Symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes are a cheaper and usually more effective agronomic practice for ensuring an adequate supply of nitrogen for legume based crop and pasture production than the application of nitrogen fertilizer. <i>Crolotalaria ocroleuca</i> is one of the members of crotalaria grown as cover crop or inter crop in southern and south western parts of Ethiopia. Nineteen isolates were isolated from the root nodules of <i>Crolotalaria ocroleuca</i> from coffee growing area in Godere Wereda, Gambella region. Presumptive tests and microscopic features confirmed that the isolates were rod shaped and gram-negative rhizobia. Based on colony and growth characters the isolates were grouped into two groups. Accordingly, 15 isolates were fast growing and acid producing Rhizobium spp; whereas four isolates (AAUCR4. AAUCR9, AAUCR14 and AAUCR18) were slow growing and alkali producing Brady rhizobium spp. Most of the isolates utilized the carbohydrates; sorbitol, xylose, and lactose, whereas only 26% and 15% were able to utilize starch and Na-citrate, respectively. All isolates were resistant to kanamycin and erythromycin at lower concentration of 2.5 and 5 µm/ml. Only 68% and 79% were résistance at (2.5 µm/ml) and 63% and 16% of the isolates were resistant at (5 µm/ml) to neomycin and gentamycin, respectively whereas isolates (AAUCR9 and AAUCR18) were resistant to all the tested antibiotics. The isolates also showed variability in their physiological characteristics. All isolates grew at 30°C. while, 63% and 53% of the isolates were able to tolerate 15°C and 40°C respectively. All isolates were able to grow at lower salt concentration (1-2%), and five isolates (26%) showed tolerance up to 4%. Only isolate (AAUCR9) was considered highly osmo-tolerant since it grew at 5% of salt concentration. Amongst the isolates, 21% were able to form clear zones around their colonies on Pikovaskaya’s medium and hence, they were considered as phosphate solubilisers with solubilisation index ranging from (2.2 -3). Relative effectiveness of the isolates was calculated by dry mass of the inoculated plant over the dry mass of positive control has significant difference within and among the treatment and positive and negative control at (p<0.05 Tukey’s test HSD) and accordingly, 47%, and 32%, of the isolates (79%) were highly effective (80-100%), and effective (50-80%) in nitrogen fixation. Generally, with over all competency analysis measurement two isolates AAUCR9 and AAUCR18 were the best isolates in terms of effective nitrogen fixation and tolerance to various ecological features that could make them competent against prospective candidates under field conditions.

A field study was conducted during the summer of 2022 at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar to evaluate the effects of various beneficial microbes on mungbean varieties. The research comprised of two factors, including mungbean varieties (Ramazan, NIFA mung-19, NIFA mung-17) and beneficial microbes (Brady rhizobium japonicum, Effective Microbes-1, Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Effective Microbes-1) in a triplicate randomized complete block design. The study revealed that beneficial microbes did not have a noteworthy impact on mungbean emergence and the timeframe for emergence, although significant effects were noted for other measured parameters. Ramazan variety produced maximum number of pod-1 seeds (11), had highest number of plants at harvest (9 m-2), maximum grain outcome (964 kg ha-1) On the other hand, NIFA Mung-17 produced maximum plant height (93.1 cm), number of pods plant-1 (14.6), thousand grain weight (38.8g), and highest biological yield (3202 kg ha-1). Beneficial microbes significantly influenced most of the parameters studied in all varieties. The mung bean varieties treated with a combination of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and effective Microbes-1 exhibited the highest recorded values for plant height (94.6 cm) number of plants at harvest (9 m-2) number of pods plant-1 (15.5), number of seeds per pod1 (12), 1000 grain weight (39.7g), biological output (3230 kg ha-1), grain yield (993 kg ha-1) it is concluded that the application of microbial inoculation, specifically Bradyrhizobium + EM-1 produced higher grain yield (993 kg ha-1) followed by Bradyrhizobium (953 kg ha-1) while the lowest yield was obtained in control experimental units. Between varieties of mungbean Ramazan produced the highest mungbean yield (964 kg ha-1 followed by NIFA Mung-17 (931kg ha-1). Thus, it is recommended to inoculate Ramazan with Bradyrhizobium japonicum + EM-1 for higher yields in the Peshawar valley.

On the way of development of antiviral agents for agriculture, artificial glycan-glycolipid complexes (GGC) were created from glucan, which was the component of mycelium of basidiomicotafungi Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk. Other constituents are extracellular glucouronoxylomannan of basidiomicota fungi Tre-mella mesenteric Ritz. Fr., mannan from Candida maltosa cells. Ramnolipid of Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 is used as a compound agent, аnd GGC fractions (liposomes and supernatant) have an inhibit in gactivity against virus of tabacum mosaic (VТM) of datura (Datura stramonium (L.) and tabacum (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants up-sensitive to this virus. Under by the treatment of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Seeds bio formulations, the plant resistance to mosaic virus infections (diseases) and the reflection of leaf light spectra, which characterized of chlorophill sunder field conditions, are increased. Using the electron microscope method of investigation, the structures of microcenoses as well as liposoms were found out in the near-root plant zone, which indicates on the lack of impact to the processes of plant-rhyzospheric microorganism’s interactions. The investigation has shown that pre-sowing bacterization by Brady rhizobium japonicum UCM B-6018 in combination with GGC-3 preparation promotes the crop increase in field experiments.

Soybean is a grain legume has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil in association with Brady rhizobium rhizobia. Soybean crop fixes 61-337 Kg Nha-1. Many of scientist reported that as macronutrient needs are met, it becomes possible that micronutrient requirements of the soybean plant could be limiting optimum production and although boron is termed a micronutrient, its role within the plant is widespread. The role of boron within the plant includes cell wall synthesis, sugar transport, cell division, differentiation, membrane functioning, root elongation, and regulation of plant hormone levels. The application of lime and boron were given in the plots as per their treatments prior to sowing. The significant increase in the soybean yield was mainly due to increasing does of lime and boron as well. However, the interaction of lime and boron were not fund significant. The maximum seed yield was increased by the application of lime @ 5 t/ha. However on the other hand, increase in the yield by the application of boron 1 kg/ha. When compared with absolute control. It showed that application of lime and boron separately give the positive effect on soybean grain yield whereas in combination with lime and boron could not play significant increase in crop yield.

The objective of this study was to determine the amount of phosphorus application needed for the Bradyrhizobium inoculation to improve soybean N uptake and grain yield. Two factors were investigated: inoculation with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens strain USDA 110 and application of phosphorus fertilizer with different doses (0; 50; 100 and 150 kg ha-1 P2O5). Trials were carried out in two agro-ecological zones (ZAE) in Benin with two experimental sites namely Ketou and Ze. The experimental design was a Complete Randomized Block Design. Results showed that the highest mean height values were recorded T1+150P (42.22 cm at Ze and 43.82 cm at Ketou) while the lowest values were recorded with the treatment T0 + 0P. Treatment T0 +100P gave the highest aboveground biomass at 10 weeks after sowing at Ketou (2521.43 kg DM ha-1) while T1+150P recorded the highest aboveground biomass at Ze (3392.75 kg DM ha-1). At Ketou, the grain yield was increased under T1+100P by 98% compared with T0+0P. At Ze, the treatments T1+100P significantly increased the soybean grain yield by 147% compared with T0+0P. Likewise, T1+100P allowed to have the highest total nitrogen yields in the grain which is respectively 144.13 kg ha-1 N and 295.02 ha-1 kg N at Ketou and Ze. Overall, the inoculation with B. diazoefficiens had significantly increased the number of nodules for all of the phosphorus fertilizer amounts. The mycorhization frequency was significantly lower under the treatment T0 + 0P (41.46%) than the other treatments while that was higher under the treatment T1+50P (76.04%). Keywords: Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens, soybean inoculation, grain yield, Benin.

Produtos a base de Azospirillum brasilense são preconizados para co-inoculação na cultua da soja, juntamente com Bradyrhizobium, podendo apresentar efeito residual para as culturas subsequentes. Objetivou-se verificar a resposta da forrageira em relação ao efeito residual da inoculação e co-inoculação na cultura da soja, juntamente com a aplicação de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no consórcio milho + braquiária. Avaliou-se massa seca de dois cortes, produção de palhada, relação folha:colmo, índice spad, teor de N e as taxas de recuperação e eficiência de utilização do N. A co-inoculação na cultura da soja proporcionou efeito residual no primeiro corte da forrageira; obtendo-se melhores resultados para massa seca. Para relação folha: colmo, a inoculação apresentou melhor índice. A eficiência de utilização de N pela braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) aumentou enquanto que a recuperação do N aplicado, a eficiência agronômica e a eficiência fisiológica diminuíram com o aumento das doses de N aplicadas.

A fixação biológica de nitrogênio substitui, ao menos em parte, a adubação nitrogenada e reduz os custos de produção. Normalmente, as sementes são inoculadas com bactérias, mas existe tecnologia para aplicar inoculantes também no sulco de semeadura, o que permite ampliar as possibilidades de inoculação. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a inoculação de diferentes bactérias, aplicadas de forma isolada ou conjunta, via sulco ou semente sobre as características agronômicas e sobre a extração de N da soja, em área com histórico de produção da cultura. O experimento foi em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x3+2: aplicação na semente ou no sulco; somente de Bradyrhizobium, somente de Azospirillum brasilense e coinoculação Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum brasilense; mais duas testemunhas (sem inoculação). Com a inoculação via semente, as menores alturas de inserção da primeira vagem foram verificadas com Bradyrhizobium e com a coinoculação, no sulco a testemunha apresentou o maior resultado. A coinoculação na semente apresentou a maior quantidade de vagens por planta, quando a aplicação foi no sulco a inoculação com Bradyrhizobium e a coinoculação se sobressaíram. A maior quantidade de grãos por vagem foi obtida com a inoculação com Bradyrhizobium e com a coinoculação na semente, no sulco não foram verificadas diferenças. A maior massa de mil grãos e produtividade foram obtidas com a inoculação com Bradyrhizobium e com a coinoculação independente da forma de aplicação. O tratamento com Bradyrhizobium e a coinoculação extraíram mais nitrogênio na aplicação via semente, para o sulco o melhor resultado foi com a coinoculação.

Abstract Nitrogen is a key nutrient for soybean cropping and can be fully supplied by the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process. Inoculation with elite Bradyrhizobium strains greatly improves the supply of N to soybean; however, inoculation of large areas in short‐sowing windows delays the sowing process, demanding the development of technologies for pre‐inoculation. Here we report the evaluation of a liquid formulation containing cell protectors that proved, in four field experiments located in different edaphoclimatic conditions of Brazil, symbiotic performance comparable to the peat‐based inoculant, traditionally considered as the best carrier. The liquid inoculant was also effective when applied to seeds not treated with pesticides 15 days before sowing, providing efficient BNF and time‐flexibility to the farmers. Benefits of the liquid inoculant in improving grain yield were confirmed in two areas cropped for the first time and devoid of Bradyrhizobium, with an average increase of 89%, and also in two areas traditionally cropped with inoculated soybean, with an average increase of 6.8%, both in comparison to the non‐inoculated control without N‐fertilizers (NI). It is worth mentioning that, also in comparison to the NI control, the addition of 200 kg N ha−1 impacted grain yield in +54% and −1,8%, in new and traditional areas, respectively, indicating that BNF was more effective than the application of N‐fertilizer. Large increases in total N content in grains were observed as well in response to the liquid inoculant, on average 47% and 27%, when compared to the NI and NI + N controls, respectively.

A inoculação com bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium, ocasiona na rizosfera a formação estruturas especializadas na fixação biológica de nitrogênio, sendo descartada a aplicação na cultura da soja, uma vez que a relação simbiótica consegue suprir suas necessidades. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência da inoculação bem como de níveis de nitrogênio em cobertura no crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade da soja. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul – Unidade Universitária de Aquidauana. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação entre inoculantes (Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Azospirillum brasilense; B. japonicum + A. brasilense; Controle sem inoculação) e quatro níveis de nitrogênio em cobertura na soja (0; 50; 100; 150 kg ha-1). A inoculação foi realizada antes da semeadura, já a aplicação do nitrogênio foi realizada no estádio V8, para tal, utilizou-se sulfato de amônio como fonte. Foram avaliados: população final de plantas, altura da planta, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, diâmetro do caule, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, produtividade de grãos, massa de 1000 grãos. A inoculação de sementes de soja usando isoladamente ou em conjunto não interfere no desenvolvimento e produtividade de grãos da cultura da soja, assim o uso de nitrogênio mineral em cobertura é dispensável, pois não reflete em incrementos na produtividade de grãos da soja.

Background: Plant growth promoting rhizobia play an important in agricultural ecosystem through symbiotic association with a wide range of leguminous plants. Legume-rhizobia association is a host specific symbiosis hence the need to identify the strains and the diversity of rhizobia associated with specific type of legume for better bio-prospecting of the associated benefits. A wide range of variation is present among the distribution of rhizobia and greatly affected by geographical locality, edaphic factors and environmental variation with time and space. Molecular techniques have been developed to aid the traditional phenotypic and morpho-cultural techniques in distinguishing the different microbial genera, species and strains. The present study aimed at isolation and morpho-molecular characterization of rhizobia from root nodule of green gram cultivated in central part of India.Methods: In the field-laboratory investigation during 2018-2019, various locations of central India with contrasting agro climatic conditions were surveyed and rhizobia trapping done. A total of 40 rhizobia were retrieved from nodules of green gram and characterized in laboratory based on morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques and results validated for taxonomic identification.Result: In our investigation all forty isolated rhizobia were found phosphate solubilizers, 38 IAA producers and 37 ammonia excretors and grew well at 28oC and 37oC. In carbohydrate fermentation test 34 isolates changed the broth colour from red to yellow with gas formation in durum tubes. Twenty diverse rhizobia isolates were selected with respect to their multifunctional properties and studied for molecular characterization. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these bacterial strains were identified under two genera: Rhizobium and Brady Rhizobium. Phylogenetic analysis divided 20 rhizobia isolates into two clusters. Major group included 12 strains and minor group included 8 strains.

Bacteria Bradyrhizobium spp. From nodules on soybean plants, bind nitrogen from the air and make it freely available to plants. Amount of nitrogen fixed depends on the ability of a strain to form nodules, nodule effectiveness and environmental conditions. On land – land that had been planted with soybeans, inoculation with Bradyrizhobium bacteria are often not required. To test these lands in the district of Ende, NTT has conducted an experiment with a factor in the design of Randomized Complete with nine treatment groups. The treatment consists of (i) inoculation with the soybean crop in the ground former Ekoae (R1), (ii) inokulasi with soil former soybean plants in Ndona (R2), (iii) inoculation of soybean plants with the soil used in Flores (R3), (iv) Brady rhizobium isolates from soybean nodules in Ekoae (R4), (v) Bradyrhizobium isolates from nodules of soybean plants is in Ndona (R5), (v) Bradyrhozobium isolates from nodules of soybean plants at Flores (R6) (vii) a commercial inoculant legin (L), (viii) fertilizer nitrogen (N), and (ix) Control (K). all treatments were repeated 4 times. Land used in these experiments is the land of Ndona. The experiment was carried out since faculty, Udayana University. The highest percentage of effective nodules on the treatment Bradyrhizobium isolates from sybean nodules in Ndona (R5). Total nitrogen levels at the age of 45 HST in the highest in soybean plants that received 100 kg ha-1 urea and soybeans that have a desolate Bradyrhizobium inoculation of soybean nodules in Ndona (R). Efficiency and levels of symbiotic nitrogen fixation result obtained highest in soybean plants that received an inoculation Bradyrhizobium diisolat soybean nodules in Ndona (R5). Oven dry weight of plants that from the age of 45 HST on all isolates are equivalent to the oven-dry weight of plants at the fertilization of 100 kg ha- 1 urea. The result shoed that the land – the land of Ekoae, Ndona and Fkres have high Bradirhizobium contain bacteria. Bacteria Bradyrhizobium cp. Most numerous in the isolates from soybean nodules in Ndona (R5) the most efficient from effective nodules is 82.26% and as high as the 0.52% N fixate. These results indicate that isolates from Ndona Bradyrhizobiun veeb able to form effective nonudel on yoy beans grown in soil from Ndona. The result also indicates inoculation with a commercial inoculant was obtained not on land – land planted with soybeans used

Devido a sua capacidade de fixação biológica de nitrogênio, a cultura da soja tem apresentando maiores produtividades com a inoculação de bactérias do gênero Rhizobium. Entretanto, a inoculação pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores, inclusive pelo tipo de adubação realizada. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes adubações na nodulação e no desenvolvimento de plantas de soja. Para isso, testaram-se as adubações orgânicas, com base em esterco bovino e cama de frango, a adubação química e um tratamento testemunha, sendo eles com ou sem inoculação de Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de altura de planta, número de folhas, massa da matéria seca de planta, número de nódulos e massa da matéria seca dos nódulos. Os tratamentos com adubação de esterco bovino apresentaram os melhores resultados em todas as variáveis analisadas, com ou sem a inoculação de sementes. O esterco bovino se apresenta como uma excelente escolha para a adubação de soja, uma vez que possibilita um maior desenvolvimento de parte aérea, sistema radicular e número de nódulos, evidenciando que poderá contribuir para um maior rendimento no final do ciclo da cultura.

Rapid sand filter (RSF) is widely used in drinking water treatment plants. Rapid filtration is always considered a physicochemical process, but the effect of the microorganisms that attach to the filter media remain inadequately investigated. In order to understand the composition and functional characteristics of microbial communities in RSFs, influent water, effluent water, and filter materials from eleven RSFs in eight Chinese cities were sampled and analyzed. After filtration, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed a slight but significant removal due to the growth of heterotrophic microbes. The activity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes and nitrite-oxidizing microbes promoted a significant decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and a significant increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in water. No significant changes in total nitrogen (TN) were observed, indicating that denitrification and anammox were weak in the RSFs. The composition and function of the microbial communities of RSFs were assessed using metagenomic methods. Genera in the top 10% with respect to relative abundance (14 genera in total) were identified as the dominant genera, including the two ammonia-oxidizing bacteria Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas. Functional gene information for the dominant genera was also extracted for analysis. The dominant genera exhibited higher relative abundances of carbohydrate, nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotic metabolic pathways. Aeromonas had the highest relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolic genes, and Bradyrhizobium had the highest relative abundance of nitrogen, sulfur, and xenobiotics metabolic genes, indicating that these two genera play an important role in the transformation of substances in drinking water. Finally, the metabolic potential of the dominant genera on xenobiotics was evaluated, and the results showed that Bradyrhizobium, Sphingomonas, Methyloglobulus, Sphingopyxis, and Klebsiella were the key bacterial genera for the removal of micropollutants in RSFs.

Inoculation en pépinière de Mimosa latispinosa Lam. avec le symbionte mycorhizien arbusculaire, Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198, et Bradyrhizobium spp. dans le sud-est de Madagascar.La compagnie Qit Madagascar Minerals (QMM) a pris plusieurs engagements environnementaux dans son projet minier basé près de la ville de Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar), dont celui de restaurer une partie de ses sites après exploitation. Différentes souches symbiotiques ont été testées en tant que bio-stimulateurs pour la restauration écologique de Mimosa latispinosa, Lam. un arbuste pionnier local. Les souches symbiotiques testées en pépinière étaient la souche de l’inoculum commercial, Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 et deux souches locales de Bradyrhizobium spp., STM1415 et STM1447, inoculées seules ou en combinaison avec la souche de mycorhize arbusculaire. Les traitements n’ont pas montré de différences significatives au niveau de la hauteur et de la biomasse sèche des plantes. Les plantes cultivées en sol stérilisé ont toutefois connu une croissance significativement supérieure à celles produites en sol non-stérilisé. Vingt semaines après inoculation, les résultats suggèrent que la tyndallisation du sol (chauffage à 100°C et à pression atmosphérique de 700 kPa pendant trois heures) est une méthode efficace pour la production en pépinière de plants de bonne qualité de M. latispinosa issus de semis.

Ultisol problem is having acidic pH which makes soybean difficult to grow and symbiotic with Brady rhizobium sp. To fixate N. The aim of this research was studied the growth response and N uptake of two soybean varieties on inoculation Brady rhizobium sp. in Ultisol Binjai, Sumatera Utara. This research used Ultisol Binjai with pH 4.5 which was carried out with a pot experiment in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 factors. The first factor is Brady rhizobium sp inoculants consisting of without inoculant; BGR3 inoculant; and LP3 inoculant, the second factor is varieties consisting of Anjasmoro and Demas-1. The third factor is liming consisting of without liming and liming with a dose of 7.76 g/10 kg of soil (until pH 5.5). The results of the research showed that application of Brady rhizobium sp inoculant BGR3 was able to increase the N uptake of soybean in Ultisol with an acidic pH which was better than other inoculant. Shoot root ratio tended to increase in Anjasmoro without liming which were application of BGR3 inoculant about 14.15%.

Fil: Cesari, Adriana Belen. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Biologia Molecular. Seccion Quimica Biologica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

Mung beans, also known as Lu Dou, are one of the traditional soy foods consumed mainly in East Asia, especially by Chinese and Japanese. It has been used both as nutritional food and herbal medicine. Mung is a valuable plant for sustainable agriculture due to its ability to use atmospheric nitrogen. Because of energy crises and high mineral fertilizer prices cultivation of legumes become one of the most promising strategies for sustainable agriculture. The factors determining the efficiency of symbiotic process are the genetic constitution of the host plant and bacteria, environment, and technological inputs (inoculums, fertilizers and pesticides). Inoculation of mung bean with Bradyrhizobium enhanced nodulation, and results in increasing of shoot biomass and grain yield. The legume residues are also a good source of mineral nitrogen for the succeeding crops. Mungbean is rich in easily digestible protein, it also contains vitamin A, B1, B2, C, niacin, folate, iron, calcium, and zinc. Nutrition therapy on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is quite effective at treating common diseases. The most important health benefits of mung beans are anti-oxidant effects, antifungal and antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, activity against diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Mung bean clears heat, detoxifies, reduces swelling, promotes urination, quenches thirst, aids edema in the lower limbs. It is recommended for conjunctivitis, diabetes, dysentery, summer heat, heatstroke, dehydration, edema and food poisoning.

A field experiment was conducted in the newly reclaimed sandy soils at El-Bostan area, to investigate the influence of bio and mineral fertilizers on yield and yield components of peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.). Treatments include single or dual inoculation of Bradyrhizobium (BR) and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM), as biofertilizers. In addition, eight mineral fertilizer treatments, nitrogen (75, 100 and 120% of recommended dose), phosphorus (50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose) and two molybdenum treatments (with 200 g ha-1 Mo as ammonium molybdate and without) under randomize complete block statistical design (RCBD). The results indicate that inoculation with VAM+BR significantly increase hundred kernel weight, kernel, pods, hay and biological yield by 34.00, 26.12, 45.81, 26.80 and 34.32 %, respectively compared to uninoculated treatments followed by single treatments of BR then VAM. Data also revealed that bacterial–mycorrhizal–legume symbiosis increase significantly VAM infection and number of spores, nodule number and BR count, nitrogenase activity and alkali phosphatase compared with uninoculated. Also, the plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) concentrations, protein content and shelling percentage were significantly increased due to dual biofertilizers followed by the single inoculation. Application of molybdenum increased nodules number per plant and BR count by 4.35 and 10.97% when compared with without molybdenum application. Generally, inoculation with VAM and BR can, synergistically, remove the deficient effect of N and P in the soil of low nutrient content. At the same time, increase the NUEs and PUEs. Bio-Dependency of pods, hay and biological yields increased significantly by 29.70, 36.89 and 45.87; 15.08, 21.02 and 26.93; and 20.76, 27.18 and 34.28%, respectively with inoculation with VAM, BR and VAM+BR.

Ефективність спільної інокуляції сої штамами Bradyrhizobium japonicum з різною швидкістю росту

The development and anatomy of root nodules induced in seedlings of Erythrina poeppigiana by a strain of Bradyrhizobium spp (CR 751) is described. Infection apparently occurred via injuries where lateral roots (devoid of root hairs) emerged. The first sign of infection was a group of epidermal cells (fluffy) on the secondary (emerging) root that covered the nodule primordium. Here, thin-walled cells with plastids and in active division were observed but not infection threads. Infection appears to have occurred via protoxylem which was preceded by a dissolution of the vessels' cell wall. A peribacteroid, membrane-generating organelle in infected cells is described. The adjacent noninfected cells showed electron dense depositions (phenolics 2). Developed nodules were spherical 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface was corky, with lenticels. The peridermis showed several layers of suberized dead cells. The cortex consisted of external, medium and internal layers. Vascular bundles ran in the medium cortex in a centripetal way to join the root vascular system at the base of the nodule. In these vascular bundles, baciliar bacteria were observed which were confirmed to be Bradyrhizobium sp (results of a separate study using immunocitochemistry). Bacteroids densely filled infected cells of the nodule medulla within peribacteroid membranes. Among infected cells non-infected auxiliary cells were seen loaded with starch granules. During later stages of root development few root hairs appeared on tertiary and secondary roots. Infection also occurred via root hairs, resulting in oblong nodules caused by a tumefaction of the root cortex .