Bovine Bone Mineral Research Articles

Alveolar ridge preservation of damaged or periodontally compromised extraction sockets with bovine- and porcine-derived block bone substitutes: A retrospective case-control study.

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) was introduced to minimize postextraction alveolar bone loss and extraction socket remodeling; however, current knowledge of the ARP procedure for nonintact extraction sockets is still limited and inconclusive. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the difference between using deproteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen (DBBM-C) and deproteinized porcine bone mineral with 10% collagen (DPBM-C) when performing ARP procedures in damaged or periodontally compromised extraction sockets based on clinical, radiographic, and profilometric outcomes. In total, 108 extraction sockets were grafted with 67 DBBM-C and 41 DPBM-C. Changes in radiographic (horizontal width and vertical height) and profilometric outcomes were measured after the ARP procedure and before the implant surgery. Postoperative discomfort (including the severity and duration of pain and swelling), early wound healing outcomes (including spontaneous bleeding and persistent swelling), implant stability, and treatment modalities for implant placement were also assessed. Radiographically, the DBBM-C group decreased by -1.70 ± 2.26 mm (-21.50%) and - 1.39 ± 1.85 mm (-30.47%) horizontally and vertically, and the corresponding DPBM-C group decreased by -1.66 ± 1.80 mm (-20.82%) and -1.44 ± 1.97 mm (-27.89%) horizontally and vertically at an average of 5.6 months. There were no serious or adverse complications in any of the cases, and none of the measured parameters differed significantly between the groups. Within the limitations of this study, ARP with DBBM-C and DPBM-C showed similar clinical, radiographic, and profilometric outcomes in nonintact extraction sockets.

Ossification and Bone Regeneration in a Canine GBR Model, Part 1: Thick vs Thin Glycated Cross-Linked Collagen Devices.

Purpose: To compare glycated multilayered membranes (OV) to a commercially available thin-layer membrane (OP) in a lateral ridge augmentation model in dogs. Materials and Methods: This was designed as a three-arm study, where one negative control (empty defect) was compared to two test arms: alveolar bone defects grafted with a mixture of 90% deproteinized bovine bone mineral and 10% porcine collagen, then covered with either a thick- (OV) or thin-layered (OP) membrane. Animals were randomly divided into three groups corresponding to the final sacrifice times of 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Sections underwent microCT, histology, histopathology, and histomorphometry. Results: No statistical differences were observed for OV compared to OP regarding the percentage of mineral volume and mean mineral density, amount of bone maturation, percentage of bone graft and membrane remaining in the grafted area, alveolar ridge width measurements, membrane mineralization, or ossification. Test groups presented significantly higher values compared to the empty control for all the endpoints. Conclusions: Within its limitations, this in vivo study highlighted that multilayered thick glycated membranes can serve as effective occlusive barriers for up to 6 months.

Alveolar ridge alterations after lateral GBR with and withouthyaluronic acid (xHyA) - a prospective randomized trial withmorphometric and histomorphometric evaluation.

To clinically and histologically evaluate the potential effect of a cross-linked high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (xHyA) on the outcomes of guided bone regeneration (GBR) performed with a demineralized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) covered with a natural collagen membrane (NCM). Eleven patients (eight females and three males, mean age 53 years) with a total of 27 surgical sites were treated. Treatments were performed with either DBBM and NCM fixated with tacks (group A) or DBBM mixed with xHyA and subsequently covered with NCM (group B). Clinical evaluations were made at Baseline (T1), immediately after GBR (T2) and at the time of implant placement (T3). Additionally, at the time of implant placement, core biopsies were retrieved and submitted for histological analysis. Healing was uneventful in all cases. At six months, group B revealed a statistically significantly higher crestal ridge dimension compared to group A (P=0.007). The histologic analysis revealed a tendency for higher mineralized tissue formation in group B compared to group A (i.e., 67.5% versus 41.6%) and contained a higher amount of new bone (37.2%) and less DBBM residues (20.9%) than group A (i.e., 12.8% new bone and 28.8% DBBM residues, respectively). Within their limits, the present data indicate that, during GBR with NCM, the combination of DBBM and xHyA may improve the quality and quantity of bone formed with DBBM alone.

Enamel matrix derivative for alveolar ridge preservation: A randomized controlled trial.

The aims of this clinical trial were to evaluate the radiographic dimensional changes in alveolar ridge and patient-reported outcomes following tooth extraction and alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) using either deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) with EMD or DBBM alone. Participants requiring at least one posterior tooth extraction and ARP were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: ARP using either DBBM with EMD or DBBM alone. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were recorded immediately prior to extraction and at 6 months. Changes in alveolar ridge height (ARH) and alveolar ridge width (ARW) at 1, 3, and 5 mm were recorded. A total of 18 participants with 25 preserved sites were evaluated. ARH and ARW changed significantly from baseline to 6 months for both treatment groups but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant over the 6-month follow-up period (ARH: DBBM/EMD 1.26 ± 1.53 mm vs. DBBM 2.26 ± 1.60 mm; ARW-1 DBBM/EMD 1.98 ± 1.80 mm vs. DBBM 2.34 ± 1.89 mm). A significant difference, favoring DBBM with EMD group, was observed in percentage of sites that had less than 1 mm loss in ARH (54.5% sites in DBBM/EMD group vs. 14.3% sites in DBBM alone group). The participants' perception of bruising, bleeding, and pain in the first two postoperative days was significantly in favor of DBBM alone group. There were no significant differences in radiographic mean measurements of ARH and ARW following ARB with DBBM and EMD or DBBM alone.

Effects of Combining Plasma Rich in Growth Factors with Different Bone Grafts on Early Bone Healing: An Experimental Study.

To histologically and radiographically investigate the effect of plasma rich in growth factor (PRGF) mixed with bone grafts on ossification in the early period. A total of 12 New Zealand male rabbits (weighing between approximately 2.5 to 3 kg) were included in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two sets of groups: control and experiment. Autograft, DFDBA (demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft), and DBBM (deproteinized bovine bone mineral) were applied to different defects in the control groups, and autograft + PRGF, DFDBA + PRGF, and DBBM + PRGF were applied in the experimental groups. All subjects were euthanized 28 days after surgery. The volumes of the bone, new connective tissue, and new capillaries were evaluated stereologically, and the bone density in the defects was investigated radiographically. Regarding the stereologic evaluation, the volumes of the bone and capillaries were significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control groups. In contrast, the connective tissue volume was considerably lower (P < .001, in all groups). Similarly, radiographic examinations showed that the bone density measurements in the experimental groups were higher than in the control groups. However, these differences were statistically significant only between the DFDBA + PRGF and DFDBA groups (P < .011). The present study provides evidence that the addition of PRGF to autograft, DFDBA, and DBBM enhances osteogenesis in the early period compared to using these grafts alone. It also accelerates the remodeling of connective tissue to bone in defects. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2023;38:569-575. doi: 10.11607/jomi.9858.

Photobiomodulation and Inorganic Bovine Bone in Guided Bone Regeneration: Histomorphometric Analysis in Rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation in the bone regeneration of critical-sized defects (CSD) filled with inorganic bovine bone associated or not with collagen membranes. The study has been conducted on 40 critical defects in the calvaria of male rats, divided into four experimental groups (n = 10): (1) DBBM (deproteinized bovine bone mineral); (2) GBR (DBBM+collagen membrane); (3) DBBM+P (DBBM+photobiomodulation); and (4) GBR+P (GBR+photobiomodulation). At 30 days postoperative, the animals were euthanized, and after the tissue had been processed, histological, histometric, and statistical analyses were performed. The analyses have taken into account newly formed bone area (NBA), linear bone extension (LBE), and residual particle area (RPA) as variables. The Kruskal-Wallis test has been performed, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test for comparison between groups (p < 0.05). When the DBBM+P group was compared to the DBBM group, it was possible to observe significant statistical differences in all the variables analyzed (p < 0.05). The application of photobiomodulation in guided bone regeneration (GBR+P) has shown a decrease in the median value for the RPA variable (26.8) when compared to the GBR group (32.4), with a significant statistical difference; however, for NBA and LBE, the therapy has not provided significant results.

Bone regeneration as treatment of peri-implant disease: A narrative review.

Analysis of the 3-dimensional implant position, the bone defect morphology, and the soft tissue situation guides the decision to preserve or to remove an implant with a severe peri-implantitis lesion. The aim of this narrative review was to analyze and to comprehensively illustrate the treatment options focusing on peri-implant bone regeneration in presence of severe peri-implant bone loss. A database search was performed independently by the two reviewers to identify case reports, case series, cohort, retrospective, and prospective studies about peri-implant bone regeneration with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Of the 344 studies issued during the database analysis, 96 publications were selected by the authors for this review. Deproteinized bovine bone mineral remains the best documented material for defect regeneration in peri-implantitis in combination with or without a barrier membrane. While studies using autogenous bone in peri-implantitis therapy are rarely found, they do report favorable potential of vertical bone regeneration. Moreover, while membranes are an inherent part of the guided bone regeneration, a 5-year follow-up study demonstrated clinical and radiographic improvements with and without a membrane. The administration of systemic antibiotics is frequently performed in clinical studies observing regenerative surgical peri-implantitis therapy, but the analysis of the literature does not support a positive effect of this medication. Most studies for regenerative peri-implantitis surgery recommend the removal of the prosthetic rehabilitation and the use a marginal incision with a full-thickness access flap elevation. This allows for a good overview for regenerative procedures with a certain risk of wound dehiscences and incomplete regeneration. An alternative approach referring to the poncho technique may reduce the risk of dehiscence. The effectiveness of implant surface decontamination might have an impact on peri-implant bone regeneration without any clinical superiority of a certain technique. The available literature reveals that the success of peri-implantitis therapy is limited to the reduction of bleeding on probing, the improvement of the peri-implant probing depth and a small amount of vertical defect fill. On this basis, no specific recommendations for bone regeneration in surgical peri-implantitis therapy can be made. Innovative approaches for flap design, surface decontamination, bone defect grafting material, and soft tissue augmentation should be followed closely to find advanced techniques for favorable peri-implant bone augmentation.

Radiographic outcome after maxillary sinus floor augmentation with allogeneic adipose tissue-derived stem cells seeded on deproteinized bovine bone mineral. A randomized controlled experimental study

The objective was to test the hypothesis of no difference in radiographic outcome after maxillary sinus floor augmentation (MSFA) with allogeneic adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) seeded on deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) (test) compared with excipient on DBBM (control). Eighteen minipigs were assigned into three groups of six animals and euthanised after one month (T1), two months (T2), and four months (T3), respectively. Each maxillary sinus was randomly allocated to either test or control with an equal volume of graft. Computed tomography scans (CTs) after MSFA (T0) were compared with CTs after euthanasia to evaluate graft volume (GV) changes and bone density (BD) using three-dimensional measurements and Hounsfield units. GV was larger in test compared with control at T1 (P = 0.046), whereas GV was larger in control compared with test at T3 (P = 0.01). BD increased from T0 to T1-T3 (P < 0.001) with both treatments. Higher BD was observed in control compared with test at T3 (P = 0.01), while no significant difference was observed at T1 and T2. Conclusively, the present study demonstrate that allogeneic ASCs seeded on DBBM in conjunction with MSFA seemed not to improve the radiographic outcome compared with excipient on DBBM. However, radiological outcomes need to be supplemented by bone histomorphometry before definitive conclusions can be provided about the beneficial use of allogeneic ASCs seeded on DBBM in conjunction with MSFA compared with DBBM alone.

Comparative microcomputed tomography and histological analysis of the effects of a horizontal platelet-rich fibrin bone block on maxillary sinus augmentation: A preclinical in vivo study.

While suggested to be effective in tissue regeneration, the effects of horizontal platelet-rich fibrin (H-PRF) bone block in sinus augmentation have not been verified in an animal model. A total of 12 male New Zealand white rabbits that underwent sinus augmentation were divided into two groups: deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) only and H-PRF bone block. H-PRF was prepared at 700 × g for 8min using a horizontal centrifuge. The H-PRF bone block was prepared by mixing 0.1g DBBM with H-PRF fragments and then adding liquid H-PRF. Samples were collected after 4 and 8 weeks and analyzed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) for vertical bone gain of the sinus, bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) percentage, trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Then, histological analyses were performed to investigate new blood vessels, material residue, bone formation and osteoclasts. Higher vertical bone gain of the sinus floor, BV/TV percentage, Tb.Th, and Tb.N and lower Tb.Sp were found in the H-PRF bone block group at both time points compared with the DBBM group. Higher amounts of new blood vessels and more osteoclasts were found in the H-PRF bone block group than in the DBBM group at both time points, especially in the regions close to the bone plate. More new bone formation and less material residue were observed in the H-PRF bone block group at 8 weeks. H-PRF bone block showed greater potential for sinus augmentation by promoting angiogenesis, bone formation and bone remodeling in a rabbit model.

Vertical bone augmentation with customized CAD/CAM titanium mesh for severe alveolar ridge defect in the posterior mandible: A case report.

Case Letter.

Horizontal bone augmentation using a mixture of cortico-cancellous allograft and bovine bone mineral with a collagen membrane: a retrospective study

Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of bone augmentation with a mixture of cortico-cancellous allograft and xenograft with a collagen membrane in horizontal augmentation of knife-edge alveolar crests.&#x0D; Material and Method: Patients with a ridge thickness of less than 4 mm by preoperative tomography were included in the study. Twelve patients (10 Female, 2 Male) were treated with a mixture of Cortico-Cancellous Allograft and Bovine Bone Mineral with a collagen membrane.&#x0D; Results: Thirty-nine implants were placed in twelve patients. The initial bone thickness is between 1 and 4 cm (mean: 3±0.89440). Nine months after horizontal augmentation, bone thickness varies between 4.53 and 9.15 cm (mean: 4.62±1.16782). The gained bone thickness varies between 1.27 and 7.72 cm (mean 3.66±1.21041).&#x0D; Conclusion: Augmentation of alveolar bones knife-edge crestal margins with a mixture of Cortico-Cancellous Allograft and Bovine Bone Mineral with a collagen membrane is simple, successful, and feasible.

Peri-Implantitis Therapy Using Surgical Methods: A Systematic Review

This study is a systematic review evaluating published literature on the effect of surgical treatments on peri-implantitis. Various databases were selected for the literature search on the topic. The considered primary clinical parameters were changes in probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), radiographic bone change, plaque score, signs of infection, and implant loss. Five research studies comprising 20 or more sample sizes (patients) with minimal two-year follow-up after surgical treatment were selected, based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. In all five studies, PPD and BoP were significantly reduced compared to those before intervention. However, there was no significant variation in the patients treated with open flap debridement, citric acid decontamination, and subepithelial connective tissue graft. The highest reduction of BoP was recorded in the study utilizing regenerative surgical therapy, deproteinized bovine bone mineral containing 10% collagen, the derivative of enamel matrix, and doxycycline. According to the two–five-year follow-up of this systemic review, surgical treatment, including bone substitute material, showed clinical improvement in the reviewed studies, compared to that before intervention; however, there was no statistical significance in the clinical outcome of the selected studies.

Minimally Invasive Regenerative Surgery by Peri-implant Excision and Regenerative Surgery (PERS) in Peri-implantitis: One-year Result on Three Cases.

This case series presents three patients undergoing minimally invasive regenerative surgery for peri-implantitis using peri-implant excision and regenerative surgery (PERS). No report of a resolved inflammatory state with peri-implant bone loss following nonsurgical treatment was included in this case report. After the suprastructure of the implant was disconnected, a peri-implant circular incision was made to remove inflammatory tissue. The combination decontamination method was conducted using a chemical agent and a mechanical device. After copious irrigation with normal saline, collagenated demineralized bovine bone mineral was applied to fill the peri-implant defect. The suprastructure of the implant was connected following the PERS procedure. The three patients with peri-implantitis that underwent successfully PERS procedures suggest that surgical intervention is a feasible approach to obtaining proper peri-implant bone filling of 3.42 ± 1.08 mm. However, this novel technique should be investigated in a larger sample size to determine its reliability and validity.

Effects of different grafting materials on volumetric changes in the Schneiderian membrane following lateral maxillary sinus floor elevation: a preliminary study

ObjectivesTo investigate the potential influence of different grafting materials on maxillary sinus membrane dimensions and ostium patency following lateral sinus floor elevation (SFE) as assessed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and methodsA total of 40 sinuses in 40 patients were included. Twenty sinuses were referred for SFE with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), and the remaining 20 sinuses were grafted with calcium phosphate (CP). CBCT was performed prior to and 3 to 4 days after surgery. The dimensions of the Schneiderian membrane volume and ostium patency were evaluated, and potential relationships between volumetric changes and any associated factors were analyzed.ResultsThe median increase in membrane-whole cavity volume ratios was 43.97% in the DBBM group and 67.58% in the CP group, demonstrating no statistically significant difference (p = 0.17). The rates of increased obstruction after SFE were 11.1% for the DBBM group versus 44.4% for the CP group (p = 0.03). The graft volume was found to be positively correlated with the postoperative membrane-whole cavity volume ratio (r = 0.79; p < 0.01) and the membrane-whole cavity volume ratio increase (r = 0.71; p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe two grafting materials seem to have a similar effect on transient volumetric changes in the sinus mucosa. However, the choice of grafting material should still be made with caution since sinuses grafted using DBBM exhibited less swelling and less ostium obstruction.

Effect of the Lateral Bone Augmentation Procedure in Correcting Peri-Implant Bone Dehiscence Defects: A 7-Years Retrospective Study

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a well-documented and widely-used dental surgical procedure for the treatment of various types of alveolar bone defects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the GBR procedure in correcting small peri-implant bone dehiscence using the xenogeneic deproteinized bovine bone mineral material and a xenogeneic native bilayer collagen membrane. The present study was designed as a retrospective study. Seventy-five bone-level tapered two-piece dental implants Conelog®, Camlog (Biotechnologies AG, Switzerland) were divided into two groups G1—no bone augmentation (no GBR)—44 implants and G2—bone augmentation (GBR)—31 implants. For both groups, the closed healing protocol with a primary wound closure was used. The incidence of peri-implantits was evaluated, the quantitative assessment of soft tissue thickness was performed using the ultrasound (USG) device, quantitative assessment of marginal bone loss (MBL) was done. The prevalence of peri-implantitis was 5.3%, with a three-fold increase in peri-implantitis comparing the groups without and with bone augmentation (G1 = 2.27%, G2 = 9.7%). The average keratinized gingiva thickness was 1.87 mm and did not differ significantly between groups. No statistically significant differences in MBL between G1 and G2 were found. When dividing patients by gender, no statistically significant differences were observed. When dividing patients by age groups, statistically significant differences were observed between the youngest and oldest groups of patients. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the use of xenogeneic bone and a xenogeneic collagen membrane in a GBR procedure can be recommended to correct small peri-implant bone dehiscence.

Efficacy of Guided Tissue Regeneration Using Frozen Radiation-Sterilized Allogenic Bone Graft as Bone Replacement Graft Compared with Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral in the Treatment of Periodontal Intra-Bony Defects: Randomized Controlled Trial

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) using two biomaterials as bone replacement grafts in the treatment of periodontal intra-bony defects. (2) Methods: Using a split-mouth design, 30 periodontal intra-bony defects were treated with either frozen radiation-sterilized allogenic bone grafts (FRSABG tests) or deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM, controls) combined with a bioabsorbable collagen membrane in 15 patients. Clinical attachment level gains (CAL-G), probing pocket depth reductions (PPD-R), and radiographic changes in linear defect fill (LDF) were evaluated 12 months postoperatively. (3) Results: The CAL, PPD, and LDF values improved significantly in both groups 12 months after the surgery. However, in the test group, the PPD-R and LDF values were significantly higher compared to the controls (PPD-R 4.66 mm versus 3.57 mm, p = 0.0429; LDF 5.22 mm versus 4.33, p = 0.0478, respectively). Regression analysis showed that baseline CAL was a significant predictor for PPD-R (p = 0.0434), while the baseline radiographic angle was a predictor for CAL-G (p = 0.0026) and LDF (p = 0.064). (4) Conclusions: Both replacement grafts when used for GTR with a bioabsorbable collagen membrane yielded successful clinical benefits in teeth with deep intra-bony defects 12 months postoperatively. The use of FRSABG significantly enhanced PPD reduction and LDF.

In vitro comparison of the osteogenic capability of human pulp stem cells on alloplastic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic bone scaffolds

BackgroundA rigorous search for alternatives to autogenous bone grafts to avoid invasiveness at the donor site in the treatment of maxillomandibular bone defects. Researchers have used alloplastic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic bone graft substitutes in clinical studies with varying degrees of success, although their in vitro effects on stem cells remain unclear. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can potentially enhance the bone regeneration of bone graft substitutes. The present in vitro study investigates the osteogenic capability of DPSCs on alloplastic (biphasic calcium phosphate [BCP]), allogeneic (freeze-dried bone allografts [FDBAs]), and xenogeneic (deproteinized bovine bone mineral [DBBM]) bone grafts.MethodsHuman DPSCs were seeded on 0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 2 mg/ml of BCP, FDBA, and DBBM to evaluate the optimal cell growth and cytotoxicity. Scaffolds and cell morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Calcein AM and cytoskeleton staining were performed to determine cell attachment and proliferation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteogenesis-related genes expressions was used to investigate initial osteogenic differentiation.ResultsCytotoxicity assays showed that most viable DPSCs were present at a scaffold concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. The DPSCs on the DBBM scaffold demonstrated a significantly higher proliferation rate of 214.25 ± 16.17 (p < 0.001) cells, enhancing ALP activity level and upregulating of osteogenesis-related genes compared with other two scaffolds.ConclusionDBBP scaffold led to extremely high cell viability, but also promoted proliferation, attachment, and enhanced the osteogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs, which hold great potential for bone regeneration treatment; however, further studies are necessary.

Physico-chemical and biological characterization of a new bovine bone mineral matrix available for human usage.

Anorganic bovine bone has been deeply studied for bone regeneration in the oral cavity. Different manufacturing processes can modify the final composition of the biomaterial and the responses that induce. To evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of a bovine bone mineral matrix and the clinical, radiographical, histological, and mRNA results after using it for maxillary sinus floor augmentation in humans. First, the physical-chemical characteristics of the biomaterial were evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and electron microscopy. A frequently used biomaterial with the same animal origin was used as comparator. Then, a clinical study was designed for evaluating clinical, radiographical, histological, and mRNA outcomes. Patients in need of two-stage maxillary sinus floor augmentation were included in the study. Six months after the grafting procedure, a bone biopsy was collected for evaluation. In terms of physico-chemical characteristics, no differences were found between both biomaterials. Clinically, 10 patients were included in the study. After 6 months, clinical and radiographical data showed adequate outcomes for allowing implant placement. Histological, immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses showed that the biomaterial in use provides biological support to induce responses similar to those of other commonly used biomaterials. Bovine bone mineral matrix (Creos™ Xenogain) used as a single material for maxillary sinus floor augmentation shows adequate biological, clinical, and radiological outcomes. In fact, the results from this study are similar to those reported in the literature for another bovine bone-derived biomaterial with whom it shares composition and micro- and nanoscale characteristics.

Schneiderian Membrane Collateral Damage Caused by Collagenated and Non-Collagenated Xenografts: A Histological Study in Rabbits

The Schneiderian membrane (SM) that is in contact with biomaterial granules may become thinner and eventually perforate. It has been shown that these events are related to the biomaterial used. Hence, the main aim of the present study was to compare the damaging effects of two xenografts with different resorbability rates on SM. The secondary aim was to evaluate the possible protection from damage offered by a collagen membrane placed adjacent to the SM and by inward displacement of the bone window with the SM during elevation. Thirty-six albino New Zealand rabbits underwent bilateral sinus elevation. One group of 18 animals received deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM group) and the other received swine-collagenated corticocancellous bone (collagenated group). Moreover, in the DBBM group, the bone window was displaced inward during elevation in one sinus together with the SM. In the collagenated group, a collagen membrane was placed adjacent to the SM in one sinus. Six animals were assessed per period after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The mean pristine mucosa width ranged between 67 µm and 113 µm, and none had a width of <40 µm. In the 2-week group, the elevated mucosa of the DBBM group presented 59 thinned sites and five perforations, while in the collagenated group, 14 thinned sites and one perforation were observed. Damage to SM decreased in number in the 4-week treatment group. In the 8-week group, the number of thinned sites in the DBBM group increased to 124, and the perforations to 8. In the collagenated group, 7 thinned sites and 1 small perforation were observed. More damage to the Schneiderian membrane was observed in the DBBM group than in the collagenated group. The presence of the inward bone window offered protection from damage to the Schneiderian membrane.

Osteoinductive and Osteogenic Capacity of Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Compared to Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral Scaffold in Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture: An In Vitro Study.

Freeze-dried bovine bone scaffold (FDBB) or decellularized FDBB (dc-FDBB) was developed as an ideal scaffold with osteoinductive properties. This research aims to compare the osteoinductive properties marked by the expression of runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) and Osterix (OSX) and the osteogenic capacity of these scaffolds imbued with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs). This study was performed in five experimental groups: a negative control group (C-) of hUCMSCs with a normal growth medium, a positive control group (C + ) of hUCMSCs with an osteogenic medium, experimental group 1 (E1) with an FDBB conditioned medium (CM), and experimental group 2 (E2) with a dc-FDBB-CM, and a third experimental group (E3) consisting of a DBBM-CM. Alizarin red staining was performed to qualitatively assess osteoinductive capacity. RUNX2 and OSX expression was quantified using real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction with two replications on day six (D6) and day 12 (D12) as fold changes. This experiment revealed that hUCMSCs were positively expressed by CD73, CD90, and CD105 but were not expressed by CD34. Alizarin red staining showed that E1 had the most calcium deposition on D6 and D12, followed by E3 and then E2 The RUNX2 and OSX expression was higher in E1 but this difference was not significant. The OSX expression in E1,E2,E3 was lower on D12 and C+ of OSX had the highest expression. There was a significant difference of fold change measured between all groups (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between any of the groups treated with OSX and RUNX2 on D6 and D12. FDBB osteoinduction and osteogenic capacity were higher when compared with DBBM and dc-FDBB.