Boy Scouts Research Articles

Implementation of Moral Values in Scouts (Study on Madrasah Ibtidaiyah State 1 Medan)

Implementation is a way or process of application carried out by students, after getting material or theory from educators then students realize what they learn through action. Education is a way that can change human behavior or mindset. While the moral is the nature, attitude, temperament or habits inherent in humans. While the scout movement is a form of integration that has been formed and regulated in Act Number 12 of 2010 concerning the Scout Movement. Hidden Curriculum is one of the strategies that proves that hidden curriculum can influence the learning process especially in instilling moral values. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive type. The informants in this study were the Trustees and Students of Madrasah Scout Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Medan. The results showed that the scouts of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 Medan had implemented the moral values in the Scout Movement activities well. This is evidenced by a special program of moral education, scouting activities containing moral education, special programs containing moral values such as the implementation of social services or fundraising, then mutual cooperation conducted at school or outside school. However, the Boy Scouts at MIN 1 Medan continue to implement improvements in improving moral education and to realize students or scout members who are dharma-based and have Satya teachings.

‘Seeds of Spain’: Scouting, Monarchy and National Construction, 1912–1931

The official Spanish branch of the international Boy Scout movement, the Exploradores de España, offers an instructive example of a nationalist association in Spain in the first third of the twentieth century. This article adopts a comparative perspective and studies the Exploradores discourses and practices, the association’s founders and leaders, the scouts’ publications and activities, as well as the organization’s internal conflicts and evolution between 1912 and 1931. As in Britain and many other countries, the movement was endorsed by the royal family and led by military officers and middle-class men – representatives of monarchist civil society. It shared nationalist and regeneracionista (from regenerationism) values, as an agent of nationalization throughout Spanish territory. Like other Boy Scout movements in Europe and the Americas, it pursued the goal of making good patriots, with a knowledge of and ready to defend their fatherland: young hidalgos, the Spanish equivalent of the British gentlemen. Hence this study also explores the gender aspects of Boy Scout ideals. Initially, the Spanish scouts were troubled by an intense religious conflict, which was won by Catholic sectors, so their nationalism became deeply conservative. During the 1920s, the movement was instrumental in the nation-building projects of different governments, especially under the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera (1923–1930). In short, it can be considered one of the main nationalizing agents during this key period in modern Spanish history, and belies the image of supposed passivity and a lack of interest in national construction among Spain’s ruling elites.

Images of industrial life and vocational training: Scouting as a liminal space for educating a workers’ elite in 1920s Luxembourg

ABSTRACT This paper looks at a specific set of corporate images, namely photographs of apprentices of the Luxembourg steel conglomerate ARBED, and analyses how young workers are depicted in these images. The paper draws on a collection of 2251 glass-plate negatives (re)presenting ARBED’s industrial cosmos, including its vocational school the Institut Emile Metz. The roughly 160 images of apprentices contained in the collection put on display the apprentices’ bodies and a variety of activities in different contexts. The images’ contents testify to the institute’s programmatic hybridity and the constant (re-)mix of formal and semi-formal learning activities intended to educate natural, urban, mobile and communal men and future workers. Our focus is on Boy Scouts’ activities in a variety of different environments, which have functioned as a liminal space for educating a workers’ elite, mitigating the risks of industrialisation and fostering social harmony and cultural belonging.

In Memoriam.

Recognition of Dr. Steven L. Stockham (1948–2019) Steve was a member of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists, the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, the American Veterinary Medical Association, and the Kansas State University Veterinary Alumni Association. He was a dedicated member of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology since 1978, serving as Secretary-Treasurer (1985-1989) and chair of several committees, as well as acting as the society’s historian (1984-1998). He was an Honorary Member of the European College of Veterinary Clinical Pathology and was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the European Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology in 2013. Steve’s legacy is the product of being a passionate motivating teacher, mentor, and leader to countless veterinary and graduate students, residents, faculty, and staff. He was a dedicated teacher, an exceptional clinical pathologist, and wonderful mentor. At K-State, he led a successful clinical pathology residency program from which 11 veterinarians became Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists. In a career filled with accomplishments, Dr. Stockham can be best known helping others learn, whether mentoring DVM students, residents, graduate students, and junior clinical pathologists. He was everything that a good mentor should be and more. He mastered the art of “clinical pathology mentoring” to a degree that is very rare, extending his legacy far beyond veterinary clinical pathology and into the hearts of the people he trained. He challenged everyone he interacted with to think beyond, question the status quo, and to hold high standards not only to the profession but in life’s activities as well. These experiences will always be with his veterinary students, graduate students, residents, and junior faculty. Steve was a constant advocate for student learning, scholarly teaching, and the educational missions of veterinary colleges. He was a member of the Wakonse Conference on College Teaching for 8 years at the University of Missouri, and he coordinated the provost-sponsored KSU Wakonse Program from 2002 to 2013, during which 87 KSU faculty attended the annual conference. During his 37-year career at the University of Missouri and Kansas State University, he received an amazing 29 teaching awards including the prestigious Norden/Pfizer/Zoetis Distinguished Teacher Awards (1987, 1998, 2012, 2016), the Bayer Animal Health Teaching Excellence Award (2005, 2009, 2013), the William T. Kemper Fellowship for Excellence in Teaching (1994), Educator Award of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (2015), the AAVMC Distinguished Teaching Award in Academic Veterinary Medicine (2016), and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (2018). Steve’s educational influence extended beyond the classroom through scholarly contributions that included many presentations, seven book chapters focused on veterinary clinical pathology topics, 31 co-authored or first-author publications, and probably the most recognized contribution, 1st and 2nd editions of Stockham and Scott’s Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology (with extensive pre- and post-retirement contributions to a 3rd edition as well). Steve was an avid golfer, participating in numerous leagues and tournaments, and he participated in league bowling for many years. He enjoyed the outdoors and accompanied Boy Scouts to the Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico and to the Boundary Waters of northern Minnesota as well as many other canoe and camping trips when he served as Scout Master of Troop 706 in Columbia, Missouri. Dr. Stockham is survived by his wife Marcia; son Lt Col Erik Stockham and his wife Jessica of Arlington, VA.; son Dr. Mark Stockham and his wife Dr. Jessica of Lawrence, KS; grandchildren Roland, Margaret, and Abigail Stockham.

Taking Note: Justice Harry A. Blackmun's Observations from Oral Argument about Life, the Law, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Taking Note: Justice Harry A. Blackmun's Observations from Oral Argument about Life, the Law, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Youth Movements, Citizenship and the English Countryside: Creating Good Citizens, 1930-1960 by Sian Edwards

Reviewed by: Youth Movements, Citizenship and the English Countryside: Creating Good Citizens, 1930-1960 by Sian Edwards Benjamin René Jordan Youth Movements, Citizenship and the English Countryside: Creating Good Citizens, 1930-1960. By Sian Edwards. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. xviii + 296 pp. Cloth $109, e-book $84.99. In this engaging and useful analysis, Sian Edwards joins recent publications such as Kristine Alexander's Guiding Modern Girls: Girlhood, Empire, and Internationalism in the 1920s and 1930s and Mischa Honeck's Our Frontier Is the World: The Boy Scouts in the Age of American Ascendency to advance our understanding of powerful Anglo-American youth organizations like Boy Scouts and Girl Guides into the 1930-1960 era. Previous in-depth studies emphasized the origins of such voluntary institutions from 1908 to 1929, so these new works allow us to see if and how these vital cultural agents evolved with broad historical shifts such as the Great Depression and World War II. Edwards occasionally contrasts post-1920s Scouting and Guiding with their initial two decades, such as their declining emphasis on imperialist rhetoric, but a more systematic comparison between the eras would have helped illuminate if these youth organizations stayed true to their founding principles or dramatically departed from them. Like most such studies, Edwards primarily tells a top-down narrative of what adult leaders thought and tried to teach through analyzing organizational publications and records. Framing the book around chapters on work, home and family, community and nation, and constructive leisure appropriately emphasizes these organizations' underlying motive to prepare youth for responsible adulthood. The author convincingly argues that the organizations channeled these concerns through a central ideal of the good British citizen that was contrasted at various times with anxieties over the unemployed teen, juvenile delinquent, or the flamboyant Teddy boy. While the author demonstrates [End Page 146] the centrality of gender to these organizations, the role of ethnicity and racial inequality is less scrutinized here. Edwards's balanced analysis of the Scouts and Guides with that of the rural Young Farmers' Club [YFC] and the working-class Woodcraft Folk [WF] organizations helps provide an important corrective to our predominantly urban, middle-class conception of British youth and their voluntary organizations. The WF's increasingly vocal pacifism and socialism contrasted starkly with the nationalist jubilance of Scout, Guide, and YFC members, especially during World War II. Inclusion of the YFC enables Edwards to identify a rural strain of femininity that incorporated domestic preparation with continued emphasis on dairying and raising poultry as well as managing business aspects of the family farm. The author argues that the urban, middle-class Girl Guides, however, shifted away from their 1920s–1930s emphasis on varied professional careers to narrower housewife training and advice on sex and romantic relationships by the 1950s. While the book delivers on unpacking the evolving dimensions of British citizenship and gendered youth training in the mid-twentieth century, the particular meanings of "countryside" for these different organizations, cultural groups, and historical eras is less clear. Edwards often blurs or equates such terms as countryside, rural, farm, outdoors, nature, and camp. The author tends to subsume the nature-based camping and hiking of the Scouts, Guides, and WF into the rural YFC's focus on family farms and agricultural labor. Aside from farm work as a last-ditch alternative to unemployment and some promotion of gardening during wartime, however, other studies of American and British Scouting and Guiding have found relatively little emphasis on rural farm landscapes. Like American Boy and Girl Scouting, Edwards's own sources reveal some tone of disdain among British Scout and Guide leaders for the rural farm environment, such as a 1933 Scouter article noting that "farm work in this country may not appeal to all [Boy] Scouts," and a 1931 article in The Guide apologizing for the negative prospects of farm life for modern girls: "No, the pay isn't much for the plain assistants [in poultry farming], but who wants money in the country?" (128, 143). Engagement with the historiography on German outdoor youth organizations like the Wandervogel and Hitler Youth and their notions of "Heimat," as well as research on American and Canadian youth camping...

Imagining the New Socialist Child: The Cultural Afterlife of the Child Martyr Wang Erxiao

Author(s): Kauffman, Andrew | Abstract: Recent scholarship in modern Chinese studies has established the centrality of the figure of the child in modern configurations of nationhood. Yet very few studies have focused on the motif of child martyrdom and its place within Chinese socialist culture. By exploring the cultural afterlife of the socialist martyr Wang Erxiao in mid-twentieth-century China, this article shows how the heroic sacrificial death of the boy both powered and imperiled the Communist-led revolution and the construction of a new, socialist society. The author argues that, on the one hand, the figure of the socialist child martyr embodied the desire for the child to play a more active role in the Communist revolution and in the creation of a socialist utopia. On the other hand, in lionizing the heroic death of the child—the so-called revolutionary successor—stories like Wang Erxiao’s also posed an existential threat to the socialist community and brought to the fore tensions intrinsic to politicizing and aestheticizing the death of a child. By examining the relationship between children, violence, and sacrificial death, this article highlights the desires and anxieties embedded within the socialist project to create an image of the “new child.” Keywords: child martyrdom, Wang Erxiao, War of Resistance against Japan, socialist literature, Boy Scouts, Alain Badiou

Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies by Sayaka Chatani

Reviewed by: Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies by Sayaka Chatani Nick Kapur Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies. By Sayaka Chatani. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. xvi + 347 pp. Cloth $55. Nation-Empire is a monumental work of social history that provides a comprehensive overview of the Japanese Empire's attempts to mobilize rural youth in the service of the nation from the earliest years of the twentieth century through the end of World War II. Moving with perfect ease and at will between three major research languages (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean), author Sayaka Chatani excavates a treasure trove of primary-source findings on youth cultures in three distinct regions (Japan, Taiwan, and Korea), supplemented by original oral history interviews conducted in the early twenty-first century with nonagenarian survivors of Japan's wartime mobilization. Chatani opens with a mystery: if colonial subjects of the Japanese Empire were forcibly assimilated against their will (as other scholars have claimed), why [End Page 133] did hundreds of thousands of these same subjects volunteer for service in the Japanese military, seemingly with genuine enthusiasm? The core of Chatani's research is an attempt to resolve this mystery by comparing extremely detailed case studies of three rural villages: Shida village in Miyagi prefecture in northeastern Japan, Beipu village in Xinzhu province in northwestern Taiwan, and Kwangsŏk village in South Ch'ungchŏk province, in what is now South Korea. In all three of these locations, Japanese officials eventually achieved some degree of success in establishing a hierarchical network of quasi-official "village youth associations" (seinendan in Japanese) that proved highly responsive to state-mandated goals. Although Chatani is attentive to local differences, in each case, officials ultimately succeeded by offering young people (particularly young men) a heady mixture of opportunities for personal advancement in local society and a Japanese brand of "agrarian nationalism" that celebrated the "rural youth" as the "pillar" of Japan's imperial expansion, over and against educated urban elites who were portrayed as excessively materialistic and spiritually inferior. In this way, Chatani argues, Japanese officials were able to appeal not only to rural youths' status anxieties and economic interests, but also to their emotions, providing them with a new, positive self-image that allowed them to overcome inferiority complexes and embrace imperialization with acquiescence and even enthusiasm. What makes Chatani's study so innovative and analytically groundbreaking is its truly comparative framework. By placing these three case studies side by side and treating them with equal care, Chatani is able to show how colonial policies that previous scholars have portrayed as brutally assimilationist and entirely coerced occurred at almost exactly the same time, in a very similar manner, as broadly analogous policies enacted in rural areas of the Japanese home islands. In reading Chatani's study, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between imperial assimilation projects in the colonial periphery and the "spiritual mobilization" projects carried out on ethnically Japanese subjects close to the metropole. Ultimately, this juxtaposition of overlapping policies at home and overseas helps us understand both how colonial policies were somewhat less coercive than has been portrayed and how home-islands mobilization was far more coercive than has been generally understood—in many ways, a kind of forced "Japanization" of people one would have thought were already "Japanese." As Chatani persuasively concludes, "The social and emotional mechanism of creating ideal Japanese nationals among colonial village youth was, it turns out, not fundamentally different from that in the Japanese countryside" (152). A great strength of Chatani's study is the large number and variety of individual voices she uncovers at the grassroots. Chatani does not merely [End Page 134] synopsize the historical dynamics of these long-forgotten villagers and petty colonial bureaucrats—she shows us what they thought, in their own words. Nation-Empire also does an admirable job of placing Japanese youth culture into a broader transnational context with similar youth movements in other nations, including the Hitler Youth, the Soviet Pioneers, the Boy Scouts, and the YMCA. One area where this study may have fallen a bit short is in substantiating one of...

Michigan and the Eaglet: The Lindbergh Kidnapping, Purple Gang, and Governor Wilber M. Brucker

The Michigan Historical Review 46:2 (Fall 2020): 93-138©2020 Central Michigan University. ISSN 0890-1686 All Rights Reserved Michigan and the Eaglet: The Lindbergh Kidnapping, Purple Gang, and Governor Wilber M. Brucker By Robert Knapp Charles A. Lindbergh set the Spirit of St. Louis down at Le Bourget Aerodrome in Paris after the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Instantly he became the most famous person in the world. The adoration that followed the flight by “Lucky Lindy,” the “Lone Eagle,” on May 2021 , 1927, catapulted him to a level of fame seldom seen in American history. He soon married Anne Morrow, settled down, and had a son, Charles A. Lindbergh Jr. On the night of March 1, 1932, sometime between seven and ten o’clock, a homemade ladder was set beside the Lindbergh home, Highfields, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.1 Someone climbed up to the baby’s room, through an opened window, snatched the baby and disappeared into the night. The kidnapping became front page news on March 2. The story transfixed the nation. Lindbergh’s child was quickly dubbed the “Eaglet.” Almost immediately, advice and tips were coming from every direction. A command post had to be set up in the garage of the Lindbergh estate to handle and cull the calls and telegrams. Sightings came from as far away as Iowa. Boy Scouts scoured the woods of Westchester County. The entire country was in an uproar. In attempts to find the kidnapped child, all sorts of strange offers were made to authorities, many by gangsters. As early as March 4, newspapers carried rumors that the Purple Gang was involved. The Purple Gang had become Detroit’s most well-known mobsters. Their origins lie, as with so many American cities, in the neighborhoods 1 The Highfields estate straddled East Amwell Township, Hunterdon County, and Hopewell Township, New Jersey. “Hopewell” commonly appears as the place of the kidnapping and subsequent murder of the baby. This is because the Lindberghs used Hopewell (Mercer County) as their mailing address. Bruno Hauptmann’s subsequent trial for the kidnapping and murder took place in Flemington, Hunterdon County, because that was the county where the Lindbergh house was located. 94 The Michigan Historical Review Charles and Anne Lindbergh Source: Library of Congress crammed with recent immigrants from Europe.2 In what was at the time America’s fourth largest city, Jews who had fled the pogroms of the Russian Empire settled around Hastings Street. This area teemed with life. Young men, whether infants at the time of immigration or born in the United States, struggled with what it meant to be simultaneously part of the culture of the “old country” and Americans in an entirely different 2 See Robert Knapp, Mystery Man. Gangsters, Oil, and Murder in Michigan (Clare, MI: Cliophile Press, 2011). Fundamental evidence cited includes: C.H. Burnham, Lieutenant, Michigan State Police, Department of Public Safety Special Report on case 2499 [the Lindbergh kidnapping] investigation in Calhoun County, Michigan, March 14, 1932March 23, 1932 [hereafter Burnham Special Report], Geo. K. Karkeet, Detective, Michigan State Police, Department of Public Safety Supplementary Report on case 2499 [the Lindbergh kidnapping] investigation, March 31, 1932-April 4, 1932 [hereafter Karkeet wiretaps], and William Watkins and Philip L. Hutson, Lieutenants, Michigan State Police, Department of Public Safety Special Report on case 2499 [the Lindbergh kidnapping] investigation, April 2, 1932 [hereafter Watkins Special Report], Michigan Department of State Police Criminal Justice Information Center, Statistical Records Division, Lansing, Michigan; Morris “Mickey” Rosner, untitled typescript, Hoffman Collection [hereafter Rosner memoir], George Clarke, untitled typescript, Hoffman Collection [hereafter Clarke memoir], and copy of New York District FBI case 162-3057 (see pp. 302-310 on the Purple Gang connection; pp. 141-156 on Mickey Rosner’s) [hereafter FBI 162-3057], New Jersey State Police Museum Archive, West Trenton, NJ. Michigan and the Eaglet 95 New York Daily News (March 2, 1932) milieu. Some took up their fathers’ businesses. Some studied hard, went to college, and began professional lives. But the streets beckoned a different kind of youth. Poor students at school, or simply disregarding school, immune to their parents’ entreaties to “be good boys,” envious of the...

War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars ed. by Mischa Honeck and James Marten

Reviewed by: War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars ed. by Mischa Honeck and James Marten Elizabeth N. Goodenough War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars. Edited by Mischa Honeck and James Marten. Cambridge, UK, and Washington, DC: Cambridge University Press, 2019. x + 199 pp. Cloth $99.99. Anthropologist Pamela Reynolds declared in 2008 that narratives of children’s experiences in war “have barely entered the archive” (Under Fire: Childhood in the Shadow of War, eds. Goodenough and Immel). In their ground-breaking volume, Honeck and Marten seek to supply missing research around a crucial paradox: How could adults barely a century ago seek to protect children while mobilizing them for political sacrifice? War and Childhood in the Era of the Two World Wars compiles accounts of children’s crises locally, nationally, and across borders against the backdrop of the military buildup and scarring aftermath of two world wars. From Manchuria to Poland to Turkey to the American Midwest, the global reach of these essays reminds us of the present. The collection includes government reports, news articles, school curricula, and Holocaust drawings, all offering fresh evidence of the indoctrination and recruitment of children during times of war. Together these fourteen chapters skillfully conjure up and dissect what growing up felt like during 1914–45, a period Winston Churchill called “another Thirty Years War” (3). The compelling introduction, “More than Victims: Framing the History of Modern Childhood and War,” stakes out topics that historians must address. The co-editors establish “five bodies of scholarship,” including Dominic Sachsenmaier’s “global history trend,” the “total war” paradigm, and children as “the true missing link” for understanding modern warfare (7–10). Shedding light on the complexity of youthful attitudes and socialization, they emphasize diversity in the “intergenerational tugs-of-war” (16) ranging from peace pedagogy to war toys. Whether as eyewitnesses, future defenders, or ideal constructs over which wars are fought, boys and girls portrayed in this book will unsettle the reader’s notions of childhood. Penny Dreadfuls in World War I Germany and patriotic handicrafts from Republican to Communist China promote propaganda through leisure on the home front as well as skills on the battlefield. Examining families and individual children, this book avoids fictional formulations and sociological abstraction. How could public horror also spark happy memories and such “primitive excitement” (11), as Anna Freud defined? [End Page 330] Part I smartly addresses transnational themes alongside ethical questions. The introduction to part I, “Inspiring and Mobilizing,” mentions age and culture-specific responses to wartime involvement of youth. For example, the contention that children should be children (whatever that means) competed with arguments for defense service training in Swedish schools during World War II. Learning to shoot at age eleven gained ascendancy when boys were placed between Home Guard units and an advancing enemy. Though consensus was never reached in this neutral nation, Swedish girls joined in as air surveillance personnel. How the making of these “model citizens” influenced their adulthoods remains a living question. How do we integrate personal details with geopolitical rivalries and genocides? Comparing youth movements and early reading, including alphabet books from the USSR and US during World War II, one must consider how “children were reinventing the meaning of childhood for themselves and the societies they inhabited” (11). The final essay of part I, Honeck’s “Good Soldiers All? Democracy and Discrimination in the Boy Scouts of America, 1941–1945” describes youth fervor, setting the stage for part II, “Adapting and Surviving.” Part II thus surveys a dialectic—how adult decision-makers organized and then reacted to the mobilized young. The “alternative sources, produced by children rather than for or about them” (171) expand on ways this next generation altered the nature of war. Giving voice—or space—for “Drawing the Great War” in France, Germany, and Russia illuminates children’s pivotal, first-time role in public life. Youthful enthusiasm confronting conventional ideals acquired agency in “the trope of the patriotic child” (15). Statistics and interviews dramatize childhood as a “relational category,” one played out as sensitive innocents “eagerly sought to participate in—or resignedly submitted to participating in” (7)—the...

Mickey Marx

Mickey Marx Devin Thomas O’Shea (bio) How to Read Donald Duck, Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart OR Books www.orbooks.com/catalog/donald-duck/ 208 Pages; Print, $22.00 The dictator Augusto Pinochet had this book burned in the streets of Chile after the 1973 September 11th coup d’ état — a coup that was funded, planned, and encouraged in secret by the United States. Since then, a copy has been hard to find. The English translation took a long while to make it state-side, and if you’re familiar with Disney’s attitude towards intellectual property, it’s a miracle that How to Read Donald Duck was able to print Disney comics in its pages. After years of scarcity, OR Books has brought this critique of American cartoons as propaganda to English readers. Even if this is your first foray into Marxist criticism, Dorfman and Mattelart’s critique is fun, concise, and sharp as a knife. How to Read Donald Duck is essentially a Marxist critique of children’s literature. Disney comics flooded Latin America alongside US influence throughout the twentieth century. During that time, Scrooge McDuck’s gold vault swimming pool was made to look like a modest savings compared to the exploitative practices of US companies aided by the US government. For Dorfman and Mattelart, the ideological groundwork for this imperialist exploitation is contained and represented within Donald Duck and the cast of Disney characters that compose Walt Disney’s comic book canon. How to Read Donald Duck is not addressing Disney movies overall, but the archetypes as they appeared in comic form. With beautiful flourishes of language, it is difficult to convey what a rare perspective it is to get two authors collaborating to make a convincing case that everything evil about US imperialism is reflected in a three-panel comic about Jiminy Cricket chased by vultures named Marx and Hegel. It might seem silly, or absurd, to make such serious claims about Disney cartoons, but the authors defend their study with a mix of self-deprecation and serious psychology. Doesn’t it make sense that ideological propaganda would show itself plainly in childhood media? Disney cartoons often count as the first morality tales a child learns, so shouldn’t we investigate what they’re saying? Shouldn’t [End Page 20] we be concerned if there an “iron fist beneath the Mouse’s glove?” One high-water mark of the book came when Donald’s nephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, are revealed to be products of art in the age of mechanical reproduction; they are time-saving stamps. Each nephew is identical except for the colors of their caps. These colors change their being. Maybe that’s why Disney’s family tree is so full of twins and triplets, but according to Dorfman and Mattelart, this represents an affect that Disney wants us to receive; Disney wants us running on the treadmill. In the comics, everything needs to be in motion while having nothing ever really change. Fortunes won or lost, there is no class or social movement in Disney’s world. Each nephew is put in motion, but nothing really changes; technicolor printing allows one to become three like a Boy Scout duckling hydra. How to Read Donald Duck uncovers a deeply conservative, patriarchal, agenda in the center of Micky Mouse’s heart; the female characters are always the girlfriends and bystanders of the male protagonists. All the characters are related indirectly; there are no mothers and fathers, only uncles and nephews. Therefore, the parental voice is absent and everywhere; it’s in the composition of the comics that we hear what the God of Disney wants to say. I appreciated the take-down of Scrooge particularly. On the surface, Scrooge is a criticism of capitalism within Disney’s world. Scrooge never spends a dime; he lives a shallow life in service of inanimate wealth. He is just like the Dicken’s character of his namesake. But with How to Read Donald Duck, we come to see that Scrooge is a decoy; a prop meant to disarm the reader...

Effects of a Disability Awareness Clinic on Boy Scouts’ Attitudes toward Disability

This study examines the effects of a Disability Awareness Merit Badge Clinic on boy scouts’ attitudes toward peers with disabilities. The clinic was created and facilitated by two faculty members and 18 undergraduate students at a Midwest public regional university. Boy scouts (ages 10-17) attended the clinic and participated in various educational activities across campus throughout the day which were designed to promote disability awareness. A pretest/post-test method was used to assess whether the clinic had a measurable effect on the scouts’ (N = 58) disability-related attitudes. It was hypothesized that participation in the merit badge clinic would increase the boy scouts’ positive attitudes toward peers with disabilities. The results show a modest but significant increase in positive attitudes among participants, with the highest increase among younger scouts. Findings support the need for disability awareness interventions for individuals at early stages of social development. Future research should address whether incorporation of experiential learning activities to the clinic curriculum would enhance its effectiveness in improving disability-related attitudes.

Description and Comparison of Health Behaviors to Fitness Measures Among Boy Scouts.

The purpose of this study is to describe, compare, and correlate self-reported health behaviors (HB) to fitness test (FT) measures among boy scouts initiating the Personal Fitness Merit Badge (PFMB) requirements. A descriptive study recruited scouts ages 11-17 years using a sample of convenience. A survey of self-reported responses to physical activity, weight and nutrition, and PFMB required FTs were assessed. Descriptive statistics reported age and survey responses. A pairwise comparison examined the differences in negative and positive survey responses to FT measures; whereas the Spearman Rank correlation analyzed physical education (PE) classes and sports team participation with FT performance. Ninety-nine scouts, age 12.6 (SD 1.4) years, met inclusion criteria. Positive responses to being at a recommended weight and engaging in less screen time demonstrated significantly better performance on pull-ups, push-ups, sit-ups, and one mile run (1MR) tests; whereas scouts reporting to have been physically active at least five times in the past week performed better on the push-ups, sit-ups, and 1MR tests. Improved sit and reach flexibility and sit-up tests were correlated to more days in PE; whereas team sport participation correlated to better 1MR and sit-up test performance. Nutritional practices and reduced screen time demonstrated favorable trends among scouts compared to all-male adolescence nationally; however, weight and physical activity behaviors suggest targeted interventions are warranted. Scouts initiating the requirements of the PFMB may be well-positioned to embark on targeted health behavior changes aimed at achieving long-term healthful lifestyles.

Religiusitas Komunitas Muslim di Media Sosial

Abstract: This research reveals about the religious culture of Muslim community alike the Qur'an in overcoming the anxiety of the soul because it is caused by the guide of social media. This continues to be done because it can be a problem solving in balancing the experience of ritual worship as well as social worship. This research, including the study of virtual ethnography and using the phenomenology approach and based on the foundation of communication science, especially the study of media related siber.Object field in question is an online field in social media Whatsapp, scout group sanggar more than 100 members, two administrators as a resource. The research question is how the implementation of al-Qur'an khataman among the alumni community of Sunan Ampel Boy Scouts in social media whatsapp June-July 2017 ?. The results showed that (1) Implementation khilmil Quran recitations conducted based on community resilience, sustainable and created atmosphere of religiosity. (2) Citizens of cyber can increase emotional, solidarity, among fellow Muslim communities realize the concept of amar ma'ruf. (3) The community entrusts administrators by dividing community members into two groups. Each group consists of 30 residents read in a week. (4) The constraints faced by community members are discussed and the solution is solved by musyarawah-mufakat in social media. (5) Administration of the recitation of the Quran documentary Quran orderly documentary cyber.
 Keywords: Religious Culture, Online Community, Social Media, Amar Ma'ruf

George P. Gross

George P. Gross, 94, died on Oct. 13, 2018, in Chatham, New Jersey. “George was a research associate for Exxon for more than 30 years, focusing on cleaner-burning fuels and receiving patents for his work. He was a US Navy veteran of World War II and served as a navigation officer aboard the USS Topeka. In his youth, George was active as a Boy Scout, attending the first National Jamboree and attaining the Eagle Scout rank. He remained active in Scouting with his sons, as a leader in both Troops 71 and 77 in Westfield, New Jersey. As a Scout leader, he taught young men to become active citizens who grew up to contribute to their community and beyond. George had a lifelong passion for nature and outdoor activities such as bird watching and hiking.”—family of George Gross Most recent title: Research associate, Exxon Education: PhD, chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,

Our Frontier Is the World: The Boy Scouts in the Age of American Ascendancy

Mischa Honeck's Our Frontier Is the World reconstructs the border-crossing history of the Boy Scouts of America (Bsa). This original and incisive portrait of scouting's shifting global frontiers demonstrates the centrality of this iconic youth organization to the construction and maintenance of U.S. imperial power over the twentieth century. Honeck foregrounds scouting's significance as an evolving nexus of intergenerational, transnational, and international encounter. Originally associated with Anglo-Saxon reformers worried about rejuvenating the white race, the turn-of-the-century scouting movement was institutionalized in the United States during a period of heightened public discussion about the ideological contradictions and practical challenges posed by imperial expansion and conquest. From its beginnings, the Bsa sought to strengthen both the national body politic and American global influence in the world. It did this by brokering collaborative relationships between men and boys that bolstered structures of white masculine authority while also contributing to the “boyification” of powerful men who were the main agents and beneficiaries of empire. This process took place not only within the settler colonial United States but also across various foreign sites as the Bsa over ensuing decades actively pushed to globalize American scouting and its leaders' visions of social and political order.

Making Men into Boys: How the Boy Scouts of America Put on the Uniform of U.S. Imperialism and Became the Face of Twentieth-Century Masculinity

Making Men into Boys: How the Boy Scouts of America Put on the Uniform of U.S. Imperialism and Became the Face of Twentieth-Century Masculinity

Media Pembelajaran Pengenalan Sandi Semaphore Menggunakan Augmented Reality

Submission of Semaphore material at Mutiara 5 Lembang Middle School is available in the boy scout book and is only in the form of 2-dimensional images and can also be delivered by the scoutmaster. In this case the delivery of the material for the Semaphore still has shortcomings. Therefore this study aims to build visual learning media to convey information about semaphore code using augmented reality. In order to provide more detailed knowledge about semaphore code actively, creatively and educatively. It is expected that with the function of converting text into semaphore code, students can see the visualization of semaphore code movements in real time. So that this application can be a new tool in improving the semaphore code learning method than before in the form of books. By using the Multimedia Develpoment Life Cycle method, in the testing phase by distributing UAT to 25 scout students and one coach showed 86.5% of results stated very good.

Mapping a Nation: Daniel Carter Beard’s Time as a Surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company

Abstract. Fire insurance maps produced by the American firm the Sanborn Map Company have long served as cartographic guides to understanding the history of urban America. Primarily used by cultural and historical geographers, historians, historic preservationists, and environmental consultants; historians of cartography have little explored the history of this company. While this scholarship has addressed various facets of Sanborn’s history (Ristow, 1968), no scholarly piece has explored the lived experience of being a Sanborn surveyor. This lack of scholarship comes not from any significant oversight but rather from the fact that the contributions of most Sanborn surveyors were anonymous and little recorded on the maps themselves. Moreover, the company itself has done little to save its own history, thus little is known of their individual stories and experiences. The exception to this is perhaps the most famous Sanborn surveyor of all: Daniel Carter Beard.Over the course of his nine-decade life, Daniel Carter Beard held several prominent positions including the co-founder of the Boy Scouts of America and the lead illustrator for many of Mark Twain’s novels. However, he got his start as a surveyor for the Sanborn Map Company in the 1870s, just a few years after its founding. His papers, housed at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, includes a variety of ephemera from his time with the Sanborn Map Company.Trained in civil engineering, Beard got his start as a surveyor for the Cincinnati (Ohio) Office of Platting Commission, creating the first official plat map for the city. He was hired by Sanborn in 1874 and served as a surveyor until 1878, traveling extensively over the eastern half of the United States, parlaying his skills into creating fire insurance maps for Sanborn. Thus, this paper speaks to two main themes. The first theme traces the route of Beard during his early years with the company across the eastern half of the United States, documenting both the places he visited and the challenges he faced as a Sanborn surveyor. The second theme, interwoven through the paper, is an analysis of the innerworkings of Sanborn’s administrative structure and its relationship with the larger fire insurance market during the 1870s. Altogether, these documents present unique insight into the organization of the Sanborn Map Company and how it produced its maps during the second-half of the 19th century.

Development and Evaluation on Night Forest Virtual Reality as Innovative Nyctophobia Treatment

Nyctophobia is an exaggerated fear that arises when a person is in the dark or at nightime. In psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy is commonly used to treat a person who is accustomed to face his/her fears by giving positive suggestions of the fears, then confront the fears until he/she no longer feels anxious. This paper presents the storyboard and prototype development of Virtual Reality (VR) Night Forest application which aims to provide an alternative tool for Nyctophobia treatment. The adventure game which is located in a forest at nightime is used as a new means to allow the user to become familiar with darkness. In the game, the user is made aware of the wonderful experience of hearing natural sounds such as footsteps, bird and door sounds. The user, as a boy scout, is then assigned to look for logs in the forest with different lighting levels. The storyboards are implemented on Mobile VR Apps. The experimental study shows that fear level of female users remains high compared with male users. Nevertheless, the repeated use of the game can positively motivate users to train themselves to get comfortable in darkness. In the experiment, the usability assessment concerning virtual reality user interfaces is presented using Sutcliffe approach.