Wearable Imaging.

Ultrasound imaging offers a noninvasive, radiation-free method for visualizing internal tissues and organs, with deep penetration capabilities. This has established it as a crucial tool for physicians in diagnosing internal tissue pathologies and monitoring human conditions. Nonetheless, conventional ultrasound probes are often characterized by their rigidity and bulkiness. Designing a transducer that can seamlessly adapt to the contours and dynamics of soft, curved human skin presents significant technical hurdles. We present a novel flexible and stretchable ultrasound transducer (FSUT) designed for adaptability to large-curvature surfaces while preserving superior imaging quality. Central to this breakthrough is the innovative use of screen-printed silver nanowires (AgNWs) coupled with a composite elastic substrate, together ensuring robust and stable electrical and mechanical connections. Standard tensile and fatigue tests verify its durability. The mechanical, electrical, and acoustic properties of FSUTs are characterized using standard methods, with large tensile strains (≥110%), high flexibility ( R ≥ 1.4 mm), and lightweight ( ≤ 1.58 g) to meet the needs of wearable devices. Center frequency and -6-dB bandwidth are approximately 5.3 MHz and 66.47%, respectively. Images of the commercial anechoic cyst phantom yielded an axial and lateral resolution (depths of 10-70 mm) of approximately 0.31 and 0.46, and 0.34 and 0.84 mm, respectively. The complex curved surface imaging capabilities of FSUT were tested on agar-gelatin-based breast cyst phantoms under different curvatures. Finally, ultrasound images of the thyroid, brachial, and carotid arteries were also obtained from volunteer wearing FSUT.

Treatment of breast cysts with ozone-oxygen mixture using ultrasonic guidance

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of breast cysts with an ozone-oxygen mixture using ultrasound guidance. Materials and methods. The methodology included a retrospective analysis of the ultrasound-guided treatment of breast cysts. Treatment was carried out according to clinical recommendations using a conservative method and involved outpatient ultrasound-guided removal of cystic content without sclerosant and with introduction of ozone-oxygen mixture. Results. 445 patients with fibrocystic mastopathy were treated. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 55 years. The detected cysts up to 2 cm represented regular-shaped, rounded anechoic masses with clear even contours and homogeneous structure. Cysts larger than 2 cm were sometimes irregular in shape with anechoic, homogeneous content. In most cases, the multilocular cysts had an irregular shape with anechoic contents, without intracavitary parietal inclusions. The average size of the cysts comprised 2.8±0.9 cm. The analysis showed the effectiveness of the treatment methods. The best effect was obtained with the use of an ozone-oxygen mixture. Complications of the procedure were observed in 6 (2%) patients (hematoma and recurrence). Conclusion. The findings of the study showed that treatment of breast cysts with an ozone-oxygen mixture using ultrasound guidance proved to be a highly effective, low-traumatic, and safe method. This technique is performed on outpatient basis, does not require the administration of anesthetics, is well tolerated by patients, has a selective effect, has no serious complications and risk of cosmetic defects.

Clinical and pathological study of patients with fibrocystic disease of breast in tertiary care hospital of Gurugram, Haryana

A fibrocystic breast disease group of benign breast diseases that consists of fibrocystic breast disease, breast cyst, breast abscess, duct ectasia, cyclic and non-cyclic mastalgia, Gynaecomastia and Mondor's disease. Abnormal hormonal balance and cellular interactions mediated growth factors leading to ductal and cellular hyperplasia is the main pathophysiological cause of the disease. This prospective observational study was conducted on 100 SGT medical college and hospital patients from January 2021 to august 2022 to assess the detailed clinicopathological study of patients with fibrocystic disease breast diagnosed clinically with relevant investigations. In our study, we found that fibroadenoma is the maximum among all Fibrocystic breast diseases, i.e. 34%, with the majority between 11-30 years. It rises in the 2 decade of life and peaks in the 4 decade. Non-cyclic mastalgia constituted 29% of the total cases, with most patients lying in the age group of 31-50 years, where mastalgia was the presenting complaint in most cases. Inflammatory breast diseases formed 4% of the total, with the main presenting symptoms being mastalgia, fever and nipple discharge. Again, it mainly included patients from the age group of 31-50 years. Gynaecomastia and breast abscess were diagnosed in 3 cases, with all lumping on the right side of the breast.Our study attempted to derivate the spectrum of breast diseases in different age groups among patients reporting to SGT medical college and hospital, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana. Apart from the incidence of various fibrocystic diseases, various other facts were recorded. Benign breast lesions were recorded to comprise the bulk of the patients presenting with breast disorders and were maximum in the reproductive age group. Breast sclerosing adenosis should be identified by excluding the malignancy. Most Fibrocystic breast diseases have been managed conservatively.

The effect of Oenothera biennis (Evening primrose) oil on inflammatory diseases: a systematic review of clinical trials

BackgroundEvening primrose oil (EPO), extracted from the seeds of Oenothera biennis, has gained attention for its therapeutic effects in various inflammatory conditions.MethodWe performed a systematic search in multiple databases and defined the inclusion criteria based on the following PICOs: P: Patients with a form of inflammatory condition, I: EPO, C: Placebo or other therapeutic interventions, O: changes in inflammatory markers or patients’ symptoms; S: randomized controlled trials. The quality of the RCTs was evaluated using Cochrane’s RoB tool.ResultsSeveral conditions were investigated in the literature. In rheumatoid arthritis, mixed results were observed, with some studies reporting significant improvements in symptoms while others found no significant impact. EPO showed some results in diabetes mellitus, atopic eczema, menopausal hot flashes, and mastalgia. However, it did not demonstrate effectiveness in chronic hand dermatitis, tardive dyskinesia, psoriatic arthritis, cystic fibrosis, hepatitis B, premenstrual syndrome, contact lens-associated dry eyes, acne vulgaris, breast cyst, pre-eclampsia, psoriasis, or primary Sjogren's syndrome. Some results were reported from multiple sclerosis after EPO consumption. Studies in healthy volunteers indicated no significant effect of EPO on epidermal atrophy, nevertheless, positive effects on the skin regarding hydration and barrier function were achieved.ConclusionSome evidence regarding the potential benefits of EPO in inflammatory disorders were reported however caution is due to the limitations of the current survey. Overall, contemporary literature is highly heterogeneous and fails to provide strong recommendations regarding the efficacy of EPO on inflammatory disorders. Further high-quality studies are necessitated to draw more definite conclusions and establish O. biennis oil effectiveness as an assuring treatment option in alleviating inflammatory conditions.

Aluminium in dermatology - Inside story of an innocuous metal.

Aluminium, the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, was long considered virtually innocuous to humans but has gained importance in the recent past. Aluminium is ubiquitous in the environment, with various sources of exposure like cosmetics, the food industry, occupational industries, the medical field, transport and electronics. Aluminium finds its utility in various aspects of dermatology as an effective haemostatic agent, anti-perspirant and astringent. Aluminium has a pivotal role to play in wound healing, calciphylaxis, photodynamic therapy and vaccine immunotherapy with diagnostic importance in Finn chamber patch testing and confocal microscopy. The metal also finds significance in cosmetic procedures like microdermabrasion and as an Nd:YAG laser component. It is important to explore the allergic properties of aluminium, as in contact dermatitis and vaccine granulomas. The controversial role of aluminium in breast cancer and breast cysts also needs to be evaluated by further studies.

Triple-Negative or Close-to-Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Presenting as a Thick-Walled Cystic Lesion.

Clinical and pathologic characteristics of the invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) presenting as a thick-walled breast cyst are little known. Three female patients were included in this report. A palpable, nontender breast lump was found in all cases. While mammography showed a hyperdense mass, ultrasonography demonstrated a thick-walled cystic mass. Magnetic resonance imaging clearly showed the cystic breast lesions with ring-like or irregular rim enhancement. A grade III IDC was confirmed in all cases. All IDCs but one were estrogen receptor negative, progesterone receptor negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative, with merely weak progesterone receptor positivity (5%) in one case. All cases underwent surgical management first and postoperative chemotherapy. Breast malignancy presenting as a thick-walled cystic mass could be a highly aggressive IDC, even triple-negative breast cancer. It is imperative for breast cancer-related practitioners to identify the potentially malignant cystic lesions timely and adopt appropriate management.

Breast Mass Detection and Classification Using Machine Learning Approaches on Two-Dimensional Mammogram: A Review.

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality among women, both in India and globally. The prevalence of breast masses is notably common in women aged 20 to 60. These breast masses are classified, according to the breast imaging-reporting and data systems (BI-RADS) standard, into categories such as fibroadenoma, breast cysts, benign, and malignant masses. To aid in the diagnosis of breast disorders, imaging plays a vital role, with mammography being the most widely used modality for detecting breast abnormalities over the years. However, the process of identifying breast diseases through mammograms can be time-consuming, requiring experienced radiologists to review a significant volume of images. Early detection of breast masses is crucial for effective disease management, ultimately reducing mortality rates. To address this challenge, advancements in image processing techniques, specifically utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), have tiled the way for the development of decision support systems. These systems assist radiologists in the accurate identification and classification of breast disorders. This paper presents a review of various studies where diverse machine learning approaches have been applied to digital mammograms. These approaches aim to identify breast masses and classify them into distinct subclasses such as normal, benign and malignant. Additionally, the paper highlights both the advantages and limitations of existing techniques, offering valuable insights for the benefit of future research endeavors in this critical area of medical imaging and breast health.

HYBRID MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN DIAGNOSING AND ASSESSING THE PROGNOSIS FOR THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER: PUNCTURE-NEEDLE BIOPSY USING OZONE-OXYGEN MIXTURE AND TISSUE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY TECHNIQUE

Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women worldwide. According to the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it accounts for 25.1% of all cancer cases in women. Intracystic breast cancer is one of the most rare and difficult to diagnose forms of this disease. Due to this improving existing methods of breast cancer diagnosis and developing new ways for the early detection of this pathology are of great importance. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of new methods for breast cancer diagnosis – an improved technique of puncture–needle biopsy under ultrasound control and a hybrid technology for assessing the local metabolism of mammary tumors. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of examining 67 female patients with intracystic breast cancer using the traditional technique of puncture-needle biopsy and a new method of cytological diagnosis of this disease. The article presents the pilot results of using the hybrid technology for evaluating local metabolism of mammary gland tumors in 22 patients with suspected breast cancer to clarify the diagnosis and assess the prognosis using optical diagnostic methods: fluorescence spectroscopy (at wavelengths of fluorescence excitation of 365 and 450 nm) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (with a source of polychromatic radiation). Results. The sensitivity of puncture-needle biopsy performed according to the traditional method in the diagnosis of intracystic breast cancer was 81.8%, and the sensitivity of the improved method was 97.06% (p < 0.05). To asses reliably the effectiveness of the hybrid technology for determining the local metabolism of tumors in the diagnosis of breast cancer, examination of a larger number of patients is required. Among the patients examined using the optical diagnostic methods, the following data were obtained: the redox index in the tumor was 0.67±0.10 relative units, in the surrounding tissue – 0.77±0.14, tissue saturation in the tumor – 64±14%, in the surrounding tissue – 68±9%. Two cases of breast cancer in patients prior to the start of treatment and after 6 courses of neoadjuvant polychemotherapy are considered separately. The following data were obtained: the redox index in the tumor in the patient without treatment was 0.53± 0.01 relative units, in the patient after 6 courses of neoadjuvant therapy – 0.81±0.01 relative units; the value of tissue saturation in the tumor in the patient without treatment – 71±1%, in the patient after 6 courses of neoadjuvant therapy – 64± 2%. To asses reliably the effectiveness of the hybrid technology for determining the local metabolism of tumors in the diagnosis of breast cancer and to have the opportunity to assess the prognosis for the disease course, examination of a larger number of patients is required. Conclusions. A new method of cytological diagnosis of cancer in a breast cyst using ozone-oxygen mixture proved to be more effective than the traditional method, which proves the expediency of its use in order to improve the diagnosis of this pathology at the preoperative stage. To solve the question of the expediency of using the technique of spectrophotometry of tumor tissues in patients with breast cancer in order to assess the effectiveness of chemotherapy, a larger number of women under examination and a period of their follow-up for 3–5 years are required.

КОНСЕРВАТИВНОЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ КИСТ МОЛОЧНЫХ ЖЕЛЕЗ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРЕПАРАТА ИНДИНОЛ ФОРТО

Among the drugs used in the conservative therapy of breast cysts and fibrocystic mastopathy, phytopreparations are mainly used in clinical practice. 
 The drug Indinol Forto, obtained from plants of the cruciferous family, contains indolecarbinol, the effect of which is associated with the regulation of estrogen metabolism, inhibition of pathological proliferation, blockade of the formation of inflammatory cytokines, activation of apoptosis of transformed cells, reduction of breast cysts. The paper presents the results of a study of the pharmacological effect of the drug Indinol Forto on cystic formations of the breast. A comparative study of the use of the drug Indinol Forto showed its high effectiveness in the treatment of breast cysts, which consists in reducing the number and size of cystic formations of the breast. The drug Indinol Forto in the conservative treatment of breast cysts showed its effectiveness after 3 months of use: there was a decrease in the number of cysts (complete regression) by 3±0,5 in 13 (28,9%) patients and a partial regression of cysts with a decrease in their size by 28,7±5,8% in 16 (35,6%) patients. The optimal effect of Indinol Forto manifested itself after 6 months of use: the number of cysts decreased by 5±1,1 in 19 (42,2%) patients, and in 22 (48,9%) patients, a partial regression was noted with their reduction in size by almost half – by 49,0±7,2%. The results of the conducted studies have shown that Indinol Forto is the optimal drug that positively affects the dynamics of cystic formations of the breast. The drug Indinol Forto is well tolerated when taken orally, has no clinically identified side effects, which justifies the safety of long-term use.

Imaging classification and BIRADS assessment of cystic breast lesions with pathologic correlates. a 5-year experience in Zaria, North West Nigeria.

Breast cysts encompass a variety of pathologies, both benign and malignant. Therefore, classifying cysts into different categories is needful to develop a management algorithm. This study aimed to describe and distinguish between simple, complicated and complex cysts; and compare the final BIRADS assessment with pathologic findings. A 5-year retrospective review of our ultrasound database identified two hundred and seventy patients with cystic breast lesions. They were divided into simple, complicated and complex cysts according to ultrasound characteristics based on shape, orientation, margin, wall thickness, internal features (echogenicity, septa, mass) posterior acoustic features, surrounding tissue vascularity. The final BIRADS assessment was correlated with histological findings. There were two hundred and sixty-six (98.5%) females and four (1.5%) males with a mean age 34.9 ± 11.8 years. The commonest presentation was a palpable mass, in 70% of the patients. There were 89 (33.0%) simple cysts, 61 (22.6%) complicated cysts and 120 (44.4%) complex cysts. Majority of the breast cysts (83%) were benign with overall 17% incidence of malignancy. Complex cysts were the most frequent cyst type in our study, it is also the category most frequently associated with breast cancer, obviating the need for histology.

THU578 Concept: Role Of Spiral Steroids (SS) During Pregnancy

Abstract Disclosure: F.I. Chasalow: None. Background: Earlier, my laboratory reported 3 novel endogenous steroids (SS) that cross react with digoxin-specific antibodies (DLM). The SS are readily distinguished from all other steroids by 3 characteristics: [1] each is a phosphocholine diester, [2] each has more than 21 carbon atoms in the steroid fragment and [3] the extra carbons form an E-ring with a cyclic lactone. The discovery included a biosynthetic scheme with known enzymes and no need for a ‘magic’ step. Function: NaK-ATPase has 3 subunits, designated FXYD, α, and β. Affinity for Na+ and K+ ions is regulated by FXYD proteins. Each SS matches a tissue-specific α-subunit. Each α-subunit has 2 different binding sites for steroids. One site binds a SS; the ligand of the other site is unknown. For example, Ionotropin is specific for the α subunit present in cardiac and renal tissue. Kaleotropin is isolated from gonads, but the α subunit which matches each specific ovarian cell type is unknown. Galotropin (G-trop): One of the SS, G-trop, was detected as a DLM in human breast cyst fluids, specifically cysts with high K+ ion levels. Solubility properties distinguished it from previously known cardiac glycosides and, like other DLM, it inhibited NaK-ATPase. G-trop was also detected in milk from cows, sheep and goats. Ions derived from Ionotropin (m/z=341 Da) or Kaleotropin (m/z=369 Da) were not present in milk extracts. On LC-MS, G-trop fragmented to an ion at m/z= 381 Da. Trial and error analysis suggests C25O4H34. No other formula is consistent with m/z=381 Da. G-trop: G-trop wasn’t present in serum from children. At 22-26 weeks of gestation, whether or not a pregnant woman had pre-eclampsia, serum had low levels of G-trop. Maternal G-trop increases during the 3rd trimester, coincidentally with initiation of milk production; simultaneously, K+ ion levels in milk increased. Pre-eclampsia. In a pilot study, 65% of patients (n=20) with pre-eclampsia had elevated levels of Ionotropin precursor and 30% had elevated levels of Kaleotropin precursor. 25% of patients with pre-eclampsia develop life-threatening hypertension or seizures, typical of the expected response to elevated Ionotropin levels. Therapy includes immediate delivery of the infant at 30-36 weeks of gestation. Maternal G-trop synthesis has not yet begun and mother’s milk has low K+ ion levels. Elevated maternal Kaleotropin is not the cause of maternal hypertension, suggesting a specific gestational maternal α-subunit is its target. Kaleotropin from placenta may be the signal to respond to maternal hypokalemia. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC):In utero the fetus does not absorb K+ from the GI tract because fetal need for K+ ion is provided via the placenta. Concept: After premature delivery, without G-trop in milk, the infant can’t absorb K+ from the GI tract; the GI tract fails to grow and tight junctions do not form. As a result, infants are at high risk for developing NEC. Presentation Date: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Giant breast cyst in an adolescent girl: A case report

Giant breast cyst in an adolescent girl: A case report

Clinicopathological profile of mastalgia in females: incidence, types, and pathological correlations. a cross-Sectional study.

Mastalgia was the most common symptom in patients attending a breast clinic. The two most common types of mastalgia were (cyclical and non-cyclical). The common cause of cyclical was Physiological changes due to premenstrual tension syndrome fibrocystic changes or fibroadenosis and (Aberrations in the Normal Development and Involution of the breast ). Non-cyclical diseases are mainly benign rather than malignant. Solid masses (fibroadenomas), cysts, infections, abscesses, trauma, and nipple discharge (hormones) are rare diseases associated with breast cancer. The aim of this study is to study the incidence of mastalgia, types (cyclical and non-cyclical) and pathological types of mastalgia (benign and malignant pathologies). A cross-sectional descriptive study of mastalgia was carried out at the Breast Center Department of Maternity Teaching Hospital located in Erbil, from January 2014 to September 2015. A total of 150 breast pain cases (available clinical data) were studied in detail. There are two types of mastalgia based on triple assessments, these are as follows, cyclical 90 cases (60%) and non-cyclical 60 cases (40%). Fibrocystic breast changes or fibroadenosis 35 cases (23.3%) and thirdly nipple discharges as part of fibrocystic (fibroadenosis) five cases (3.3%). Non-cyclical mastalgia was subdivided into benign breast pathologies, fibroadenoma 30 cases (20%), breast cyst 10 cases (6.7%), nipple discharge (hormonal) five cases (3.3%), mastitis three cases (2%) abscess two cases (1.3%), fat necrosis one case (0.7%), and malignant breast pathologies, cancer three cases (2%). Clinicopathological correlations in the current study were highly significant (P<0.005). Not all discomfort or pain can be diagnosed as mastalgia; occasionally, chest wall, referral pain, and systemic causes can mimic mastalgia. These results highlight the importance of differentiating between cyclical and non-cyclical mastalgia using clinical assessment, sonography, mammography, and blood investigations. Most mastalgia cases are benign, with cyclical mastalgia primarily related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.

Breast cyst microwave ablation: Early treatment result assessment at Cho Ray Hospital

A breast cyst is common in premenopausal women (61.5%) in comparision with the menopause population (39.4%) and the most common age is 35 to 50. The treatment of breast cyst using a microwave with a lot of advantages should be a considered method. This study aims to evaluate the early result of breast cyst treatment with microwave in ultrasound guidance in breast unit of Cho Ray hospital. The authors prospectively reviewed patients who underwent breast cyst treatment using microwave ablation at the Unit of Breast, Cho Ray Hospital from August 2018 to March 2020. Results showed that 58 patients are reviewed. The average age is 45.3. The proportion of simple breast cyst, complicated breast cyst and complex breast cyst are 80.0, 16.93, and 3.07%, prospectively. The average diameter of ablated cysts is 23.86 mm. All of the patients have complete respondence after treatment, the decrease in size ratio has reach more than 90% after 6 months. No complication is recorded in treatment process. There is one case, with calcification of cyst wall, do not respond with microwave ablation. Microwave ablation procedure is the promising method for symtom breast cyst with high rate of success and low rate of complication. Breast cyst with calcificated wall should have careful assessment before the procedure.

Bilateral hydatid cyst of the breast: a case report and review of the literature.

Hydatid cyst disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The incidence of the disease is 1-200 cases per 100000. The usual presentation is the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the liver or lungs and, less commonly, in the brain. The breast is a rare site of presentation for this disease. An isolated hydatid cyst in the breast is very rare, even in endemic regions, occurring in only 0.27% of all hydatid cases. Although these cases are very rare, they should be considered severe. A hydatid breast cyst may mimic a fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, chronic abscess, or even carcinoma. Therefore, a high incidence of misdiagnosis may occur. Preoperative diagnosis can be made using needle aspiration and imaging facilities such as breast ultrasonography, mammograms, and computerized topographic images. Nevertheless, in most cases, the final diagnosis cannot be made until the pathological report is obtained postsurgery. This paper reports the first case of a bilateral hydatid cyst of the breast that was diagnosed preoperatively by radiological facilities. We present the patient history, physical examination, and investigations, discuss the risk factors, and present our treatment plan.

Benign breast cyst in a young male patient diagnosed on cytopathology: Report of a rare case

Abstract Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted procedure for evaluating breast masses. Cystic lesions in female breasts are common. However, they are incredibly uncommon in male breasts, especially in cytology. Here, we report a rare benign breast cyst diagnosis on FNAC in a 26-year-old male patient without associated gynecomastia. A 26-year-old male patient presented to surgery outpatient department with left breast swelling for 3 months. He had no history of pain, nipple discharge, or fever. The patient, however, was on antitubercular treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. On physical examination, a small diffuse 5–6 mm lump was palpable in the left breast. Ultrasound revealed a soft small tissue lesion in the superior aspect of the left areola with the suspicious flow on color flow Doppler following which FNAC was advised. Aspiration yielded scanty fluid. On microscopy, smears showed low cellularity comprising few monolayered sheets and small aggregates of benign ductal epithelial cells admixed with a fair number of cystic macrophages in a fluid background. There was no evidence of malignancy. Thus, a cytologic diagnosis of a benign breast cyst was rendered. This is the first case report describing the cytology of a benign breast cyst diagnosed in a male patient as young as 26 without associated gynecomastia. We report this case because of the rarity of this condition and to create awareness that breast cysts should also be kept in mind when dealing with male breast masses, thus avoiding unnecessary surgery, especially in a young men.

Analysis of Hormonal Profile in Women with Benign Breast Diseases and Women without Breast Pathology at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lucknow, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Disruptions in normal hormonal pathways contribute to the development of various benign breast conditions. Having a general understanding of specific hormonal interactions, such as estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin, among breast tissue, the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and the gonads, can enhance understanding of the causes and manifestations of benign breast conditions such as fibroadenoma, fibroadenosis, breast cyst, abscess, mastitis, galactocele, and phyllodestumour. However, there is limited available information regarding the hormonal environment associated with Benign Breast Disease (BBD). Aim: To compare serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin between women with BBD and those without breast pathology. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Era Lucknow Medical College and Hospital (ELMC and H), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2021 to January 2023. A total of 80 female subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups: Group A (40 subjects diagnosed with BBD by triple assessment) and Group B (40 subjects with no breast pathology). Serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were tested during the follicular phase and compared between the two groups. Student t-test and Spearman’s correlation with a 95% confidence interval were used for mean comparison between the groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine cut-off values, sensitivity, and specificity for the hormones. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean age showed no statistical differences between Group A (26.5 years) and Group B (28.8 years). The mean levels of estradiol and progesterone hormones were significantly higher in Group A (188.38±96.06 pg/mL; 4.34±5.05 ng/mL) than in Group B (103.21±39.52 pg/mL; 0.38±0.30 ng/mL) with a p-value of 0.001. The sensitivity of estradiol was found to be 80% with a specificity of 75% based on ROC analysis when the cut-off was set to &lt;139.5. Furthermore, progesterone showed a sensitivity of 92.50% and specificity of 80% at a cut-off &lt;0.8560. Prolactin showed a sensitivity of 52.50% and specificity of 62.50% at a cut-off &lt;18.96. Conclusion: Authors concluded that steroidal harmones have a significant effect on the development of BBD. The present study had demonstrated that women with BBD exhibit higher levels of estradiol and progesterone compared to women without breast pathology.

Rare Cystic Hygroma of the Axilla and Breast in Adults, Case Report, Long-Term Follow-Up and Literature Review: An Experience from Saudi Arabia

Cystic hygroma (CH) in adults is a rare condition. Most CH cases are diagnosed at birth or during the first two years of life. Head and neck are the most common sites. There is scanty information about the natural history and follow-up of adult patients with axillary and breast CH. Hence, we present this case to shed some light on the natural history, complications, and a new suggested modality of treatment to deal with the complications. We report a case of a 39-year-old female who presented after ten years of excision of the right axillary CH with massive breast edema and recurrence of cysts in the ipsilateral breast and axilla. The insertion treated the edema of a breast-peritoneal shunt. The procedure was performed by inserting a normal V-P shunt catheter without a reservoir through a small incision in the inframammary fold toward the breast and another tiny incision at 10 of the clock in the right breast for fixation in the breast parenchyma. A catheter was inserted through a small incision on the right lumbar spine without intraperitoneal fixation after the catheter was inserted subcutaneously. This case report shows that adult CH can reoccur. To our knowledge, this is the second case of CH concomitantly involving the breast and axilla. The shunt of the edematous fluid to the peritoneal cavity can give hope for intractable breast edema treatment.