Investigating the Phytochemical and Biological Activities of Rosa indica, Bougainvillea glabra, and Tagetes Erecta Extracts for Textile and Pharmaceutical Applications.

One-pot preparation of ZnO-SnO₂@rGO nanocomposite using Bougainvillea glabra flower extract and evaluation of its photocatalytic removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue

The high level of biodiversity Indonesia contains is a prestigious national treasure. One type of biodiversity found in Indonesia is plant diversity. Plant diversity is inevitable due to their use as ornamental plants. Among many ornamental plants famous in Indonesia, the genus Bougainvillea Comm. ex Juss is known globally for its essential role in horticulture development. Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park, located in Sijangkung Subdistrict, South Singkawang District, Singkawang City, West Kalimantan Province, maintains a diverse and abundant collection of cultivated Bougainvillea plants, which can serve as an important resource for investigating Bougainvillea diversity. To date, no research has inventoried the diversity of Bougainvillea in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Therefore, this research aims to inventory and identify members of the Bougainvillea genus found in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park. Using a qualitative method, this research involved the Bougainvillea members at the research site, sampled using convenience sampling due to the vast area. The research is then continued with identification based on morphology, supported by various peer-reviewed literature. The identification process revealed two species: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., both in non-variegated and variegated forms, and Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. The sampling also revealed substantial numbers of each species in Bukit Bougenville Agrotourism Park: B. spectabilis in non-variegated form, totalling 237 individuals; B. spectabilis in variegated form, totalling 126 individuals; and B. glabra, totalling 53 individuals, for a total of 416 individuals encountered throughout the sampling period. The identification and abundance of the two species indicate that the area has favorable ecological conditions for cultivating Bougainvillea, supporting its role as a specialized agrotourism destination. Overall, the results provide a baseline inventory for future planning regarding conservation, landscape management, and ornamental plant breeding programs. Moreover, the documented species composition can inform agrotourism development strategies, including educational interpretation, biodiversity-based tourism promotion, and sustainable plant management practices.

Green Synthesis of Biocompatible Sodium Alginate-Coated Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles Using Bougainvillea glabra Flower Extract with Enhanced Activity Against Pathogenic Microorganisms and HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells

Bougainvillea glabra extract-loaded elephant foot yam starch-polyvinyl alcohol blend films as pH-indicators for monitoring milk freshness.

The goal of the current study was to improve Bougainvillea glabra propagation through tissue culture technique. For shoot proliferation, Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium supplemented with Benzyl Amino Puren (BAP) or Kinetin at concentrations of (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg. l-1) with an average of 3.13 shoots per explant, 2 mg. l-1 BAP produced the best results. Moreover, combi-nations of 0.1 mg. l-1 Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and different BAP concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg.l-) were tested; the best results were obtained with interaction between 2 mg. l-1 BAP and 0.1 mg. l-1 NAA, which produced 4.6 shoots per explant. NAA was added to half-strength and full-strength MS medium for rooting at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg.l-1. Ac-cording to the findings, the half-strength MS medium containing 1.5 mg. l-1 NAA generated the most roots, with an average of 3.4 roots per shoot in just four weeks. Plantlets that had successfully acclimated were progressively moved outside, where they achieved a high survival rate of 90%.

ABSTRACT The production of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with a narrow size distribution is a popular topic in current research. In this work, we developed a single‐step synthesis of GQDs from the bio precursor of Bougainvillea glabra flower extract using a power‐controlled microwave synthesiser. The Raman studies show that the GQDs are functionalised with oxygen and hydrogen, and a detailed study of the 2 D band reveals a bilayer structure. To understand the origin of unknown peaks, the Raman spectrum for the bilayer GQDs is simulated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. All the observed off‐resonant peaks in the 200‐ to 3000‐cm −1 range from the theory are compared with the experimental peaks and show good agreement. The evolved peaks in the synthesised GQDs are explained in detail by DFT analysis of the vibrational modes. Additionally, the structural conformation is characterised by X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy; the absorption characteristics are examined by UV–visible spectroscopy; the emission characteristics are studied by steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy; and FTIR identifies functional groups. All studies confirm that the synthesised GQDs have a bilayer structure with a narrow size distribution of 4–5 nm. The emission characteristics show that the synthesised GQDs exhibit excitation‐dependent fluorescence emission.

Vegetative propagation via cuttings of Bougainvillea glabra is a key practice in ornamental nurseries, but its efficiency depends on exogenous hormonal cues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three commercial plant growth regulators (PGRs), ProRoot® (NAA + IBA), BioGib® (GA₃), and salicylic acid (AS), relative to a water control on the performance of B. glabra cuttings 60 days after transplanting (DAT). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design with three replicates per treatment. We recorded total shoot number, leaf number, primary root number, and leaf area. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using Tukey’s test. All PGRs significantly improved the measured variables relative to the control. BioGib promoted shoot growth, yielding the highest shoot production (5.78) and leaf number (35.5). ProRoot excelled in root formation, maximizing the number of primary roots. AS produced intermediate and consistent effects on both shoot production and rooting. Collectively, the results indicate that a strategic combination of GA₃ (to enhance shoot vigor) and auxins (to induce rooting) can optimize the production of uniform, vigorous B. glabra plantlets under nursery conditions, while AS represents a low-cost alternative with complementary physiological benefits. These findings provide practical criteria for selecting PGRs according to production goals and operational constraints in nurseries.

This study investigates the effect of the chemical modification of betalain pigments, extracted from purple Bougainvillea glabra, on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The extraction yield of crude betacyanin from B. glabra was approximately 8.75%. The unmodified betalain (B) and the modified betalain (MB) were used as natural sensitizers; their adsorption behaviors on TiO2 were analyzed and compared. The structural and optical properties of both dyes were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The chemical modification of the crude betacyanin extract proceeded with a yield of 69.5%. The photovoltaic performance of DSSCs based on B and MB was evaluated under standard solar illumination (100 mW/cm2). The DSSC sensitized with B exhibited a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.31% and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 2.31mA/cm2, whereas the DSSC sensitized with MB demonstrated a lower efficiency (0.14%) and Jsc of 0.91mA/cm2. Despite this decrease in efficiency, a 100-hour stability test showed that DSSCs sensitized with MB retained approximately 73% of their initial efficiency, while those based on B retained only 31%, highlighting a significant improvement in long-term stability. EIS characterization of DSSC based on the two different sensitizers were made. These results suggest that MB-based DSSCs are more durable and potentially more competitive with inorganic-based solar cells. Overall, the findings highlight the trade-off between initial efficiency and long-term stability and provide valuable insights into the development of natural dye-based DSSCs with improved performance.

Unlocking the nutritional and phytochemical potential: metabolomics and bioaccessibility of polyphenols in south Indian edible flowers.

Integrative physiology, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis reveals key genes and pathways underlying chilling tolerance in Bougainvillea.

Bougainvillea spp. is a well-known ornamental plant that is widely applied in urban landscaping construction. The colorful bracts of Bougainvillea in full bloom become important for urban landscape during special festivals. Although flowering regulation measures of Bougainvillea attracted much attention, the underlying mechanism of flower bud differentiation and development remains poorly understood. Here, we induced flowering of Bougainvillea glabra ‘Sao Paulo’ under 6-BA treatment and conducted RNA sequencing data analysis to characterize the molecular regulatory mechanism of flower development in response to 6-BA. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a series of genes and transcription factors of cytokinin metabolism, flowering and floral development regulation, and photoperiod regulation were upregulated by the 6-BA treatment, including COL, AP2, FT, SOC1, LFY, SPL4, SPL9, and SPL13. Moreover, the expression of these important genes exhibited relatively high levels of thorns compared to apical buds, suggesting that flower bud differentiation probably starts with the thorns in Bougainvillea. This study confirms that 6-BA treatment at certain concentrations can promote flowering of Bougainvillea and provides insight into the regulatory mechanism of the growth regulator acting on early flowering of Bougainvillea.

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of varying length of hardwood cuttings of Bougainvillea on its survival and various rooting parameters in the experimental site of Hi-tech Unit, College of Horticulture, Dapoli under the aegis of Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during December 2024 to April 2025. This study aimed to standardize the length of hardwood cutting of Bougainvillea suitable for the Konkan environmental conditions, addressing the challenges faced by nurserymen and landscapers in establishing Bougainvillea cuttings, as quality planting material is prerequisite for achieving success. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design comprising two replications and sixteen treatment combinations consisting of eight different bougainvillea varieties and two length of hardwood cuttings viz., 10 cm (L1) and 15 cm (L2). Among the two different levels of length of hardwood cuttings under study, parameters like minimum days required for initiation of sprouting (13.85 days), maximum sprouting percentage (76.88%) and survival percentage were observed in hardwood cuttings of length 15 cm. Besides, maximum number of roots per cutting (27.08 roots), length of longest root (11.40 cm), fresh and dry weight of roots (11.70 g and 2.19 g, respectively) and shoot: root (1.29) were also recorded in 15 cm long hardwood cuttings. Therefore, the study recommends the use of hardwood cuttings of length 15 cm as the most effective option for enhancing the survival and rooting of Bougainvillea, making it a viable choice for commercial cultivation in the Konkan region of Maharashtra.

This study first investigates the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils extracted from the stem barks and leaves of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy cultivated in Vietnam. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed cis-phytol as the major compound, especially in the leaf essential oil (75.5%). Both essential oils exhibited notable cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, with the stem bark oil showing stronger effects. The samples also displayed significant antioxidant activity, xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition, nitric oxide (NO) suppression, and enzyme inhibitory properties against α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with the leaf oil generally outperforming the stem bark oil. B. glabra showed anti-inflammation via the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. Especially, the studied oils (IC50 198.43-227.18µg/mL) are better than the standard acarbose (IC50 241.76µg/mL) against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Antimicrobial assays revealed moderate inhibition of two samples against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, but limited antifungal activity. The findings were further supported by computational analyses. Molecular docking and toxicity prediction of the three major oil constituents, linalool, cis-phytol, and neophytadiene, revealed notable binding affinities to α-glucosidase and favorable safety profiles.

Introduction. Bougainvillea glabra is an ornamental plant that has gained scientific attention due to its medicinal potential, therapeutic properties, and toxic effects. Objective. To evaluate the effect of three drying temperatures (50, 55, and 60 °C) on the phytochemical and functional characteristics of Bougainvillea glabra flowers. Materials and methods. The analyses were conducted from July to September 2024 in Chone canton (Ecuador). Flowers were collected in self-sealing bags and transported to the Chemistry and Bromatology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (Chone), Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador. This experimental research followed a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments (T1: 50 °C, T2: 55 °C, and T3: 60 °C). Drying kinetics were studied using a FD-12 dehydrator, and moisture loss was monitored using an analytical balance. Ground samples underwent aqueous extraction through maceration and filtration. Phytochemical screening was performed, and antioxidant capacity of the plant was assessed using ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) methods. Results. Higher drying temperatures resulted in greater plant material weight reduction. Phytochemical screening showed that drying temperature affected the presence of saponins and flavonoids; however, levels of tannins, free amino acids, and alkaloids remained stable. Catechins, triterpenes, reducing sugars, anthocyanins, and resins were not detected. Antioxidant activity analyses revealed that drying temperatures did not affect the DPPH results, while lower temperatures yielded higher antioxidant capacity in the ABTS method. Conclusions. Drying at 55 °C and 60 °C promoted greater weight loss, but negatively impacted the presence of saponins and catechins.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, often resulting from insulin resistance and oxidative stress. With the limitations of current pharmacological treatments, there is growing interest in identifying plant-derived compounds that can modulate key components of the insulin signaling pathway. In this study, the methanolic leaf extract of <i>Bougainvillea glabra</i> was evaluated for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potential through both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> approaches. Phytochemical profiling using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including 2-propenoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester and 3,4-dihydro-4-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-5,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-benzopyran-2-one. The antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, which showed a concentration-dependent activity with a maximum inhibition of 77.57% at 50 µL. Antibacterial activity was demonstrated against several microbial strains, notably <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>, with enhanced zones of inhibition observed at higher extract concentrations. Molecular docking studies were carried out targeting insulin signaling proteins GLUT-4, IRS-1, and SREBP-1c. Among these, GLUT-4 showed the strongest binding affinity with the key phytocompounds, with docking scores of –8.7 and –7.9 kcal/mol, along with multiple hydrogen bond interactions. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions using SwissADME and pkCSM indicated high gastrointestinal absorption, low mutagenicity, and favorable drug-likeness profiles for most compounds, supporting their therapeutic potential. In conclusion, <i>Bougainvillea glabra</i> demonstrated significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. The high binding affinity of its phytocompounds to GLUT-4 and their favorable ADMET profiles highlight their promise as candidates for plant-based drug development in the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Bougainvillea glabra is a well-known and well-documented ornamental plant belonging to family Nyctaginaceae, always planted for its beautifully colored flowers. The current study was performed for profiling the metabolites of B. glabra leaf extract. Further, the leaf extract was evaluated using the total phenolic and total flavonoid assays and profiling using UPLC/MSn for the leaf extract’s secondary metabolites. The leaf extract was also subjected to several antioxidant assays, viz. DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum tests, as well as enzyme inhibition assays such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The results showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 27.68 mg GAE/g and 31.76 mg RE/g, respectively. Besides, twenty-one metabolites were tentatively identified and quantified, where flavonoids and phenolic acids constituted the most abundant classes of compounds. The molecular docking experimentss showed that the most abundant components, namely rhamnocitrin-O-rutinoside, sagerinic acid, tri-O-caffeoyl-shikimic acid, and chlorogenic acid, had the best scores when docked in the vicinity of the selected enzyme targets. The extract recorded a potentially powerful antioxidant activity, compared to the used standards, while it showed a good inhibitory effect against AChE (2.40 mg GALAE/g) and BChE (1.95 mg GALAE/g). The tyrosinase-inhibiting effect was 48.23 mg CAE/g. The amylase and glucosidase inhibitory effects were 0.30 mmol ACAE/g and 0.03 mmol ACAE/g, respectively. Thus, this study suggests that B. glabra may not only act as an ornamental plant, but also it may be a promising source for effective phytochemicals that act as antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors, which may play a role in reversing the aging process and age-related ailments like diabetes.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-11851-9.

Betacyanin-enriched pectin/gellan gum films for real-time mushroom freshness.

Evaluation of anti-diabetic effects of ethanolic extract of Bougainvillea glabra

A STUDY ON SAFETY MARGIN OF BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA FLAVONOIDS RICH FRACTION IN RATS