Conceptual Breadth Research Articles

Restoration Ecology: New Perspectives and Opportunities for Forestry

Abstract Ecological restoration and restoration ecology have emerged as an allied practice and scientific discipline in land management. Here, we discuss the relationship between restoration ecology and forestry and the potential for interdisciplinary exchange. We present two case studies illustrating the potential roles of foresters in restoration ecology: (1) a forest restoration project in Redwood National Park, California, and (2) a project to restore northern hardwood forest structure in Minnesota. We conclude that restoration ecology can add conceptual breadth, research and management tools, and employment opportunities to the field of forestry.

A Prospectus for a “New” Constitutional History of Early Modern England

The study of English constitutional history has fallen on hard times. Once an intellectually thriving field, constitutional history now conjures up visions of bad tweed and bow ties coupled with dryly-legalistic discussions of statutes, charters, parliamentary debates, Year Books, and legal reports. Indeed, whether Whig, Neo-Whig, Revisionist, or Post-Revisionist in orientation, constitutional history has traditionally concerned itself with the “activity of government”; it has emphasized the formal structures of government, their historical origins, their changing composition, their evolving roles, and functions. These formal structures, the Crown, Parliament, the Council, the established church, and the law courts, together constituted the sinews of government. Constitutional controversy arose when the respective roles and functions of these formal structures came into conflict. Accordingly, constitutional historians became experts on the anatomy and development of the particular organs of government and their changing roles yet they were often unable to see the broader conceptual forest in which they were standing. As a result, some critics have lampooned constitutional history and its leading proponents as lacking theoretical engagement and being overly preoccupied with the minutiae of government at the expense of conceptual sophistication and breadth of vision.

What Stakeholder Theory is Not

Abstract:The term stakeholder is a powerful one. This is due, to a significant degree, to its conceptual breadth. The term means different things to different people and hence evokes praise or scorn from a wide variety of scholars and practitioners. Such breadth of interpretation, though one of stakeholder theory’s greatest strengths, is also one of its most prominent theoretical liabilities. The goal of the current paper is like that of a controlled burn that clears away some of the underbrush of misinterpretation in the hope of denying easy fuel to the critical conflagration that would raze the theory. We aim to narrow its technical meaning for greater facility of use in management and organizational studies. By elaborating a number of common misinterpretations – critical and friendly – of the theory, we hope to render a stronger and more convincing theory as a starting place for future research.

BRIDGING THE DISCONNECTION BETWEEN APPLIED RESEARCH AND PRACTICE: A REVIEW OF TREATMENTS THAT WORK: EMPIRICALLY SUPPORTED STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING CHILD BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS BY ED CHRISTOPHERSEN AND SUSAN MORTWEET

In recent years, behavior analysts have lamented a disconnection between applied research and practice. In their book, Treatments That Work: Empirically Supported Strategies for Managing Child Behavior Problems, Christophersen and Mortweet (2001) have attempted to bridge this gap for medical and behavioral health providers alike by describing empirically supported treatments, derived from behavior therapy and its application, that are specifically designed for challenging problems commonly seen in typical children. The book is clearly intended for both primary care physicians and behavior therapists, and in this article, we review the extent to which the book meets the needs of each. Discussion centers on the extent to which the book can meet the need for both technical precision and conceptual breadth in training of behavior therapists. We conclude that, in making explicit the connections between research and practice, the authors have provided a useful clinical teaching tool and have also raised important questions about how best to establish collaborative relationships with physicians and promote the use of behavioral technology in primary care.

Rosario Romeo ( 1924–1987)

Rosario Romeo (1924–87) made an original and outstanding contribution to the study of modern Italian history. He wrote extensively on the development of Italian capitalism and industrialization, developing his own concept of the ‘primitive accumulation of capital’ and drawing on theories of underdevelopment that became current after the Second World War to underline the particularities, the speed and breadth but also the limitations of Italy's economic growth. In his masterly biography of Cavour, as well as in numerous other essays, he confronted the questions of the birth of the Italian nation state, its origins, its political and moral tradition and its social life in the context of a deeply informed and penetrating vision of contemporary European history. The Risorgimento and Fascism, the nation and the nation state, liberal‐democratic values and class struggle, modernization and secularization are the essential themes in his historical writings that were marked by deep erudition and methodological rigour, and inspired by great conceptual and moral breadth. Through his work Italy became a paradigm of the fundamental dimensions of the modern world thanks to that passion for liberty which for Romeo (he was also a member of the European Parliament) was rekindled by the events of the twentieth century, among whose major historians he ranks.

Environmental practice in the human services: integration of micro and macro roles, skills, and contexts

Environmental Practice in the Human Services points to the need for the human services to return to their historic mission of environmental change. It moves beyond the more general conceptual emphasis on person-in-environment toward the development of an environmental practice technology based on an intervention model which prescribes specific micro and macro roles and functions. It may open the way to recapturing the conceptual breadth which characterized the first 40 years of social work as a professional and occupational entity. The ecological perspective in social work has fostered an interest in the impact of social environments on service consumers. Environmental Practice in the Human Services tries to rectify the historical imbalance in the human services that has emphasized people-changing methods, giving secondary emphasis to environmental change. It instructs students preparing for practice in the human services, as well as agency practitioners, in the knowledge and skills necessary in environmental practice. Cases in environmental practice are used to illustrate how these skills are utilized in actual practice situations.The book's scope includes practice at the direct service, adminstration, planning, and social policy levels; it integrates micro and macro practice and shows how these two levels of practice are interdependent. This enables human service practitioners to create and/or modify social environments to enhance the functioning of clients being served in human service programs. Topics covered include: important skills in environmental practice, including decisionmaking, negotiating, and leadership community practice and resource coordination social support the impact of organizational environments on practice environmental practice for the chronically disabledAuthor Neugeboren's approach is unique in its in-depth focus on environmental practice, applying concepts of social environment to specific practice roles. This practice-specific content, which provides tools needed for environmental practice, is in contrast to existing texts on the social environment which are very theoretical and not integrated with practice. He includes material from the field of social ecology which has not been included in existing texts. It shows how practitioners and administrators, planners, and policymakers can facilitate and support each other's work.Reading Environmental Practice in the Human Services will enlighten students and practitioners with specific skills for impacting on different social environments to enhance client benefit. It tells how a direct service practitioner can determine which organizational environments are suitable for particular client needs in making agency referrals. It also provides administrators with information about designing, planning, and managing agencies with functional organizational environments which achieve effective services.

Teaching, learning and the curriculum 1: The influence of content in science

There are already a number of important criteria upon which topics for inclusion in science curricula should be selected and sequenced. We have recommended two additional criteria: the topic's potential for effecting conceptual change, and its potential for generating metacognitive training. Among other things, Science curricula should foster intellectual development. Such development is often a slow process of change, where new experiences, skills and understandings build on, modify and extend existing ones. Thus, topics should be evaluated in terms of their relation to existing Children's Science and to the students' metacognitive abilities. Evaluation of the appropriateness of a particular topic in a curriculum sequence should be based on such factors as its conceptual concreteness, the number and breadth of models which can be invoked, the concreteness of corroboration of results, and its predictive power. Conjointly, evaluation should take into account the nature, scope and complexity of the associated metacognitive demands. If selected carefully, topics in the science curriculum will do more than progressively sample the universe of content areas. They will develop each students ability and desire to engage in effective, independent learning.

Logic: The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge ed. by J. R. de J. Jackson

because it attempts to solve moral questions without reference to religion. In his second chapter, “Natural and Divine Law,” he argues that despite Defoe’s contradictory treatment of the force of necessity, for example, as an appeal to natural law, the assumption of a higher divine law remains constant. Natural law, in fact, remains valuable only insofar as it is related to or justified by divine law. Another theme which clearly emerges from Merrett ’s account is the importance which Defoe places on society as a vehicle for and condition of morality. This theme becomes particularly clear in the third chapter, “The Revolution of 1688,” and the fourth chapter, “Language and Narrative.” In the former Merrett shows how Defoe’s defence of the Revolution provoked him “to consider society in connected and integrated ways” ; in the latter, he shows how Defoe’s consciousness of the ambiguity and multivalence of language affects his authorial use of language, as well as the ways in which his characters speak. It is here that we get the most direct criticism of Defoe’s major fiction, with substantial sections on both Moll Flanders’ and Robinson Crusoe’s use of language. In his final chapter, “The Uses of Narrative,” Merrett develops Defoe’s view of the purpose of writing, and particularly of fiction. Merrett’s analysis suggests that Defoe did not think of his fiction as embodying distinct morals or propositions for demonstration, but rather as “provoking reflections” on a variety of “basic, abstract issues in the contemporary situation” (p. 105). This view would allow us to agree with Kettle, in the epigraph, that “Defoe’s novels are not illustrations,” while reserving judgement as to whether there are “ moral discoveries” to be made in Moll Flanders. Daniel Defoe’s Moral and Rhetorical Ideas is number nineteen in the English Literary Studies series of the University of Victoria. This series has been particularly valuable for eighteenth-century studies, perhaps because the General Editor, Samuel L. Macey, is himself an eighteenth-century scholar. Nine of the first twenty-one volumes are devoted to eighteenthcentury subjects, and the list of authors includes such well-known names as Donald Greene, William Frost, Henry K. Miller, and Arthur Sherbo. It is a distinguished series, and Merrett’s book is a welcome addition. h o l l i s r i n e h a r t / York University J. R. de J. Jackson, ed., Logic: The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Cole­ ridge, Voi. 13 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981). lxvii, 420. $36.00 Under the general editorship of Kathleen Coburn and Bart Winer, Cole­ ridge’s Logic, edited by Professor Jackson of Victoria College, Toronto, as 231 volume thirteen of the Collected Works, is actually the eighth of the planned sixteen volumes that will ultimately be the definitive edition. The project is therefore half done, and with the laudable perseverance of the editors to­ gether with the generous sponsorship of the Bollingen Foundation, The Collected Works, if one may judge from the volumes already done, will be a splendid and fitting monument to one of the most profound and seminal minds of the nineteenth century as well as a boon to Coleridge scholars everywhere. It would seem that the editors of individual works are all adhering to a plan evidently suggested by the general editors. Professor Jackson’s Logic is similar in format to that of Barbara Rooke’s Friend (1969), for example, and R. J. White’s Lay Sermons (1972) : Contents, Illustrations, Acknowl­ edgments, and a Chronological Table of Coleridge’s Life (1772-1834) indi­ cate a spacious breadth of conception and bring Coleridge and his world into focus; and all of them precede Professor Jackson’s Introduction (xxxiiilxvii ), which provides an enlightening background for the text. Meticulously edited and definitively collated, the text itself is followed by editorial appen­ dixes, an almost encyclopedic subject-index (indispensable in getting at Cole­ ridge), and a short index of Greek words and phrases. Professor Jackson has perhaps gone further than his predecessors with “The Editor’s Appendix G, An Analytical Outline of the Logic” (pp. 315-34), which is most efficacious in lighting dark pasages in the text and should be...

CLASSIFICATION PATTERNS OF UNDERPRIVILEGED CHILDREN IN ISRAEL

SHARAN, SHLOMO, and WELLER, LEONARD. Classification Patterns of Underprivileged Children in Israel. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 581-594. 357 first-grade children in Israel from Western and Middle Eastern ethnic background, from lower and middle social classes, and from both sexes were compared in terms of their ability for and style of grouping objects into rational classes. Different configurations of grouping behavior were found to be associated with these major background variables. Lowerclass children were less able to to employ the most abstract grouping style and were less able to achieve the required conceptual breadth than were their middle-class peers. Children of Middle Eastern ethnic background gave fewer Descriptive responses, the style most commonly employed by all children, and failed to cope with the fundamental requirement of grouping more than did their peers of Western ethnic background. Girls emerged superior to boys on all measures.

Concept breadth and the childish ignorance hypothesis.

Concept breadth and the childish ignorance hypothesis.

The Religious Uses of History: Judaism in First-Century A.D. Palestine and Third-Century Babylonia

Biblical theology, which held that history should be studied as the revelation of God's will from creation, through Sinai, to a final redemption, resulted in the foundations of a genuinely historical enterprise. But Judaism in later times produced no works of the specificity, breadth of conception, and felicity of a Book of Samuel, or Kings, or Deuteronomy. It seems rather to have lost serious interest in strictly historical questions, laying stress instead on law, scriptural exegesis, mysticism, and similar non-historical matters. Maimonides, for example, was bored by post-biblical history, in his productive life contributed nothing to historical literature, and wrote:

Great Ideas in the History of Surgery by Leo M. Zimmerman, M.D., and Ilza Veith, Ph.D. (review)

ofmedicine inthe variouscultures ofthepast. Itis lamentable that the author was not able to round out these background studies with the detailed development ofthe subjects they introduced to the degree he probably intended. This incompleteness notwithstanding, the book is immensely rewarding. It is beautifully written and highly informative and relates the past to the present as only a historian with the breadth ofconcept ofSigerist could achieve it. Ofparticular interest are the first two chapters, and ofthese, the one leading up to and dealing with Vedic medicine is a masterpiece. It graphically reflects his universal outlook which accords equal importance to those cultures which did not become part ofthe mainstream ofWesternthought.Only after reading this book, the incompleteness ofwhich makes the loss ofHenry Sigerist all the more poignant, can we fully appreciate the dynamic quality which he has infused into the history ofmedicine, his broadening ofthe requisites ofhistoriography to include the collateral social sciences, and his gift ofintegrating the evolution ofthe healing arts with that ofall other phases ofhuman endeavor. Ilza Veith University ofChicago Great Ideas in the History of Surgery. By Leo M. Zimmerman, M.D., and Ilza Veith, Ph.D. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1961. Pp. xii+587. $15.00. This delightful volume by Dr. Leo M. Zimmerman, professor and chairman ofthe Department ofSurgery at the Chicago Medical School, and Ilza Veith, associate professor ofthe history ofmedicine at the University ofChicago, should find a useful niche on the expanding shelfofsurgical history. It is a very readable and engaging book. The authors have used a large number of well-chosen woodcuts to illustrate the text for the earlier sections ofthe book. They add much to its attractiveness. Each chapter has a well annotated bibliography. The book is divided into nine sections, representing various periods in the development ofsurgery, detailed in forty-four chapters. The treatment of the subject matter is largely biographical, which, as the authors themselves admit, is a bit restrictive and probably accounts for several important omissions in a book whose proud title is Great Ideas in the History ofSurgery. The biographical method permits the authors to develop fascinating and interesting stories centering around the lives of the persons selected for biographical sketches. Obviously, if continued , suchtreatment would endup in a biographicaldictionary ofsurgicaldevelopment. Yet, cut offwhere you will, the biographical method automaticallydelimits the coverage. There is much to praise and little to criticize in this nice volume. It should make a strong appeal on reader interest, probably affording the authors occasion to bring out another edition. It is not easy to single out any particular section ofthe book for special commendation. Trauma and hernia, which have been so important in the chronology and development ofsurgery, are well dealt with. The obvious enthusiasm ofthe authors for some oftheir subjects in the biographical sections isjustifiable and easily understood. However, no history ofthe great ideas in surgery is complete without at least a reference to Leonardo da 380 Book Reviews Perspectives in Biology and Medicine · Spring 1962 Vinci, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Lemaire, and Semmelweiss. Certainly any story ofthe development ofsurgery is incomplete without an account oflocal anesthesia or without reference to Florence Nightingale and her important work. A chapter on the development ofhospitals, in which surgeons ultimately found their activity, would not be out ofplace in a book which traces the origins ofcontemporary surgical thought. The development of surgical specialization and the increasing trend toward cross-fertilization from physiology and biochemistry are stories that also deserve a place in a book bearing this one's brave title. Drs. Zimmerman and Veith have succeeded in compounding a very readable and delightful series ofbiographical sketches which should prove a useful source book as well as an entertaining diversion for occasional reading for all students who affect a special interest in the history ofsurgery. Owen H. Wangensteen, M.D. University ofMinnesota 38I ...

China and the Erie Canal

China's Imperial Canal excited the imagination of a succession of travelers. While American and British canal promoters were interested in the technological details, the true importance of the Chinese precedent lay in the breadth of concept — a gigantic, state-supported geophysical manipulation in the interests of interregional trade.

A reinterpretation of some pathological disturbances in conceptual breadth.

A reinterpretation of some pathological disturbances in conceptual breadth.

The experience of time as a determinant of self-control.

From a philologist's point of view, the verb inhibit has a simple history and meaning. It derives from the Latin in, which has the obvious meaning, and the Latin habere which means hold. Philologically, then, inhibit means hold in. Inhibition, as a generic term, can be used to describe several subcategories of behavior. Voluntarily exercised motoric, cognitive, and affective inhibition have all been studied (Meltzoff, Singer, and Korchin, 1953; Meltzoff and Levine, 1954; Singer et al., 1956; Meltzoff and Litwin, 1956). One point of view considers these subvarieties of inhibition as aspects of a general delay function. Time estimation and time conception have been related to various measures of inhibition and ego delay. Levine and Spivack (1959) demonstrated that the ability to forego immediate gratification for a more distant goal was related to the individual's breadth of conception of time.