Brazilian Labor Market Research Articles

The role of race relations in the Brazilian labor market: recruitment and selection processes in focus

Resumo O objetivo é analisar como as relações raciais presentes na sociedade brasileira interseccionam gênero e classe social, e têm influência na inserção no mercado de trabalho formal de mulheres negras e brancas, por meio dos discursos de estudantes e de recrutadores brasileiros que atuam para suas próprias empresas ou para outras nacionais e internacionais. O estudo adota abordagem qualitativa e utiliza o corpus de 26 discursos que englobam os fatores linguístico-textual-discursivos imbricados no processo de referência e na construção de significados, emprestados do dialogismo Bakhtiniano e do Círculo. As metanarrativas dos responsáveis das empresas enfatizam as relações raciais no mercado de trabalho, em consonância com o mito da democracia racial, da meritocracia e da baixa escolaridade das mulheres. As alunas destacam o racismo, o sexismo e a classe social como barreira para conseguir um emprego no mercado privado.

Qualificação profissional e Intermediação Pública de Mão de Obra: a Gestão do Mercado de Trabalho no Brasil, 1880-2017

Abstract This article analyzes the evolution, over the period from 1880 to 2017, of the two most important active employment policies in Brazil: public labor intermediation and professional qualification. By different means, these policies seek to regulate the encounter between labor supply and demand, encouraging individuals to participate in the economy and preventing job vacancies from going unfilled. The article discusses which arrangements between public and private actors were adopted in each period and what these arrangements reveal about the management of the Brazilian labor market. In order to historicize the formation of the labor market, unemployment is a relevant category, especially when we consider its institutionalization in the country through its inclusion in the state agenda and labor market regulation practices. Active policies migrated from the management of wage relations and the need to forge a new workforce, highlighting the role of the state (especially through authoritarian means) in the modernization of the productive sector until the 1980s, to the support for unemployed workers from the 1990s, given the processes of labor market flexibilization, rising unemployment rates, and the destabilization of occupational trajectories.

Labour market reforms in brazil (2017-2021): An analysis of the effects of recent flexibilization on labor market legislation

The main objective of this work is to analyze the effects of Brazilian Labor Market Reform (BLMR) in the short run and, based on identified changes in the economy in recent decades, to verify how these changes have affected the labor market. Four methods were used in a complementary way: (i) employment quality index; (ii) panel data estimation method; (iii) synthetic control method and (iv) microdata analysis. We observed that there was no considerable increase in the quality of employment and formal employment and the rate of unemployment did not decrease after the implementation of these changes. Part of this dynamic is cyclical and related to exogenous shocks, such as the COVID pandemic on the Brazilian economy. Finally, according to econometric analysis, the rate of unemployment in Brazil is more responsive to investment rates and the business environment than to unit labor cost and changes in labor legislation.

The long-term slavery legacy in the formation of the labor market in Brazil

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a formação do mercado de trabalho e problematizar sua constituição, considerando o extenso período do escravismo brasileiro. O argumento preponderante é a existência do tráfico negreiro alimentador do processo de trabalho no escravismo colonial. A abordagem é embasada em livros e documentos que oferecem perspectivas de análise de longa duração para compreensão histórica da formação da força de trabalho no Brasil.

Earnings Inequality and the Minimum Wage: Evidence from Brazil

Increases in the minimum wage can substantially reduce earnings inequality. To demonstrate this, we combine administrative and survey data with an equilibrium model of the Brazilian labor market. We find that a 128 percent increase in the real minimum wage in Brazil between 1996 and 2018 had far-reaching spillover effects on wages higher up in the distribution. The increased minimum wage accounts for 45 percent of a large fall in earnings inequality over this period. At the same time, the effects of the minimum wage on employment and output are muted by reallocation of workers toward more productive firms.. (JEL D31, E23, E24, J31, J38, O15)

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market: increasing inequalities

In addition to the difficulties that plague Brazilian society with the downturn in economic activity, high inflation, high interest rates, the closure of business activities in various business segments and the destruction of jobs, there are also the effects of the crisis health of the Covid-19 pandemic that manifested itself in an overwhelming way in various sectors of society from the year 2020, causing the existing inequalities in the Brazilian labor market to increase. The objective of this work is based on a review of the existing literature, to identify how the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted different groups of workers differently, considering gender and race. The results point to a greater gap in unemployment rates between female and black groups, showing that these workers suffered more strongly.

Incor Residency Program in Adult Cardiology in 2022: 40 Years Preparing Cardiologists for the Demands in Brazil.

Considering demographic data related to the cardiologist's fields of work in Brazil, the administrative board of the InCor medical residency program decided for an update of its curriculum content, to adapt the educational process to the cardiologist's work reality. This article aimed to describe the recent updates applied to the InCor medical residency program. In the article, we described the recent updates on the InCor residency program, and compared the current curriculum track with the previous one. We also presented the rationale for these changes, based on the literature on the participation of cardiologists in the labor market. There was a reduction in the working hours of residents in training in the intensive care unit, and an increase in the outpatient activities of primary and secondary prevention. Also, the didactic content was reformulated and became organized by the corresponding division. The update of the curriculum track of the InCor medical residency program was required in order to adapt it to the Brazilian labor market. The commission in charge of this update is aware that this is a dynamic process that may need changes over time.

Educação superior e resultados no mercado de trabalho no Brasil

Este artigo apresenta uma sistematização de bases de dados em larga escala que permitem observar a inserção profissional dos egressos da educação superior no Brasil e faz uma revisão da bibliografia que as utilizou, identificando algumas das principais questões não respondidas no estudo dos concluintes da educação superior. As bases de dados disponíveis foram classificadas em dois grupos de acordo com a forma de coleta dos dados e o tipo de informação disponibilizada e possibilidades de investigação: (1) dados administrativos e levantamentos censitários que permitem, quando combinados, caracterizar o registro e carreira dos graduados no mercado de trabalho formal; (2) pesquisas domiciliares amostrais ou censitárias que permitam uma análise transversal da situação de trabalho da população com educação superior. Embora os estudos com egressos da educação superior tenham se desenvolvido nas últimas décadas, ainda encontramos um vasto espaço para avanços nas pesquisas sobre a relação entre a educação superior e os resultados dos graduados ao longo da vida.

Interventionism in the labor market

The Fund for Employees (FGTS) was created by the Federal Government of Brazil to "protect" the worker fired without just cause. According to the rules, the account balance of FGTS is formed by monthly and mandatory deposits made by the employer. Employees can withdraw their money at particular moments, as defined by the government. This article aims to analyze the real effects of this regulation in Brazil and evaluate the benefits of extinguishing this fund. This government intervention interferes in the environment of voluntary exchanges between employees and employers, increasing the cost of the worker. It also creates the adverse effect of increasing turnover in the labor market because it encourages the worker to act in a way that motivates a dismissal to gain access to this resource. The preference for resources at present is observed when analyzing the results of the resource flexibility measure that took place in 2019. More than 12 million workers chose to anticipate receiving their resources. In addition, the financial return of the FGTS is very low for its shareholders. The data show that the money stuck in the FGTS yields below the average returns of similar risky applications. Who gains from this is the government, which can use the cheap resources of this fund. This way, the end of the FGTS in Brazil would significantly improve productivity and allocations in the Brazilian labor market.

New challenges for women workers in Brazil facing the wave of Industry 4.0 technologies

ABSTRACT This paper aims to understand how women’s work tends to be particularly affected by the new wave of Industry 4.0 technologies in Brazil and how public policies could actuate to reduce work gender inequalities throughout this process. We examine the 20 largest occupations for women and cross-check with estimates of automation for the Brazilian labour market from previous studies. We also analyse the women’s insertion in professional fields that have great growth potential. Among the main occupations, we identify a dual trend with high automation chance for jobs that require low or no qualifications and are low paid, and low displacement probability for caring-related professions. Furthermore, even though in Brazil women have higher education levels than men, they are under-represented in STEM (Sciences, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) areas. We point out that the main challenges for Brazil include the lack of investment in innovation and that gender-aware policies should be designed to overcome structural barriers and guarantee an equal insertion of women and men. Paid parental leave, equal pay for equal work, and public health and education services are essential to overcome inequalities based on traditional gender roles. Unemployment insurance, financial support, and incentives for qualification and requalification, as well as gender parity in educational and research institutions, are key for women to have full involvement in this new digital economy.

The inclusion of poor youth in the Brazilian labour market and the impact of the Bolsa Família programme

This article analyses the labour market inclusion of young Brazilians, especially poor ones, by measuring the impact of the Bolsa Família programme on the process. Using data from the 2015 National Household Survey (PNAD), an exploratory analysis was conducted and the propensity score matching technique applied. Young people were found to have particular difficulty in entering the labour market, while poor young people were even more excluded, suffering high rates of unemployment and informality and receiving the lowest wages. The study also found that the Bolsa Família programme had no effect on the inclusion of young beneficiaries in the formal labour market, while there was a negative impact on participants’ incomes. However, no “sloth effect” was observed.

Aging, male dominance, and decline of agricultural workers in the Central‐West Brazilian labor market

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the economically active population (EAP) employed in agricultural activities in the Central‐West region in Brazil, between 2004 and 2015. Based on microdata from the National Household Sample Survey, we analyzed the agricultural EAP according to occupation, gender, age, schooling, agricultural activities, and income. The results show a decline in the agricultural workers, accompanied by greater schooling and formalization of labor relations, by male dominance and also by the aging of agricultural workers in Central‐West Brazil. The agricultural EAP was concentrated in the 40–59 age group, with noticeable reduction in child labor and in the share of young adults. Although the female EAP in agriculture had more formal education than male workers, it showed a greater trend of decline over the period, while employers and formally registered employees had notably more years of schooling than those in other job categories. These results indicate important aspects about of those working in agriculture, which can be useful for rural development and food security policy purposes.

Labor Market, Distributive Gains and Cumulative Causation: Insights from the Brazilian Economy

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the impact of economic growth patterns on employment structure, highlighting the effects of the main final demand components' variations. Brazil is an interesting case study, as it has experienced a combination of sustained economic growth, an improvement in income distribution, and a notable increase in job formalization in the 2004-2013 period. We explore how the Brazilian growth pattern contributed to the employment growth and changes in the occupational structure (informal and formal jobs, and wage-level) and provide original insights into the Brazilian labor market in the long 2000s. We find no signs of typical job polarization, as changes in job structure relate to reductions in wage inequality. We develop a structural decomposition analysis to measure the demand components' role in explaining the Brazilian labor market's transformations based on an effective demand input-output model. Drawing on an analysis of cumulative causation between income distribution, household consumption, and occupational structure, we find that induced consumption significantly impacted service and trade industries, increasing the low-wage jobs growth rate. Our analysis suggests that the combination of cumulative causation with government consumption and investment growth is crucial to explain distributive gains and the absence of job polarization in the Brazilian labor market.

Empresariando a informalidade: um debate teórico à luz da gig economy

Abstract Informality is a historical feature of the Brazilian labor market. Its economic and social importance is undeniable. In this essay, considering the gig economy and digital labor markets phenomenon, we argue that a process of “managing the informal economy” is underway. It is observed that big companies are mediating labor relations through online platforms, using informal work. This phenomenon reorganizes and amplifies informality, creating a new employment statute by merging characteristics of formality (such as control, performance evaluation, and financial incentives) and informality (due to the autonomous nature and the lack of employment relationship with the organization). In Brazil, app-based work has grown substantially, reinforcing the need for theoretical and empirical investigation.

Impacts of Forced Immigration: The Venezuelan Diaspora and the Brazilian Labor Market

Impacts of Forced Immigration: The Venezuelan Diaspora and the Brazilian Labor Market

ACADEMIC EDUCATION IN GEOGRAPHY AND THE LABOR MARKET: BRIEF ANALYSIS FROM THE BRAZILIAN REALITY

This article aims to briefly present the reality of training in geography in the Brazilian territory. For this purpose, the article was divided into the following parts: (I) Introduction; (II) The horizons of geography training; (III) Geographer: bachelor's training; (IV) Geography Teacher: the degree course; and (V) Conclusion, with the Bibliographic References at the end. The article also discusses the characteristics of training and the difficulties related to the labor market in Brazil.

The gender gap and the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of net Brazilian formal job destruction

This paper sets out to analyze gender behavior in the Brazilian labor market as a result of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It focuses on job destruction and creation during the lockdown and implementation of social distancing throughout 2020. To do so, it uses the New General Register of Employed and Unemployed (NCAGED) and applies the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition to net male and female job destruction at municipal level, in the 18 to 40 age group. In addition, inequality for every month of 2020, in terms of the pre- and post-pandemic context was verified. It was found that the initial months affected all formal workers but had an even greater effect on women. Another relevant contribution of this study is its inequality decomposition, where the findings show that it is largely due to structural effects.

Contributions and challenges of voluntary organizations towards the integration of refugees into the job market

PurposeThis study aims to understand the contributions and challenges of voluntary organizations towards the integration of refugees into the job market.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive research with a qualitative approach based on interpretivism was used, applied to mediators of social entities in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.FindingsThe findings of this study support the importance of voluntary organizations in the employment of refugees, based on background that will contribute directly to the training of displaced persons in the Brazilian labor market. Meanwhile, difficulties such as post-employment refugee monitoring, legislative obstacles to the verification of skills, structural and human capital limitations of mediators, the national economic crisis and the lack of government support are identified as the main challenges for long-term assistance to refugees.Practical implicationsThe results of the study can foster greater participation of public policymakers and society in supporting the third sector, aiming at a greater reach in the provision of services of mediators for the effective integration of refugees in Brazil.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on the integration of refugees into the labor market by demonstrating the importance of voluntary organizations in this process. It also demonstrates how the main challenges of the third sector in the Brazilian context impact its support in facilitating and maintaining the employment of displaced persons.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO HISTÓRICA DO MERCADO DE TRABALHO NO BRASIL: DA CONSOLIDAÇÃO À REFORMA TRABALHISTA

This article aims to recover the essential aspects of the historical process of the labor market in Brazil, from the consolidation of this labor market to labor reform, more precisely the period from 1930 to 2017. The aim is to understand the particularities of a market of consolidated work in a peripheral/underdeveloped economy and the implications for the social and economic conditions of workers. Methodologically, it is a theoretical text, realized through the historical survey of the main contributions in the specialized literature. As a conclusion, it is highlighted that, despite important advances, several problems such as precariousness, informality, instability, lower wages, low degree of social protection, among others, remain as structural marks of the labor market of this society, in a context of promotion of public policies that do not show significant results in terms of improvements in the social and economic conditions of the working class, as is the case of the referred labor reform.

Local multiplier effect of the tradable sector on the Brazilian labor market

Local multiplier effect of the tradable sector on the Brazilian labor market