Brazilian Migrants Research Articles

Rural-urban migration and urban underemployment in Brazil

Policies to discourage rural-urban migration, in the interest of alleviating urban poverty, are often considered without regard to the migrant experience in cities. This paper examines the income gains associated with rural-urban migration in Brazil and the assimilation of migrants in the urban labor market. Earnings functions, estimated for a sample of individuals from the 1960 population census, are utilized. The analysis shows that migrants have derived significant income benefits from moving, and that within a short period of time, their income and employment pattern are virtually indistinguishable from those of the urban-born.

The Structural Assimilation of In-Migrants to Lima, Peru

The rate of urban growth is extremely high in many less developed countries particularly in Latin America and tends to be more pronounced in the large metropolitan areas than in the smaller urban centers. This rapid growth is attributable to three factors: the growth and subsequent reclassification of previously smaller communities a positive rate of reproductive change among the already existing urban population and massive in-migration (Weller et al. 1971). The magnitude of the latter factor rural-urban migration may be seen in Ducoff’s (1965:202-204) estimate that between 1950 and 1960 there was a net rural-urban migration in Brazil of 6.8 million persons and that there was a rural-urban net migration of over 14 million persons in all of Latin America during that same decade. There appears to be two effects of in-migration upon metropolitan growth. The direct effect can be seen in the number of additional persons that the migrants themselves represent. An illustration of this may be found in the metropolitan area of San Salvador where Ducoff (1962) estimates that 42 percent of the total population were not born there. Other indications of the strength of the direct effect of in-migration upon metropolitan growth may be found in Republica del Peru (1966:23) Simmons and Cardona (1970; 1972) and Browning and Feindt (1968). The indirect effect of in-migrants refers to any children born to in-migrants after they have migrated. Thus Martine (1969; 1972) estimates that female in-migrants account for 45-50 percent of all pregnancies in Guanabara Brazil. (excerpt)

What Is the Opportunity Cost of Moving? Reconsideration of the Effects of Distance on Migration

Why should an out-migrant from Harrison County, West Virginia require an increase in annual income of more than $550 to induce him to leave the state when the transportation cost for him and his family could not exceed $170? Why should a migrant in Ghana require an increase in annual income of ?10 to induce him to move 16 miles when the transportation cost is less than 1 penny per mile? Why should a migrant in Brazil require an annual income gain of 540 cruzeiros to be willing to move 330 kilometers when the transportation cost for such a move is only 75 cruzeiros ?1 These results of recent econometric studies provide evidence that distance is a substantial deterrent to migration. In fact the relationship between distance and migration has been observed in almost every statistical study of migration-studies which cover a time span from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present and include countries as spatially and culturally diverse as Sweden, and the United States.2 Despite the fact that the deterrent effect of distance on * authors are members of the Departments of Economics and Quantitative Methods at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, respectively. This is a joint paper; the order of the authors' names was selected randomly. This paper was written while Wadycki was a member of the economics faculty at Miami University (Ohio). University of Illinois Research Board provided financial aid for data collection; Miami University Computer Center provided computer time. Robert Berry, Phillip Cotterill, Ronald Ehrenberg, Chung Lee, and especially Michael Greenwood provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. authors are, of course, solely responsible for remaining errors. 1 These estimates of the relative effects of distance and income on migration can be found in Philip Nelson, Real Income and Information, Journal of Regional Science 1 (Spring 1959): 43-74; Ralph E. Beals, Mildred B. Levy, and Leon N. Moses, Rationality and Migration in Ghana, Review of Economics and Statistics 49 (November 1967): 480-86; and Gian S. Sahota, An Economic Analysis of Migration in Brazil, Journal of Political Economy 76 (March/April 1968): 218-45, respectively. 2 For the nineteenth-century study, see E. G. Ravenstein, The Laws of Migration, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 48 (June 1885): 167-235. For more recent works, see Michael J. Greenwood, An Analysis of the Determinants of Labor Mobility in India, Annals of Regional Science 5 (June 1971): 137-51, for evidence from India; Eleanor Collins Isbell, Internal Migration in Sweden and Intervening Opportunities, American Sociological Review 9 (December 1944):

Divergent and Convergent Regional Economic Growth and Internal Migration in Brazil: 1940-1960

Previous articleNext article No AccessDivergent and Convergent Regional Economic Growth and Internal Migration in Brazil: 1940-1960Douglas H. GrahamDouglas H. Graham Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 18, Number 3Apr., 1970 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/450438 Views: 16Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1970 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Luís Abel Da Silva Filho Migration and Occupation in the Brazilian Labor Market, Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas 29, no.11 (Mar 2021): 49–64.https://doi.org/10.18359/rfce.4995Olga Vladimirovna Semenova, Mariana L'vovna Butovskaya The dependence of the help of grandparents on the distance of household: on the example Russia, the United States, and Brazil, Человек и культура , no.44 (Apr 2021): 10–33.https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.4.36197Thales Augusto Zamberlan Pereira THE NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES AND WELFARE IN BRAZIL DURING THE EARLY 20 TH CENTURY, Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 38, no.11 (May 2019): 185–214.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0212610919000132Douglas Graham Brazil: migration and demographic change, 1800–1975, (Feb 2013).https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm076Adalberto Cardoso, Transições ocupacionais e mercados de trabalho intermetropolitanos: os casos de Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Dados 55, no.33 (Jan 2012): 713–753.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582012000300005Thomas Gries, Manfred Kraft, Christina Pieck Interregional migration, self-selection and the returns to education in Brazil, The Annals of Regional Science 46, no.33 (Nov 2009): 707–732.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-009-0344-1Ernesto Aguayo-Téllez, Marc-Andreas Muendler, Jennifer P. Poole Globalization and Formal Sector Migration in Brazil, World Development 38, no.66 (Jun 2010): 840–856.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.02.018BERNARD S. KATZ Internal Migration and Regional Income Distribution in a rapidly developing Economy The Case of Spain, 1960-1969, International Migration 20, no.3-43-4 (Jul 1982): 147–164.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1982.tb00975.xD. E. Goodman Rural structure, surplus mobilisation, and modes of production in a peripheral region: The Brazilian north‐east, The Journal of Peasant Studies 5, no.11 (Feb 2008): 3–32.https://doi.org/10.1080/03066157708438035Maria Adriana de Villegas Migrations and Economic Integration in Latin America: The Andean Group, International Migration Review 11, no.11 (Jun 2018): 59–76.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791837701100103Lorene Y.L. Yap Rural-urban migration and urban underemployment in Brazil, Journal of Development Economics 3, no.33 (Sep 1976): 227–243.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(76)90050-X Martin T. Katzman Regional Development Policy in Brazil: The Role of Growth Poles and Development Highways in Goias, Economic Development and Cultural Change 24, no.11 (Oct 2015): 75–107.https://doi.org/10.1086/450851

Internal Migration in Brazil

The significance of internal migration for social change is a sociological theme highly debated in Latin America today. The article that follows briefly examines internal migration in Brazil. These migrations are not new, but they are increasing at the present because of a rapid process of urbanization. The author analyzes inter-regional, inter-State and intra-State population movements and assesses the causes underlying them: droughts and inundations, latifundia and limited opportunities in rural areas. He concludes by pointing out the social and economic consequences of internal migrations and the Government's reaction to them.

Internal Migration in Brazil

The significance of internal migration for social change is a sociological theme highly debated in Latin America today. The article that follows briefly examines internal migration in Brazil. These migrations are not new but they are increasing at the present because of a rapid process of urbanization. The author analyzes inter-regional inter-State and intra-State population movements and assesses the causes underlying them: droughts and inundations latifundia and limited opportunities in rural areas. He concludes by pointing out the social and economic consequences of internal migrations and the Government’s reaction to them. (excerpt)

An Economic Analysis of Internal Migration in Brazil

Analyzing interstate migration in Brazil 3 hypotheses or theories of migration are reviewed briefly before presenting the empirical results derived from 2 models--a single equation model and a simultaneous equation model. The model describing migrants behavior in Brazil cannot be formulated out of context with the data available. The major source of data on internal migration is the 1950 census of population. The study is confined to adult males. Migration is studied by age groups: the migrants in the age group 15-29 (to be denoted as "young" migrants) and the migrants in the age group 30-59 (to be denoted as "middle aged" migrants). The most important explanatory variables tried in this study are the wage rate education urbanization density of population geographic distance and the level the rate of growth and the dispersion of income both in the origin region and the destination region. In Brazil internal migration was found to be highly responsive to earning differentials. Distance was a strong deterrent to migration which to a significant extent can be attributed to the direct (monetary and nonmonetary) costs of moving though associated costs and investments are also important. There was evidence that education attracts migrants both in the origin region and the destination region and it clearly promotes migration to the extent that it influences other variables conducive to migration. Economic costs and returns appeared on the whole to dominate the behavior of migrants though some relevance of the noneconomic "push" and "pull" factors is not denied. There was evidence that urbanization and industrialization promote mobility but only shaky evidence that these characteristics in themselves attract migrants. Thus a policy of industrial and employment decentralization does not seem to prove detrimental to migration. Density acquires a gravitation like pull on migrants. The rate of growth of income employed to serve as a proxy for the expansion of income and employment though shaky in some regressions was a signficiant variable on the whole. Significant though not dramatic differences in response to various stimuli by migrants in different age groups were discernible. This result combined with the observed simultaneity among earnings and migration lends support to Juznets selectivity and interaction approach as well as to the capital theoretical approach of Schultz and Sjaastad.

Brazilian rural migrants in industry

Brazilian rural migrants in industry

Fertility, Social Mobility and Urban Migration in Brazil

Fertility, Social Mobility and Urban Migration in Brazil