Brazilian Clubs Research Articles

Performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue: An approach based on cognitive, tactical and physical aspects

This study aimed to verify whether peripheral perception, tactical behaviour, and physical performance are influenced by acute physical fatigue in soccer players. The study included 24 trained soccer players (18.6 ± 1.5 years) from two Brazilian clubs. The TSAFT90 test was used to induce acute physical fatigue. The results showed that physical fatigue did not affect peripheral perception (p = 0.360). Regarding tactical behaviour, improved efficiency was observed for the principles of offensive coverage (p = 0.029), width and length with the ball (p = 0.044), and concentration (p = 0.008). On the other hand, a reduction was observed in the number of tactical actions of offensive coverage (p = 0.020) and recovery balance (p = 0.042). Also, improved accuracy in the principles of defensive balance (p = 0.009), recovery balance (p = 0.021) and defensive unity (p = 0.003) occurred under physical fatigue. A reduction in the physical performance outcomes total distance covered (p < 0.001), average speed (p < 0.001), sprints (p = 0.029), number of accelerations (p = 0.008) and decelerations (p = 0.008) were also detected. The internal (p < 0.01) and external (p < 0.01) workload was higher under physical fatigue. Overall, acute physical fatigue did not influence peripheral perception. However, physical performance was reduced under fatigue, the perceived effort increased, and tactical behaviours were affected by decreasing tactical actions performed near the ball, increasing errors in defensive movements in the lateral corridors and the last defensive line, and improving offensive tactical actions performance.

Better decision-making skills support tactical behaviour and reduce physical wear under physical fatigue in soccer.

The purpose of this study was to verify whether decision-making skills influence the tactical behavior and physical performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue, assessed in an actual game-play. The sample was comprised of 24 trained soccer players (18.25 ± 1.48years old) from two Brazilian clubs grouped into two categories with 12 players each (with high and low decision-making skills). The assessment of decision making, tactical behavior, and physical performance were carried out using TacticUP®, FUT-SAT, and GPSports®, respectively. Acute physical fatigue was induced through the T-SAFT90 test. Results showed that under acute physical fatigue players with high decision-making skills maintained tactical behavior efficiency and had their paces reduced, in addition to displaying reduced total distance covered (p < 0.001), number of accelerations (p < 0.001), and decelerations (p < 0.001), and average movement speed (p < 0.001). On the other hand, players with low decision-making skills displayed reduced tactical behavior efficiency (p = 0.002) and maintained their movement pace under physical fatigue. It is concluded that decision-making skills contribute to players' tactical behavior efficiency under acute physical fatigue, besides promoting reduced physical strain in movement actions throughout the field.

Exploring the effects of physical fatigue on cognitive performance of youth soccer players

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to verify whether the peripheral perception and decision making of young soccer players are influenced by physical fatigue. The sample was composed of 48 soccer players from two youth academies of Brazilian clubs (17.03 ± 2.33 years old). In laboratory conditions, the Vienna Test System and the TacticUP® video test was used to assess peripheral perception and decision making (response time and decision-making quality), respectively. Physical fatigue was induced through T-SAFT90 that simulated the metabolic and physical demands of a soccer game (e.g., acceleration, deacceleration, change direction, jump, and technical action). Peripheral perception and decision-making abilities were compared between the control and physical fatigue “conditions”. Results displayed that physical fatigue did not influence peripheral perception and decision-making quality, although it improved decision-making response time for the tactical principles of penetration, width and length with the ball, delay, defensive coverage, and recovery balance. In summary, physical fatigue did not affect players’ ability to detect information from the peripheral visual field and did not influence the quality of decision-making of soccer players. In addition, physical fatigue induced players to make quicker decisions regarding tactical actions near the ball and inside the centre of play. Thus, we conclude that only the response time of decision-making of youth soccer players is influenced by physical fatigue.

The determinants of player transfers in Brazil: the role of expectations in the football market

ABSTRACT The study of the football transfer market is relevant to understanding the clubs’ managerial capacity when they trade their most important assets. So far, the research on football transfers has focused mainly on the movements between European clubs. Thus, it is necessary to expand the analysis to developing countries, particularly those with a strong football tradition. We study the Brazilian professional football transfer market by analysing the transfers between top Brazilian clubs from 2018 to 2020. We use a two-step Heckman correction to account first for variables that affect the probability of a transfer and later, the actual transfer fee. We include an innovative index to capture the players’ ability to perform according to the specialists’ expectations. Our results show that besides appreciating the specific characteristics of the player such as age and nationality, the Brazilian market also considers the capacity of a player to fulfill previous expectations when deciding who is transferred and for what price. Finally, the remaining time of the contract and the recent transfer history of the player also affect transfer movements in Brazil, along with the seller club’s performance.

GESTÃO DE RECURSOS INTANGÍVEIS: UMA ANÁLISE DO MERCADO ESPORTIVO

This article aimed to analyze the management of intangible resources through soccer player transactions carried out by Brazilian and Portuguese clubs in the last five seasons, seeking to identify and analyze factors that have made Portuguese clubs references in the area, and how Brazilian clubs that generally act as player trainers can learn to do profitable business. To achieve this goal, the two Brazilian clubs that collected the most from player negotiations in each country in Brazil were analyzed: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo and São Paulo Futebol Clube, and in Portugal: Futebol Clube do Porto and Sport Lisboa Benfica. Due to the absence of scientific works and the contemporary nature of this business segment, the research was guided by the following questions: How do transactions work; How important is this revenue to the club's budget; Analysis of transactions carried out in recent years; Profile of club transactions and financial results ascertained by clubs. In the search for answers to these questions, the management of football clubs as a business, the football market, the way in which transactions take place were analyzed. The research demonstrated how strategic management is necessary for the effectiveness of club administration in terms of profitability.

Athletes in the intangible in the financial statements of Football: Comparison of the practices of Brazilian and European Clubs

This is a historic challenge in the accounting area: how to translate the values that these athletes represent to their teams into numbers and data. They are active, of course. The question is: how to classify them and, mainly, measure their economic achievement for the clubs they defend. Although new specific devices aim to make the task simpler, general regulations in the Brazilian scenario, such as the non-possibility of revaluing assets, hinder the identification of the real situation and the value of the main assets of national clubs: professional players. The article aimed to perform a qualitative analysis of the accounting policies and procedures recognized in the accounts of Brazilian professional football clubs in relation to the registration, amortization and impairment of the intangible with athletes, comparing them to three international teams. Palmeiras, Corinthians and Flamengo were the national teams selected in comparison to Manchester United (ING), Borussia Dortmund (ALE) and Barcelona (ESP). The research concludes that the degree of disclosure and information contained in the pieces varies according to the market, the regulations in force at the site and, mainly, the structuring of the teams' properties, with the best performing clubs having greater descriptive content and information in their Tales. Although a good part of the texts and reports are limited to a reproduction of policies and practices explained in norms and legal texts, without offering the accounting users useful information for their decision making.

The New Era of Brazilian Football and Clubs Managed as a Business

The New Era of Brazilian Football and Clubs Managed as a Business

Do youth soccer players with different tactical behaviour also perform differently in decision-making and visual search strategies?

ABSTRACT The study aimed to compare the decision-making and visual search strategies of young soccer players between two groups based on the results on-field specific tactical test. Ninety youth male soccer players (14.0 ± 1.06 years) affiliated to regional Brazilian clubs participated in this study (U-15 years). The tactical behaviour was assessed using the FUT-SAT assessment tool and players were grouped into two groups of tactical skill level: more skilled and less skilled. Video-based tests were used to assess decision-making, while visual search strategies were performed using the Mobile Eye-XG®. The results indicated that the more skilled showed better decision-making scores compared to the less skilled (p= 0.035. d= 0.57). The more skilled also performed a higher mean number of fixations per trial (p= 0.002; d= 0.99); and had a lower mean duration of fixation (p= 0.020; d= 0.73). No differences were found between groups in terms the percentage viewing time per locations. The results suggest that young soccer players who are more tactically skilled were also those with better decision-making and performed visual search strategies with more visual fixations of shorter duration in comparison to less skilled.

Planejamento estratégico como um dos fatores de sucesso das organizações esportivas: um estudo sobre os clubes esportivos brasileiros que atuam no contexto olímpico

O sucesso de uma organização esportiva depende de diversos fatores, um deles é a estruturação de um planejamento estratégico. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal identificar a existência e analisar importância do planejamento estratégico nos principais clubes esportivos brasileiros que atuam em nível Olímpico. Como resultado, foi possível constatar que os clubes brasileiros analisados possuem planejamentos e seguem com afinidade e coerência recomendações existentes na literatura. E este fato é um indício que o planejamento é o primeiro e um dos passos para se alcançar sucesso, seja ele administrativo ou esportivo. Outros fatores acabam por existir e influenciar o modo operante de organizações brasileiras, como neste caso, clubes esportivos. Por outro lado, é fundamental que o planejamento estratégico, passe a existir no esporte brasileiro, a fim de que este tenha um maior e melhor profissionalismo em termos organizacionais.

Eccentric knee flexor strength of professional football players with and without hamstring injury in the prior season

Both injury history and eccentric knee flexor strength have been associated with risk of football players sustaining hamstring strain injury (HSI). However, it remains unclear whether football players who sustained HSIs in the prior season present persistent eccentric strength deficits. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to verify the eccentric knee flexor strength of professional male football players with and without history of HSI in the prior season. This case–control study assessed 210 professional male football players from 10 Brazilian clubs: 182 included in the control group and 28 in the previously injured group. Players from the injured group had suffered unilateral HSI in the prior season. We measured the knee flexors peak force during the Nordic hamstring exercise and calculated the between-limb asymmetry. Groups were similar for age, body mass and height (p > 0.05). Control group had similar strength values between left and right limbs (376.29 ± 61.77 N vs. 380.28 ± 61.77 N; p = 0.27; d = 0.06), while the previously injured limb was weaker than the contralateral uninjured limb in the injured group (350.87 ± 60.79 N vs. 385.75 ± 63.49 N; p < 0.01; d = 0.56). Thirty-seven percent of players in the control group and 50% in the injured group presented between-limb asymmetry >10%. This study demonstrates that players with history of HSI in the prior season present reduced eccentric knee flexor strength in the injured limb, but half of them have between-limb asymmetry within the most commonly adopted benchmark value of 10%.

The transition process towards the yellow ball in tennis teaching

More than 10 years have gone by since Play and Stay campaign was launched, and even today, there is a lack of scientific studies focusing their strategies on the transition process between the stages that make up Tennis 10s. So, on the basis of interviews with expert coordinators, who are responsible for sport initiation programmes in Brazilian clubs, this study tries to describe the strategies used for the transition between the “green ball” and the “yellow ball”.

MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF BRAZILIAN FEMALE ARTISTIC GYMNASTS: INSIGHTS VIA MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

The aim of this research was to investigate individual and club-level variables that explain individual differences in gymnasts´ motor performance (MP). The sample was comprised of 249 female gymnasts (68 elite; 181 non-elite), aged between 9 and 20 years, split into four age categories: 9-10 years (n=98); 11-12 years (n=72); 13-15 years (n=64), and 16 and above (n=15). Gymnasts were from 26 Brazilian clubs, from six different states. The Talent Opportunity Program physical ability total test score was used to assess gymnasts’ MP, based on a battery of seven tests: handstand hold, cast, rope climb, press handstand, leg flexibility, leg lift, and 20 meter sprint. Anthropometric, body composition, biological maturation, and training history data were also collected, as were club dimensions, infrastructures, competitions, manpower, and availability of selection/talent programs. Data were analyzed using a multilevel modelling approach. Individual gymnast’ characteristics explained 39% of physical ability score variance from which 32% was related to the independent effects of age, competitive level, fat free mass, occurrence of menarche, and trainings hours per week (p&lt;0.05). Club characteristics explained 61% of gymnasts’ total variance in physical ability score; 96% of this amount was related to club dimension, manpower, and talent program. These results reinforce the relevant role of the contextual effects and highlight the need to invest in club infrastructures: ideally in coaches’ expertise and effective selection programs. Such investments should enable the enhancement and development of a gymnast’s careers during their lifetime involvement in training and competition.

El intangible en los clubes brasileños: un análisis de los gastos con jugadores en las cuentas anuales

Given the importance of intangibles in the context of soccer, this article identifies the intangibles present in the financial statements of the main Brazilian clubs, comparing them and identifying which part of these values are related to the expenses with training, acquisition and renewal of contracts with athletes, in light of the accounting standards that allow (or require) these practices for Brazilian teams. The results point to a nominal growth in the group of intangible assets recorded in the balance sheets. In proportional terms, they represent more than 10% of the total assets in 2/3 of the selected sample, and in some cases represent more than 30% of the assets. In 26 of the 27 teams analyzed, the representativeness of the training and professional training expenses of athletes reached levels above 97% of the intangible. On average, 16.86% of the assets are represented by intangible assets, whose content that relates to player spending reaches, on average, 98.6%. The results indicate the importance of the research on methodologies for recognition and measurement of specific intangibles for soccer clubs. In a sport where athletes take a leading role and move high figures, considering the impact of this capital on financial statements is necessary, possible and requires debate, adequacy, standardization and expansion of current policies.

Uma história do tênis no Brasil

O estudo trata de investigar a prática esportiva do tênis nos primeiros clubes no Brasil, buscando evidências sobre os métodos utilizados para ensinar o esporte. Para tal, recorreu-se à revisão bibliográfica e a análise documental das fontes coletadas para a pesquisa. A interpretação das informações revelou que a prática do tênis desenvolveu-se de forma significativa nos clubes e alastrou-se para outros espaços sociais. Também há indícios que nos clubes foram experimentados e modificados métodos de ensino do tênis pelos instrutores/professores ao longo do tempo.

Seleção em ginástica artística feminina no Brasil

This study investigates coaches’ (n=40) procedures in gymnastics selection, and characterizes detection and selection programs (PS) implemented in Brazilian clubs. In 70% of the cases, the coach is the main decision maker; 90% uses motor tests (specific motor skills, speed, strength and flexibility) in PS. The mixed method is the most often used (55%) and comprises anthropometric, motor and technical data (70.0%, 62.5%, 47.5%, respectively). Most clubs (61.5%) conduct periodic recruitment; 38.5% use an external form. Only 8 clubs (30.8%) have PS, and these have 30% of elite gymnasts.

Efficiency Determinants in Brazilian Football Clubs

The aim of this study is to analyze the efficiency of Brazilian football clubs in generating revenues and the reasons behind it. To achieve this goal, we applied quantitative methods including Data Envelopment Analysis and Tobit regression modeling to data on the best clubs from 2012 to 2014, according to the Brazilian Football Confederation ranking. The results allowed for the inference that the largest Brazilian clubs, such as Grêmio (RS), Palmeiras (SP) and Vasco (RJ), were not efficient in any period under analysis. Others, such as Guarani (SP) and Guaratinguetá (SP), were efficient in all of years under consideration. With the Tobit regression model, we were able to determine that winning titles and the elite status of a given club are decisive factors in achieving efficiency. Included among the strategies that allow for greater efficiency in Brazilian clubs are the better utilization of stadiums and club assets, maximization of the financial worth of player popularity, and joining these with titles and a place in the A Series. Finally, the results of this study contribute to the strategic development of the football business, highlighting the positive effects that efficiency yields for clubs, thus supporting the growing body of research on sports management in Brazilian academia.

JOGOS E ESTRATÉGIAS: O CAMPEONATO BRASILEIRO DE FUTEBOL NA DÉCADA DE 1970 E A POLÍTICA DE INTEGRAÇÃO NACIONAL

doi: 10.12957/geouerj.2016.19444 Football had different entry routes in Brazil and underwent an intense process of popularization throughout the twentieth century until becoming a national popular demonstration. The football practice mobilization capacity attracted different political interests, including the creation of the Brazilian Clubs Championship in 1971, with the intention of promoting the national integration through that sport. Therefore, the present article aims to discuss the strategic importance of the Brazilian Championship in the 1970s about the political actions for national integration.

Disclosure em Demonstrações Financeiras: Um Estudo Sobre o Nível de Evidenciação Contábil de Clubes de Futebol brasileiros

The present study sought to analyze adherence to CFC Resolution No. 1429/13 in elaboration and disclosure of Financial Statements by Brazilian clubs. Through a checklist inspired by Raschka, Wallner and Costa (2008), we analyzed this adherence in 2013. We observed that the specific criteria and procedures for the evaluation, accounting records and structuring of the Financial Statements of professional soccer entities 53.04% of the items recommended by CFC Resolution No. 1429/2013. The results pointed that there is a significant variation in the disclosure process between the clubs, which makes it difficult to understand accounting records and assess the shareholders’ equity of soccer clubs. This lack of standardization to the accounting practices in accordance with NBC ITG 2003 complicates any interpretation of accounting records and assessment of the heritage of soccer bodies, increasing the risk of a wrong decision making on the purchase, sale or training players. These decisions affect the club’s finances, and create barriers to investors, since they cannot identify the real situation of the club and calculate investments. Due to the economic importance, cultural and social development of soccer clubs, this study has greatly contributed to the development of a discussion on accounting level disclosure practiced in the club, as this new standard of conduct seeks to maximize the level of accounting disclosure as a requirement for behavioral change of both the leaders and the organizational, economical and financial development of sports entities.

Eficiência e eficácia de clubes de futebol – uma análise comparativa

Paper objective is to analyze the performance of football clubs, comparing Brazilian and European club’s. From this analysis, it is expected investigate three hypotheses: (1) the analyzed Brazilian clubs have a worse financial performance compared to the performance of European clubs; (2) the chosen management model is crucial for football clubs achieve good performance and (3) football clubs that have high financial performance, also have high efficacy regarding the amount of wins in games played in 2014. To achieve this goal, a procedure was structured in four steps: (1) defining the clubs, (2) development of indicators and performance measures, (3) aggregation of measures for each club and (4) sorting and analysis of clubs. As a result of this analysis, it was found that the three hypotheses under discussion were false. It was also found that most Brazilian clubs have low effectiveness and low/medium financial performance. In contrast, most European clubs have high effectiveness and medium/high financial performance.

DO AMADORISMO AO FUTEBOL-ESPETÁCULO: UMA REFLEXÃO ACERCA DOS CLUBES DE FUTEBOL BRASILEIROS

The article focuses on the transition process from professional football to spectacle football, especially considering the potential power of Brazilian clubs in relation to other institutions of this field. At first, it is intended to highlight the main features of each stage of the transition and notice which institutions and agents held greater potential of power. Secondly, the attempt is to compare currently the ways of getting income in foreign and Brazilian clubs, considering the spectacularized logic in which the football is inserted. It is possible to affirm that the modernization process of Brazilian football is still incomplete. The transition from professional football to spectacle football, at least for the clubs, has not yet occurred in full.