Bolsa Família is an important Brazilian public policy for conditional income transfer to socially vulnerable families. Breaking the conditionalities relating to basic care in terms of children’s education and health leads to problems in terms of parenting. The objectives of this study were to verify the existence of differences in parenting in families benefiting from the Program and to check which parenting-related variables would predict compliance with the conditionalities. Thirty mothers/guardians of families benefiting from the Program who were not adhering to the conditionalities and 30 who were adhering took part in the study. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on constructs relevant to the model for studying parenting proposed by Belsky (contextual, relational, and personal - caregiver/child). Comparison and prediction tests showed that families in compliance with the conditionalities had greater family cohesion; children had fewer social competence and behavioral problems, and caregivers had less personal and psychological fragility. These aspects seem important in proposing a supplementary program to the Bolsa Família, targeting families at risk of breaking conditionalities, indicating that public policy must also be responsive to psychosocial dimensions.