Bpy Groups Research Articles

Relationship between palatally impacted canines and dimensions and morphology of sella turcica: A cone-beam computed tomography study

This study aimed to analyze the association of unilateral and bilateral palatal canine impaction with the dimensions and morphology of sella turcica from 3-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. CBCT images of patients with bilateral (BPI) (n= 12; 9 female 3 male; 20.75 ± 5.88 years) and unilateral (UPI) (n= 35; 22 female 13 male; 19.28 ± 5.57 years) palatally impacted canines were compared with a control group (n= 56; 34 female 22 male; 20.82 ± 4.88 years). Linear measurements regarding sella turcica were made, and its morphologic variations were categorized. Two group comparisons were made with the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U-test, whereas one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for multiple group comparisons. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square or Fisher exact test as appropriate. The binary logistic regression analyses and correlations using Spearman or Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine associations between variables (P<0.05). Sella diameter was significantly smaller in the BPI group compared to UPI and control groups. There was a significant association between sella diameter and BPI when compared with the control group (χ2[1]= 9.150; P= 0.008). There were no significant differences between groups in the distribution of sella turcica morphology. Despite the similar genetic origin of the sella turcica region and teeth, the association of palatal canine impaction with dimensions and morphology of sella turcica was weak. Both local and genetic factors might contribute to the ectopic position of the canine.

Post-synthetic anchoring Fe(III) into a fcu-type Zr-MOF for the catalyzed hydrolysis of 5-hydroxylmethoxyfurfural

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring a fcu-type net based on 12-connected [Zr6(μ3-O)4(μ3-OH)4] cluster have received considerable interest for the fundamental investigation of structure-property relationships in a wide range of catalytic reactions. In this work, the bipyridine (bpy) chelate group was introduced into the fcu-type framework of UiO-67, giving UiO-67bpy as the catalyst support. Then, FeCl3 was post-synthetically anchored to the bpy group, resulting into the isolation of FeCl3/UiO-67bpy. Catalyzed hydrolysis of 5-hydroxylmethoxyfurfural (HMF) into levulinic acid (LA) was then explored and revealed that it can efficiently and selectively catalytic convert HMF into LA, which is superior to that of FeCl3/UiO-67 where FeCl3 is encapsulated in the cage of UiO-67 and dispersed on the pore surface. The recyclability studies further confirmed the importance of anchored FeCl3 where there is no significant decrease in catalytic activity as compared with that of FeCl3/UiO-67. Taking the detailed textural porosity and catalytic results of isomorphous structures in consideration, our studies revealed that narrowing the pore size with anchored FeCl3 on the skeleton of the fcu-type Zr-MOF rather than encapsulating FeCl3 inside the cage is more favored for the rehydration reaction of HMF to LA.

Synthesis of Single Isomeric Complexes with Dissymmetric Structures Using Macrocyclic Homooligomers

AbstractBottom‐up chemical synthesis to construct intricate molecules has been a profound challenge. An effective approach is to utilize organic ligands and metal ions, but the formation of a single product among other possible candidates has proven difficult for dissymmetric structures. We now report the synthesis of single isomeric complexes with dissymmetric structures using the mismatch in the coordination valences of macrocyclic homooligomers and metal ions. A series of amide‐cyclodextrin derivatives possessing multiple 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy) groups forms mononuclear complexes whose specific three bpy groups are linked in the fac‐Λ configuration. The intermolecular coordination of the β‐cyclodextrin metal complex produces a dissymmetric cyclodextrin trimer as a single isomer, whose initially equivalent 21 (=7×3) bipyridylamide‐pyranose units are placed in different environments. Furthermore, we realize chiral recognition of amino acid anions utilizing the distinctive amide groups arranged on the unsymmetrically fixed scaffold.

Synthesis of Single Isomeric Complexes with Dissymmetric Structures Using Macrocyclic Homooligomers.

Bottom-up chemical synthesis to construct intricate molecules has been a profound challenge. An effective approach is to utilize organic ligands and metal ions, but the formation of a single product among other possible candidates has proven difficult for dissymmetric structures. We now report the synthesis of single isomeric complexes with dissymmetric structures using the mismatch in the coordination valences of macrocyclic homooligomers and metal ions. A series of amide-cyclodextrin derivatives possessing multiple 2,2'-bipyridyl (bpy) groups forms mononuclear complexes whose specific three bpy groups are linked in the fac-Λ configuration. The intermolecular coordination of the β-cyclodextrin metal complex produces a dissymmetric cyclodextrin trimer as a single isomer, whose initially equivalent 21 (=7×3) bipyridylamide-pyranose units are placed in different environments. Furthermore, we realize chiral recognition of amino acid anions utilizing the distinctive amide groups arranged on the unsymmetrically fixed scaffold.

Increased collapsin response mediator protein 2 in spinal cord neurons promotes axon regeneration after brachial plexus injury

Objective To research the expression and effects of collapsin-response-mediator-protein 2 (CRMP2) in rats spinal cord after brachial plexus injury. Methods The rat model of brachial plexus avulsion was made. The spinal cord was harvested at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 10th day post-operation. The expression and phosphorylation of CRMP2 were tested using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. The spatial expression of CRMP2 in spinal cord was tested using immuno-fluorescence method. Further in vitro, CRMP2 was regulated using adenovirus and the effects on axon regeneration were evaluated. Results After 1, 3, 7, 10 days of brachial plexus avulsion, using RT-qPCR and Western blotting, the expression of CRMP2 was significantly increased. On the 3rd and 7th day post-operation, the level of phosphorylation CRMP2 was 0.154±0.113 and 0.124±0.200 in BPI group, while it was 0.342±0.200 and 0.434±0.165 in sham group. The level of phosphorylation CRMP2 was decreased in BPI group. In the spinal cord, CRMP2 was expressed in neurons but not in astrocytes and microglia. In vitro, the length of axon and number of dendrites was 7.066±1.762 and 24.500±8.816 in up-regulated group, while it was 1.044±0.556 and 8.000±3.295 in down-regulated group. Up-regulated CRMP2 resulted in longer axon and more dendrites of neurons. Conclusion After brachial plexus avulsion, increased CRMP2 in spinal cord neurons can promote axon regeneration, which benefits to function recovery. Key words: Brachial plexus injury; Collapsin response mediator protein 2; Spinal cord neurons; Rats

Impact of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance on the efficacy of first-line antiretroviral therapy with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus an integrase inhibitor or a protease inhibitor.

To examine the impact of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) on response to first-line regimens with integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) or boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs). From an Italian observational database (ARCA) we selected HIV-1-infected drug-naive patients starting two NRTIs and either an INSTI or a bPI, with an available pre-ART resistance genotype. The endpoint was virological failure (VF; plasma HIV-1 RNA >200 copies/mL after week 24). WHO surveillance drug resistance mutations and the Stanford algorithm were used to classify patients into three resistance categories: no TDR (A), TDR but fully-active ART prescribed (B), TDR and at least low-level resistance to one or more prescribed drug (C). We included 1365 patients with a median follow-up of 96 weeks (IQR 54-110): 1205 (88.3%) starting bPI and 160 (11.7%) INSTI. Prevalence of TDR was 6.1%, 12.5%, 2.6% and 0% for NRTI, NNRTI, bPI and INSTI, respectively. Cumulative Kaplan-Meier estimates for VF at 48 weeks were 11% (95% CI 10.1%-11.9%) for the bPI group and 7.7% (95% CI 5.4%-10%) for the INSTI group. In the INSTI group, cumulative estimates for VF at 48 weeks were 6% (95% CI 4%-8%) in resistance category A, 5% (95% CI 1%-10%) in B and 50% (95% CI 30%-70%) in C (P < 0.001). Resistance category C [versus A, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 12.6, 95% CI 3.2-49.8, P < 0.001] and nadir CD4 (+100 cells/mm3, aHR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9, P = 0.03) predicted VF. In the bPI group, VF rates were not influenced by baseline resistance. Our data support the need for NRTI resistance genotyping in patients starting an INSTI-based first-line ART.

T23 - Polygenic Risk Scores Derived From Largest Schizophrenia Gwas Are Associated With The Presence Of Psychosis And Level Of Mood Incongruent Psychosis In Bipolar Disorder

Background Bipolar disorder (BD) includes a broad range of phenotypic features – most research examining its genetic underpinning focuses on the overall syndrome rather than its subphenotypic components. BD is a highly heritable disorder and while its genetic architecture is not fully elucidated there is increasingly strong support for a very polygenic component with partial polygenic overlap with schizophrenia (SZ). Here we present preliminary results from an analysis examining the association of SZ derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) across different BD subtypes (Bipolar Type 1(BPI), Bipolar Type 2 (BPII) and Schizoaffective disorder (SAD), and subphenotypes defined by the presence of psychosis and its associated level of mood incongruence. Methods We used a UK sample of 3101 BP cases, collected using a consistently administrated interview protocol with OPCRIT confirmed lifetime diagnosis of Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC - BPI, BPII or SAD). PRS were generated using 1000 genomes (phase3, 2014) imputed genetic data (INFO score>0.8, HWE>1e-6, MAF>0.01) trained on the results from Psychiatric Genetic Consortium (PGC2) SZ GWAS, pruned r2 Results PRS with the SZ association p-value cut-off of 0.5, have shown significant association across the BD subtypes with relative risk ratios RRR = 1.28 (95%CI: 1.18-1.39, p Discussion Preliminary analyses show a genetic - phenotypic association, between polygenic features of schizophrenia and BP characterised by the presence of psychosis, suggesting the phenotypic overlap between SZ and BD may in part be driven by polygenic overlap. This finding is further supported by the association of PRS and level of mood incongruence in the content of psychotic symptoms. These results suggest the PRS effect is not solely mediated though the psychosis subphenotype, at least in the BPI group. Our analyses show promise for the strategy of examining polygenic/phenotypic associations based on fine grained clinical characterisations

Neurofunctional Differences Among Youth With and at Varying Risk for Developing Mania

To examine prefrontal and amygdala activation during emotional processing in youth with or at varying risk for developing mania to identify candidate central prodromal risk biomarkers. Four groups of medication-free adolescents (10-20 years old) participated: adolescents with first-episode bipolar I disorder (BP-I; n= 32), adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder and a depressive disorder (at-risk depressed [ARD]; n= 32), healthy adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder (at-risk healthy [ARH]; n= 32), and healthy adolescents with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness (healthy comparison [HC]; n= 32). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a continuous performance task with emotional and neutral distracters. Region-of-interest analyses were performed for the bilateral amygdala and for subregions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Overall, no group differences in bilateral amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 45/47) activation during emotional or neutral stimuli were observed. The BP-I group exhibited lower right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation compared with the HC group, and activation in the left BA 44 was greater in the ARH and ARD groups compared with the HC group. BP-I and ARD groups exhibited blunted activation in the right BA 10 compared with the ARH group. During emotional processing, amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 45/47) activation does not differ in youth with or at increasing risk for BP-I. However, blunted pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation in first-episode mania could represent an illness biomarker, and greater prefrontal BA 10 and BA 44 activations in at-risk youth could represent a biomarker of risk or resilience warranting additional investigation in prospective longitudinal studies.

Neuropsychological functions in bipolar disorders I and II with and without comorbid alcohol dependence

Bipolar disorder (BP) is a mental disorder most likely to co-occur with substance dependence and abuse, especially alcohol dependence (ALD). Whether the effect of comorbid alcoholism is different between the BP-I and BP-II subtypes remains unclear. We aimed to identify the neuropsychological performance of BP patients with and without comorbid ALD in partial remission from depression or mania, and compare it with that of healthy controls (HCs). We recruited 29 HCs and 94 BP patients, whom we categorized into four groups: (1) BP-I without a history of alcohol abuse or dependence (BP-I(-ALD); n=22), (2) BP-II without a history of alcohol abuse and dependence (BP-II(-ALD); n=38), (3) BP-I with comorbid ALD (BP-I(+ALD); n=16), and (4) BP-II with comorbid ALD (BP-II(+ALD); n=18). Only males were recruited in this study. When patients comorbid with ALD were not excluded, there were no significant differences on neuropsychological tests between the BP-I and BP-II groups. However, when patients with comorbid ALD were excluded, there were significant differences between the two BP(-ALD) groups. The BP-I(-ALD) group had lower scores on memory subtests (p≤0.01) than the HC and BP-II(-ALD) groups, but the BP-II(-ALD) and HC groups had similar scores. We found it important to exclude ALD comorbidity when evaluating neuropsychological functions due to our finding that ALD affected the cognitive performance in BP-I more severely than in the BP-II group. ALD not only impairs neuropsychological function, but also worsen the clinical course and leads to a more pernicious status and negative cycle.

The effects of denervation, reinnervation, and muscle imbalance on functional muscle length and elbow flexion contracture following neonatal brachial plexus injury

The pathophysiology of paradoxical elbow flexion contractures following neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) is incompletely understood. The current study tests the hypothesis that this contracture occurs by denervation-induced impairment of elbow flexor muscle growth. Unilateral forelimb paralysis was created in mice in four neonatal (5-day-old) BPI groups (C5-6 excision, C5-6 neurotomy, C5-6 neurotomy/repair, and C5-T1 global excision), one non-neonatal BPI group (28-day-old C5-6 excision), and two neonatal muscle imbalance groups (triceps tenotomy ± C5-6 excision). Four weeks post-operatively, motor function, elbow range of motion, and biceps/brachialis functional lengths were assessed. Musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) denervation and reinnervation were assessed immunohistochemically. Elbow flexion motor recovery and elbow flexion contractures varied inversely among the neonatal BPI groups. Contracture severity correlated with biceps/brachialis shortening and MCN denervation (relative axon loss), with no contractures occurring in mice with MCN reinnervation (presence of growth cones). No contractures or biceps/brachialis shortening occurred following non-neonatal BPI, regardless of denervation or reinnervation. Neonatal triceps tenotomy did not cause contractures or biceps/brachialis shortening, nor did it worsen those following neonatal C5-6 excision. Denervation-induced functional shortening of elbow flexor muscles leads to variable elbow flexion contractures depending on the degree, permanence, and timing of denervation, independent of muscle imbalance.

Inorganic-organic hybrids constructed of bis(undecatungstogermanate)lanthanates polyoxoanions and oxalate-bridged dinuclear copper complexes and their magnetic properties

A series of inorganic-organic hybrids K2Na m H9−m [{Ln(GeW11O39)2}{Cu2(bpy)2(μ-ox)}]·nH2O (bpy = 2,2-bipyridine and ox = oxalate; Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd; n = 19, 17, 22, 20, 19; m = 4, 4, 4, 9, 2) were isolated after reacting in a potassium acetate buffer. X-ray structural analyses show that compounds 1–5 are isomorphic and consist of [Ln(GeW11O39)2]13− polyoxoanion building blocks and oxalate-bridged dinuclear copper metalorganic complex with a 1D chain structure. The 1D chain further connects into the 3D framework by π-π interactions with neighboring bpy groups. The magnetic susceptibility data indicate that antiferromagnetic coupling between the neighboring Cu2+ ions in the structure and the rare earth ions affects magnetic property of the structure.

Heterobimetallic Complexes of Rhenium and Zinc: Potential Catalysts for Homogeneous Syngas Conversion

6-(Diphenylphosphino)-2,2′-bipyridine (PNN) coordinates to rhenium carbonyls in both κ^1(P) and κ^2(N,N) modes; in the former, the free bpy moiety readily binds to zinc alkyls and halides. [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_5][OTf] reacts with dialkylzinc reagents to form [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN·ZnR)(CO)_4(μ_(2-)C(O)R)][OTf] (R = Me, Et, Bn), in which an alkyl group has been transferred to a carbonyl carbon and the resulting monoalkyl Zn is bound both to the bpy nitrogens and the acyl oxygen. ZnCl_2 binds readily to the bpy group in Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4Me, and the resulting adduct undergoes facile migratory insertion, assisted by the Lewis acidic pendent Zn, to yield Re(κ^1(P)-PNN·ZnCl)(μ_(2-)Cl)(CO)_3(μ_(2-)C(O)Me), in which one of the chlorides occupies the sixth coordination site on Re. Migratory insertion is inhibited by THF or other ethers that can coordinate to ZnCl_2. Migratory insertion is also observed for Re(κ1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4(CH_2Ph) but not for Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_4(CH_2OCH_3); coordination of the methoxy oxygen to Zn appears to block its ability to coordinate to the carbonyl oxygen and facilitate migratory insertion. Intramolecular Lewis acid promoted hydride transfer from [(dmpe)_2PtH][PF_6] to a carbonyl in [Re(κ^1(P)-PNN)(CO)_5][OTf] results in formation of a Re–formyl species; additional hydride transfer leads to a novel Re–Zn-bonded product along with some formal dehyde.

Determination of the charge transport abilities of polymorphs [C6F5Cu]2(4,4′-bipy) with different interactions: a density functional theoretical investigation

Due to the different molecular stacking conformations, two kinds of intermolecular interactions, arene–arene π-stacking interaction and Cu–Cu interaction coexist in the polymorphs of [C6F5Cu]2(4,4′-bipy) crystals, 3-α and 3-β. However, the relative magnitude of the two kinds of intermolecular interactions in 3-α and 3-β is different. With the help of first-principle band structure calculations, the relationship between the charge transport abilities and the intermolecular interactions in the two polymorphs was investigated for the first time. The analysis of band structures and Г point wave functions of the band-edge state in the valence band of crystal 3-α shows that the Cu–Cu interaction so-called cuprophilic interaction determines the hole transport ability, although this interaction is weaker than that in crystal 2 of C6F5Cu(py) discussed in our previous work, which is a promising hole transport material. For polymorph crystal 3-β, the wave functions of LUMO are mainly localized on the bipyridine (bpy) groups, which are result from the arene–arene π-stacking interaction between the bpy groups. Such a π–π stacking interaction dominates the electron transport ability in the conduction band of 3-β and makes the electron main carrier for transporting. The results are also supported by the analysis of effective masses and density of states (DOS). Thus, the charge transport properties are dominated by different intermolecular interactions due to the different molecule stacking in the two polymorphs.

Metal-organic coordination frameworks based on mixed methylmalonate and 4,4′-bipiridine ligands: synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties

Five new complexes of formulae [M2(4,4′-bpy)(Memal)2X2]n [M = Fe(III) (2), Mn(II) (3), Co(II) (4), Ni(II) (5) and Zn(II) (6), and X = Cl−/OH− (2) and H2O (3–6); 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine and Memal = methylmalonate dianion] have been synthesized by following the previously reported procedure for [Cu2(4,4′-bpy)(Memal)2(H2O)2]n (1). Moreover, two new phases of the Cu(II)/Memal/4,4′-bpy system, namely {[Cu(4,4′-bpy)2][Cu(4,4′-bpy)2(Memal)(NO3)(H2O)]}n·nNO3·3.5nH2O (7) and [Cu(4,4′-bpy)2(Memal)(H2O)]n·nH2O (8), were obtained by varying the synthetic conditions. They were all structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the magnetic properties of 2–5, 7 and 8 were investigated in the temperature range 1.9–295 K. 1–6 are isomorphous compounds whose structure consists of square grids of metal ions linked through anti–syn carboxylate bridges that grow in the crystallographic ac plane. These layers are pillared along the b axis by bis-monodentate 4,4′-bpy ligands to afford a [4466]-sqp three-dimensional net. Ferro- (1 and 5) and antiferromagnetic (2–4) interactions between the metal ions are mediated by the carboxylate bridge in the anti–syn conformation, the bis-monodentate 4,4′-bpy ligand being unable to transmit a significant magnetic coupling. The values of the magnetic coupling (J) for 2–5 are −0.269(3), −0.225(2), −0.05 and +0.272(3) cm−1 respectively, the isotropic spin Hamiltonian being . Complexes 7 and 8 exhibit quite a different structure, as driven by the 4,4′-bpy groups. A square-grid of [Cu(4,4′-bpy)2]2n+n occurs in 7, which grows in the ab plane and is pillared through anti–syn carboxylate bridges from [Cu(Memal)(4,4′-bpy)2(NO3)(H2O)] units along the c axis to build up a [41263]-pcu net. Analysis of the magnetic data for this compound shows an overall antiferromagnetic behaviour with the coexistence of ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions. The structure of 8 consists of linear chains of copper(II) running along the c axis, where aquabis(4,4′-bipyridine)copper(II) units are connected by bis(monodentate) methylmalonate ligands. A significant intrachain antiferromagnetic interaction is observed in 8 through the extended Cu–OCCCO–Cu exchange pathway [J = −1.38(1) cm−1]. The assembling role of the 4,4′-bpy coligand in 1–8 and in previous malonate-containing complexes is analyzed and discussed.

Residual renal function and arterial stiffness mediated the blood pressure change during interdialytic weight gain in hemodialysis patients

Volume overload is thought to be the main cause of hypertension in dialysis patients. However, the effect of interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) in hemodialysis (HD) patients, which was considered as an increase in extracellular water (ECW), on blood pressure (BP) change, was controversial. Our aim was to examine the changes in hemodynamics and arterial stiffness during IDWG in HD patients and attempt to explore the possible mechanism of diverse BP change. Thirty prevalent patients on HD were enrolled. The height, weight, BP, blood chemistry, volume status assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, hemodynamic parameters obtained by echocardiography, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were collected within 1 hour postdialysis and again just before the next dialysis session. Meanwhile, blood samples were drawn to analyze vasoactive hormones, including renin, angiotensin II, catecholamine, and endothelin. The patients' weights and ECWs during the next predialysis were significantly higher than those during the postdialysis. The BP showed no difference between postdialysis and the next predialysis. There was an obvious increase in cardiac output and decrease in total peripheral resistance as a whole during the next predialysis than that during postdialysis. When patients were divided into the BP increase group (BPI group, 13 patients) and BP decrease group (BPD group, 11 patients) according to the change in systolic BP higher than 10 mmHg, both groups displayed a significant increase in weight, ECW, cardiac output, and a decrease in total peripheral resistance. As compared with the BPI group, patients in the BPD group had significantly lower IDWG, shorter time on dialysis treatment, and higher residual renal function. A decrease in catecholamine and endothelin in the next predialysis was obvious in the BPD group. There was a significant decrease in PWV at the next predialysis in the BPD group while the PWV did not change significantly in the BPI group. Our results showed that the diverse BP change during IDWG was significantly affected by residual renal function, PWV, and vasoactive substances.

Photochemical, photophysical and redox properties of novel fulgimide derivatives with attached 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and [M(bpy)3]2+ (M = Ru and Os) moieties

Fulgimides monosubstituted with [M(bpy)(3)](2+) (M = Ru, Os; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) chromophore units and with a single bpy group were synthesized and investigated as components of conceivable dinuclear photochromic switches of luminescence. The E-, Z- and closed-ring (C) photoisomer forms of the bpy-bound fulgimide were successfully separated by semi-preparative HPLC. The same procedure failed, however, in the case of the [M(bpy)(3)](2+)-substituted fulgimides. Energy transfer from the excited photochromic unit to the metal-bpy centre competes with the fulgimide cyclization, reducing the photocyclization quantum yields by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the non-complexed fulgimide-bpy ligand (phi(EC) = 0.17, phi(EZ) = 0.071, phi(ZE) = 0.15 at lambda(exc) = 334 nm). The cycloreversion of the fulgimide-bpy ligand is less efficient (phi(CE) = 0.047 at lambda(exc) = 520 nm). The intensity of the (3)MLCT-based luminescence of the metal-bpy chromophore (in MeCN, phi(deaer) = 6.6 x 10(-2) and tau(deaer) = 1.09 micros for Ru; phi(deaer) = 6.7 x 10(-3) and tau(deaer) = 62 ns for Os) is not affected by the fulgimide photoconversion. These results and supporting spectro-electrochemical data reveal that the lowest triplet excited states of the photochromic fulgimide moiety in all its E-, Z- and closed-ring forms lie above the lowest (3)MLCT levels of the attached ruthenium and osmium chromophores. The actual components are therefore unlikely to form a triad acting as functional switch of energy transfer from [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) to [Os(bpy)(3)](2+) through the photochromic fulgimide bridge.

P.1.e.024 Elevated striatal dopaminergic function is related to ‘prodromal psychotic’ symptoms prior to the onset of schizophrenia

To examine prefrontal and amygdala activation during emotional processing in youth with or at varying risk for developing mania to identify candidate central prodromal risk biomarkers.Four groups of medication-free adolescents (10–20 years old) participated: adolescents with first-episode bipolar I disorder (BP-I; n = 32), adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder and a depressive disorder (at-risk depressed [ARD]; n = 32), healthy adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder (at-risk healthy [ARH]; n = 32), and healthy adolescents with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness (healthy comparison [HC]; n = 32). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a continuous performance task with emotional and neutral distracters. Region-of-interest analyses were performed for the bilateral amygdala and for subregions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.Overall, no group differences in bilateral amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 45/47) activation during emotional or neutral stimuli were observed. The BP-I group exhibited lower right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation compared with the HC group, and activation in the left BA 44 was greater in the ARH and ARD groups compared with the HC group. BP-I and ARD groups exhibited blunted activation in the right BA 10 compared with the ARH group.During emotional processing, amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 45/47) activation does not differ in youth with or at increasing risk for BP-I. However, blunted pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation in first-episode mania could represent an illness biomarker, and greater prefrontal BA 10 and BA 44 activations in at-risk youth could represent a biomarker of risk or resilience warranting additional investigation in prospective longitudinal studies.

Prefrontal cortex activities in the successful inhibition of habitual responses: An fMRI study

To examine prefrontal and amygdala activation during emotional processing in youth with or at varying risk for developing mania to identify candidate central prodromal risk biomarkers.Four groups of medication-free adolescents (10–20 years old) participated: adolescents with first-episode bipolar I disorder (BP-I; n = 32), adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder and a depressive disorder (at-risk depressed [ARD]; n = 32), healthy adolescents with a parent with bipolar disorder (at-risk healthy [ARH]; n = 32), and healthy adolescents with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness (healthy comparison [HC]; n = 32). Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a continuous performance task with emotional and neutral distracters. Region-of-interest analyses were performed for the bilateral amygdala and for subregions of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex.Overall, no group differences in bilateral amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area [BA] 45/47) activation during emotional or neutral stimuli were observed. The BP-I group exhibited lower right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation compared with the HC group, and activation in the left BA 44 was greater in the ARH and ARD groups compared with the HC group. BP-I and ARD groups exhibited blunted activation in the right BA 10 compared with the ARH group.During emotional processing, amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 45/47) activation does not differ in youth with or at increasing risk for BP-I. However, blunted pregenual anterior cingulate cortex activation in first-episode mania could represent an illness biomarker, and greater prefrontal BA 10 and BA 44 activations in at-risk youth could represent a biomarker of risk or resilience warranting additional investigation in prospective longitudinal studies.

An updated systematic overview of triple combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults

To compare the effectiveness of three drug combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in treatment-naive HIV-infected persons, and identify the predictors of responses. Overview of trials identified by searching public domain publications and conference presentations. The three-drug combination therapy was defined as two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) or nucleotide and NRTI, and either: (1) a protease inhibitor (PI); (2) a non-nucleoside RTI (NNRTI); (3) a third NRTI; or (4) a ritonavir-boosted PI (BPI). Week 24 and 48 results for the proportions of patients with plasma HIV RNA levels < 400 and < 50 copies/ml, and change in CD4(+) cell counts were recorded. Fifty-three trials met the entry criteria, and enrolled 14 264 patients into 90 treatment arms. Overall 55% of patients had plasma HIV RNA levels < 50 copies/ml at week 48 and this percentage increased with later publication dates. In unadjusted pairwise comparisons at week 48, significantly greater percentages of patients receiving NNRTI (64%) and BPI (64%) had RNA < 50 copies/ml than NRTI (54%) or PI (43%), and CD4(+) cell count increases were significantly greater in the BPI group (+200 cells/microl) than the PI (+179), NNRTI (+173), or NRTI (+161) groups. Pill count and percentage of patients with week 48 plasma HIV RNA levels < 50 copies/ml were correlated in the univariate analysis (P = 0.0053; r = -0.323), but pill count was not a significant predictor in the multivariate analyses. Drug class and baseline CD4(+) cell counts were significant predictors, but explained only a modest amount of the treatment effect, (R(2) = 0.355). NNRTI and BPI-containing regimens offer superior virologic suppression over 48 weeks, supporting existing guidelines for the choice of initial ART. Pill count was not a consistent predictor of virologic suppression.

Faisabilité de l'autoévaluation dans le dépistage de l'hypomanie

The Hypomania Checklist (HC) is a 20-item questionnaire, which is easy to fill in and designed to help clinicians collect data for diagnosing bipolar disorder. This tool could be very useful in primary care where type II bipolar disorder is under-diagnosed, however, to date no suitable cut-off score correlating with a high probability of bipolar II disorder diagnosis has yet been validated. Method In a French clinico-epidemiological multi-center survey (EPIDEP) a national sample of patients with DSM-IV major depressive episode (MDE) was recruited and assessed at admittance and four weeks later. Diagnoses of unipolar or bipolar disorder were made according to a semi-structured interview adapted from the DSM-IV. In addition, the HC and questionnaires on affective temperament were administered at the second interview. In the analyses, the diagnostic accuracy was computed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive positive value and predictive negative value, by varying cut-off scores on the HC. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) statistical technique was used to compare the diagnostic value of HC with the semi-structured interview adapted from the DSM-IV. Results Of the 493 patients with a MDE DSM-IV diagnosis, 468 filled in the HC, from which the six following groups were formed: strict unipolar disorder (UP, N = 201), bipolar I disorder (BP-I, n=39), bipolar II disorder (BP-II, N = 141), patients with mania or hypomania secondary to an antidepressant treatment ( N = 51), cyclothymia ( N = 14) and hyperthymia ( N = 22). Comparing the BP-II patient group ( N = 141) with the strict UP group ( N = 201) the most discriminating HC score was 9, which identified 81% of patients correctly, with a sensitivity of 86.5, a specificity of 77.1, a predictive positive value of 72.6 and a predictive negative value of 89.1. Some cases identified as cyclothymic and hyperthymic temperaments by the affective temperament questionnaire but meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were included in the unipolar group ( N = 237). The same score of 9 was validated, identifying a percentage of patients with correct diagnosis of unipolar depression of 78.3%, a sensitivity of 86.5, a specificity of 73.4, a predictive positive value of 66.0 and a predictive negative value of 90.1. If patients with mania or hypomania secondary to an antidepressant treatment were included as a subgroup of BP-II, a score of ten appeared as the most relevant, with a percentage of patients with correct diagnosis of 79.0 %, a sensitivity of 80.2, a specificity of 78.1, a predictive positive value of 74.8 and a predictive negative value of 83.0. ROC curves confirmed these values. Lastly when BP-I patients ( N = 39) were compared to the strict UP group ( N = 201) the most discriminating HC score was 11, with a percentage of patients with correct diagnosis of 86.3%, a sensitivity of 74.4, a specificity of 88.6, a predictive positive value of 55.8 and a predictive negative value of 94.7, but the BP-I group was too small to validate the score of 11. Conclusions These results indicate that a score of 9 on the HC is highly correlated with a BP-II diagnosis (and a score of 10 if patients with mania induced by antidepressants are considered as BP-II), and suggest that a wider use of the HC in primary care associated with strong GP/Psychiatrist networks could improve the detection, and with appropriate treatment, the prognosis of Bipolar II disorder.