Botanical Museum Research Articles

Typification of the marine siphonous green algae Caulerpa prolifera (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)

The typification of the marine siphonous green algae Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V. Lamouroux (≡ Fucus prolifer Forsskål) (Caulerpaceae), including f. obovata (J. Agardh) Weber-van Bosse and f. zosterifolia Børgesen, is discussed. Original material conserved in the Natural History Museum of Denmark (Copenhagen) at C (Herbarium Forsskålii) and in the Botanical Museum of Lund University at LD are designated as the corresponding lectotypes.

Discovery of a new caerulescent Psilocybe mushroom in Germany: Psilocybe germanica sp.nov.

Sixty years ago, the ethnomycologist R. G. Wasson discovered an ancient mushroom cult in Oaxaca, Mexico. The famousmycologist R. Heim classified the psychoactive mushroom species in the genera Psilocybe and the eminent natural product chemist Albert Hofmann published the isolation, structural elucidation and synthesis of the new alkaloids psilocybin and psilocin in 1958. These indole derivatives were also found in a number of other Psilocybe species encountered in Asia and Europe and it is now known that other psychoactive species exist in the genera Pluteus, Panaeolus, Inocybe andGymnopilus. Hallucinogenic mushrooms of the main genus Psilocybe are known from countries with a wet climate. Besides the cultivation of subtropical species such as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer, a range of other naturally growing species are commonly found in Europe. They deserve increasing attention because some species can yield up to thousands of fruiting bodies in relatively small spaces. The species Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) Kummer contains comparatively high amounts of psilocybin (around 1% dry weight) and some baeocystin, which is the monomethyl analogue of psilocybin, whereas the phenolic compound psilocin is only found in traces in these mushrooms (Figure 1). This small species usually grows in only scattered patterns on pasture. In recent decades, however, the psychoactive mycoflora of Europe has been transformed deeply. In 1946, E. Wakelfield described a new species from Kew Gardens (London, UK) that became known as Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield. This mushroom typically exhibits strong blueing behaviour after bruising and also spontaneously during ageing. This species grows on wood chips and rich compost derived from plant residues. It has been suggested that these mushrooms grew adventitiously in botanical gardens following importation of plant material from foreign countries. In 1962, this species was also found in the Pacific Northwest, USA and Kubicka first discovered other blueing mushrooms in woods near Sazava (Czech Republic) in 1942. The species was named Psilocybe bohemica Sebek and further descriptions are available in the Czechmycological literature. Krieglsteiner shed new light a variety of mycological collections obtained from wood debris about 30 years ago It is now clear, however, that Psilocybe cyanescens was not in this collection. One of the present authors (J. G.) has studied these mushrooms since 1986 and found genuine Psilocybe bohemica in the Czechoslovakia in 1986 and later in 1989. It appears that the distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens has been expanding in Germany, and possibly other European countries, during the last 30 years. The reason for

A re-investigation of Otto Müller’s Cymatopleura taxa (Bacillariophyta) from East Africa

Background - Otto Muller described seven varieties and forms of Cymatopleura solea from material from Central and East Africa. A re-investigation of the original material studied by Muller allowed us to lectotypify these taxa and describe another as new to science. Methods - Permanent diatom slides from original samples collected by Dr. Fulleborn in 1899 and 1900, and deposited at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Dahlem (B) were made. Additionally, material from Lake Victoria collected during the Third Tanganyika expedition conducted by Dr. Cunnington in 1904-1905, and kept at The National History Museum London (BM) were studied. Investigations were carried out using light microscopy and where possible also with scanning electron microscopy. Key results - Although Cymatopleura solea var. subconstricta and its forms major and minor are invalid, illustrations of Muller's concepts are shown and the taxon Cymatopleura comperei was described as new. On the other hand, the taxonomic entities var. clavata, var. laticeps and var. rugosa are redefined and raised to species rank: Cymatopleura clavata, C. laticeps and C. rugosa respectively. Additional morphological descriptions, based on light and scanning electron microscopy, are given for all these taxa where appropriate and their African distribution as based on literature and our own observations. In addition, the original slide of Cymatopleura nyansae, described from Central Africa by West, is also illustrated and discussed, firstly because it resembles the Cymatopleura laticeps valves which we observed in one of the historic samples from Lake Malawi examined by Muller, and secondly because often erroneous concepts of this taxon are present in the African literature.

(2329) Proposal to conserve the name Sorbus (Rosaceae) with a conserved type

TAXONVolume 63, Issue 5 p. 1139-1140 Proposals to Conserve or Reject NamesFree Access (2329) Proposal to conserve the name Sorbus (Rosaceae) with a conserved type Alexander Sennikov, Alexander Sennikov alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author Alexander Sennikov, Alexander Sennikov alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 2014 https://doi.org/10.12705/635.19Citations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume63, Issue5October 2014Pages 1139-1140 RelatedInformation

Benjamin Delessert's collections between travelers and Candolle's natural method (1803-1847).

During the first half of the nineteenth century, while Georges Cuvier ruled over natural history and the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (MHN) was at its institutional acme, a French banker and industrialist with a Swiss family background, Benjamin Delessert, was developing an important botanical museum in Paris. His private collection included both a rich botanical library and a massive herbarium: the close integration of these two dimensions, together with the magnanimity of Delessert's patronage, contributed to making this private institution a worthy rival to the powerful and state-funded MHN. Delessert's museum had the favor of both professional and amateur naturalists. Knowledgeable and dedicated assistants (Antoine Guillemin and Antoine Lasègue) curated the collections. Moreover, Delessert was an intimate friend of the Genevan botanist Augustin- Pyramus de Candolle. Although Delessert's herbarium followed the Linnaean order, the Delessert Botanical Museum (DBM) contributed to the development of Candolle's natural system, especially through the publication of costly volumes of engravings, the Icones selectae plantarum rariorum. This essay draws together the main steps in the evolution of Delessert's collections, stressing the interdependency between books and dried plants. It focuses on the DBM as a case of cooperation between institutional and amateur expertise, private and public collections, and field collectors and cabinet naturalists.

Type specimens of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) described by Josef Franz Freyn in 1903

Five Tamarix taxa were described in Freyn’s posthumous publication (Freyn 1903): Tamarix askabadensis Freyn (1903: 1059), Tamarix karakalensis Freyn (1903: 1060), T. karakalensis var. scoparia Freyn (1903: 1062), T. karakalensis var. verrucifera Freyn (1903: 1062), and T. karakalensis var. myriantha Freyn (1903: 1062). This publication comprised an enumeration of the plants collected by Paul Sintenis in “Tauria, 1900–1901” (in the Sintenis’s voucher labels as “Iter transcaspico-persicum 1900–1901”), by Ove Paulsen in “regione caspica, transcaspica, praesertium in altiplanitie Pamir, 1898–1899”, and by Victor Ferdinand Brotherus “in Turkestania, 1896”. However, all Tamarix taxa treated in that work belong to those collected by Sintenis. It is important to point out that Sintenis was mostly a plant collector who sold his vouchers to many different herbaria: ANK, BHUPM, BREM, G, GH, HAC, JE, LD, PAL, PR, TUB, VT, W, WAG, and WU (acronyms according to Thiers 2014). However, his personal herbarium (ca. 80000 vouchers of 18000 species) was acquired by the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum of Lund (LD) in 1921–1922 (Patrik Frödén pers. comm.).

Lichens from Iceland in the Collection of Svanhildur Svane

Abstract Kristinsson H., Heiðmarsson S., Hansen E. S., 2014: Lichens from Iceland in the collection of Svanhildur Svane [Islandijos kerpės Svanhildur Svane kolekcijoje]. - Bot. Lith., 20(1): 14-18. Survey was made of the lichens collected by Svanhildur Svane in different parts of Iceland from 1949 to 1997 and deposited at the Botanical Museum of the University of Copenhagen (C). As a result, 11 species, Agonimia tristicula, Aspicilia mashiginensis, Fuscidea tenebrica, Gyalecta flotowii, Lecania baeomma, Lithographa tesserata, Pyrenopsis grumulifera, Rimularia fuscosora, Steinia geophana, Thelignya lignyota and Umbilicaria nylanderiana, were recorded as new to Iceland, and 6 species were new to certain regions in Iceland as defined in the Nordic Lichen Flora

LEAF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF IRANIAN NARROW-LEAVED SPECIES OF THE GENUS FESTUCA L. (POACEAE, POEAE)

Superficial similarity between narrow-leaved species of the genus Festuca L. was lead to using the cryptic characters such as anatomical traits for taxonomic aims. Structure and arrangement of sclerenchyma tissue and the number of veins as seen in leaf cross sections were found as being significant diagnostic features in some species aggregates in the genus Festuca. In total 53 selected accessions of Festuca species collected around the country, types and herbarium specimens housed in Natural History Museum Vienna (W), University of Vienna (WU), Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (B), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (TARI), Herbarium of the University of Isfahan (HUI), Tehran University Herbarium (TUH) and Herbarium of H. Akhani were studied. In this investigation, nearly all reported narrow-leaved species of the Iranian members of the genus Festuca including F. alaica, F. skvortsovii, F. rubra, F. chalcophaea, F. sabalanica, F. rechingeri, F. akhanii, F. varia, F. transcaucasica, F. valesiaca, F. elwendiana and F. rupicola which some of them are endemic were investigated and an identification key was made. The results of this study confirmed synonymy of F. bornmulleri and F. ovina subsp. kotschyi for F. alaica, also showed that there are no F. ovina s. str., F. pinifolia and F. heterophylla growing in the borders of Iran.

An Unusual Xylotheque with Plant Illustrations from Early Meiji Japan

An Unusual Xylotheque with Plant Illustrations from Early Meiji Japan. Two unusual wood collections, reported previously in the collections of the Botanical Museum at Berlin-Dahlem and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, take the form of framed plant illustrations painted on boards made from the wood of the species illustrated. We present new finds of very similar wood collections in the Economic Botany Collection of the Harvard University Herbaria, a private collection in the U.K. (Loudon collection), and at the Koishikawa Botanical Garden of the University of Tokyo. A stamp on the reverse of the boards links all five collections to Chikusai Kato, an artist working at Tokyo University (now the University of Tokyo) in early Meiji Japan, under the direction of the preeminent nineteenth century Japanese botanist Keisuke Ito. New evidence from contemporary historical accounts indicates that more than 100 boards were ordered in June 1878 by Hiroyuki Katō, the first president of Tokyo University, most likely to support the early teaching of Western-influenced botanical science in Japan. However, while the boards had clear value for teaching, especially about useful plants, their unusual fusion of Western and Japanese influences also made them desirable craft objects that were collected and given as gifts during the early Meiji era.

Public Perception of Invasive Plant Species: Assessing the impact of workshop activities to promote young students' awareness

Invasive species are one of the main threats to biodiversity worldwide. Even though they are identified and recognized as such by the Portuguese law, the majority of the population is not yet aware of this problem. Aiming to increase awareness about biological invasions among young students, a workshop on Invasive Plant Species was organized at the Botanical Museum of the University of Coimbra. A total of 170 teenager students from five schools participated in the workshop. Three activities were prepared, focusing on: (1) identification of invasive plants, (2) competition between native and invasive plants and (3) control of invasive plants. One year later, questionnaires were sent to the participants, aiming to appraise workshop effectiveness, and this questionnaire revealed that these students know more about invasive plant species than a comparable group of students that did not participate in the workshop. The results clearly showed that practical informal education activities may be effective in raising public awareness. Questionnaires were essential to evaluate the knowledge acquired and retained by the students during the workshop.

<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Catalogue and typifications of new taxa of vascular plants described by Finnish botanist Harald Lindberg (1871–1963)</strong></p>

As a taxonomist Harald Lindberg mainly worked on North European and Mediterranean vascular plants. He published about 420 valid names of new taxa and in addition numerous invalid names or nomina nuda . In the present catalogue all the new names except those published under the apomictic genera Hieracium and Taraxacum , or names of mosses, are listed. Most of the North European new taxa are based on material collected by himself or others in Finland or adjacent Russia, rarely from Estonia or Sweden. The Mediterranean taxa are mostly based on the collections by his own hand from Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Morocco, Spain or Tunisia, rarely from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Hungary, Montenegro or Tunisia. Lindberg had no concept of type specimens and therefore all his taxa needed lectotypification. Most of the lectotypifications are performed in the present catalogue. Lindberg’s main collections are preserved in the Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Finland (H). Numerous types are represented in the exsiccata series Plantae Finlandiae Exsiccatae (nos. 1–2081) that Lindberg edited and distributed to other herbaria in 42 fascicules. His Mediterranean types specimens are frequently duplicated in the herbaria of Kew (K), Lund (LD) and/or Montpellier (MPU). Many of the names provided by Lindberg were validated by other authors, especially by I. Hiitonen in his Suomen Kasvio (1933). Many of the new taxa by Lindberg describe forms and varieties that are nowadays rarely recognized even though they are usually not based on obvious environmental modifications. In total, Lindberg described 321 vascular plant names Hieracium (34 taxa) and Taraxacum excluded (65). With these genera the total number is 420.

A forgotten collection: the Libyan ethnobotanical exhibits (1912-14) by A. Trotter at the Museum O. Comes at the University Federico II in Naples, Italy

BackgroundThe Ethnobotanical Collection from the Libyan territories of the botanist Alessandro Trotter is included in the Oratio Comes Botanical Museum at the Faculty of Agraria at the University Federico II in Naples. Trotter explored different territories of Libya, mainly Tripolitania, between 1912-1924, collecting plant specimens and the drugs most frequently sold in the markets. The Libyan herbarium currently includes over 2300 sheets of mounted and accessioned plants. The drugs, mostly acquired by Trotter from Tripolitanian markets, were identified and packed in 87 paper sheets or boxes. Trotter added ethnobotanical information for each species when available.MethodsA database of the herbarium species and the drugs has been carried out, after a taxonomic update. Nomenclature has been revised according to the African flowering plants database and the World Checklist of selected plant families, and a comparison with currently available ethnopharmacological data from North African has been attempted.ResultsIn this study, ethnopharmacological data related to about 80 species of flowering plants and to 4 lichens are presented. The plants are mainly from Mediterranean or Sub-Saharan habitats and belong to 37 different families; Lamiaceae was the most cited family, with 10 accessions. Generally, the aerial parts of the plants are the most frequently used (28 species), followed by leaves (15 species), flowers and seeds (9 species), fruits (7 species) and hypogean organs (roots, rhizomes, tubers: 5 species). Plants were generally processed in very simple ways: infusion or decoction of the plants were prepared and orally administered or used for topical applications. A wide range of conditions was treated, ranging from mental disorders to skin affections. All the organs of human body are considered, but the pathologies of gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory system and those related to traumatic accidents were the most frequently mentioned. The comparison with the recent ethnopharmacological research in Maghreb and its neighboring countries reveals a high correspondence; almost all the plants cited by Trotter are still used in the folk medicine of at least one of the North African countries, and the therapeutic uses of each plant appear consistent over time.ConclusionsThe information collected by Trotter is an important contribution to tracing plant utilization in Libyan folk medicine over the last century.

The book of palms

The book of palms is a lavishly illustrated, large-format 442-page book celebrating the work of the German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868). It is a reproduction of the latter's epic study of the palm family: Historia naturalis palmarum: opus tripartitum (Natural History of Palms: a work in three volumes), published between 1823 and 1853. Born in Erlangen, where he undertook his early botanical studies, Martius was subsequently assigned the task of exploring the flora of Brazil, which he carried out over a number of years. Later in his career he settled in Munich as Curator of the botanic garden and Professor of botany at the university. The study of the flora of Brazil was a key part of his career and he published a number of works relating to different plant groups investigated during his travels there. One of the most significant contributions that Martius made in Brazil was his description of 85 new palm species, 54 of which still bear the names he assigned them today. Historia naturalis palmarum incorporates this large body of new botanical data that he obtained. Originally published in three volumes, it described and illustrated all genera of the palm family known at the time. Although we now know that the palm family consists of nearly 2500 species, only a fraction of which were described in Martius' work, Historia naturalis palmarum can still be considered to have laid the foundations of palm taxonomy upon which subsequent generations of botanists have been able to build. After his death in 1868 his tombstone was adorned with two palm leaves and the latin phrase: ‘In palmis semper virens resurgo!’ (loosely translated as ‘in palms I am ever youthful and resurgent!’). The beautifully presented reproduction published by Taschen contains the three reprinted volumes of Historia naturalis palmarum in large format: 31·4 × 43·5 cm. At the beginning of the book is a short but interesting overview of Martius' life and contribution to palm taxonomy provided by the author, H. Walter Lack, Director at the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem and Professor at the Free University of Berlin. Thereafter, the book is entirely devoted to the botanical drawings that form the essence of this tome. In their beauty, diversity, attention to detail and quantity these drawings are truly impressive. It is interesting to note that the three volumes did not originally appear in the order one might have expected. Each volume was published gradually, with volume II (New World palm species) initiated in 1823, followed by volume III (mostly Old World palm species), which was eventually completed in 1853. In parallel, volume I (general features) appeared gradually between 1831 and 1853. As regards the drawings, only those of the second volume were executed by Martius himself. The lithographs reproduced in the book, the majority of which are in colour, illustrate palms from a number of different perspectives. Volume I deals mostly with palm anatomy and morphology, with a section on palm fossils. Histological sections are reproduced faithfully and there are also some interesting floral diagrams, sketches of whole adult palms and maps describing the distribution of palms on a world level. The second and third volumes contain detailed descriptions of genera and species. The plates contain drawings showing both the specific structures of individual species and also landscape views of the palms, the latter having more of a historical charm than a botanical value. As before, the drawings are beautifully reproduced. The latest palm nomenclature is incorporated for the benefit of the reader, so inevitably there are differences between the names on the original plates and those in the newly compiled legends (e.g. Cocos comosa becomes Syagrus comosa). Several elegant poster-size illustrations (folded inside the body of the book) are also included. This book is highly commendable for a number of reasons: its historical importance, its enormous aesthetic beauty and the informative value of the drawings, to name but three. It came as a great surprise to discover that the book was being offered for sale by Taschen for a price-tag of about 100 euros – hard to believe that such a feat was possible given the high quality of the reproductions and the large number of pages. This book should be of interest to a wide range of people: botanists of course, but also gardeners with an interest in palms and the history of ‘plant hunting’; or potentially anyone who appreciates the aesthetic appeal of high quality botanical illustrations of the type that abound in this book.

Polypores of Åland

Polypores (poroid non-bolete Basiodiomycetes) were collected in 2005-2006 in managed forests and nature reserves. The presented field study was carried out in July-August and October 2005, and October 2006. The original data were combined with the literature (Laine 1967) and the loan database information of the Botanical Museum (H, University of Helsinki). These records cover 92 localities in 14 communes of Aland Islands. All specimens are preserved in the Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki. Fungal taxonomy follows Niemela (2005).

Science and development of government policy post-Global Strategy for Plant Conservation: lessons for the future

The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2002, came to the end of its first phase in 2010. Thus we felt that this was an appropriate theme for a discussion meeting jointly sponsored by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Royal Society of London (in June 2010). Adoption of the GSPC – by the parties to the CBD and implemented through international organizations – as a framework to address the importance of plants in sustaining biodiversity of all organisms is unique; it was also much more ambitious than any other conservation measure ever adopted. It consisted of 16 outcome-oriented targets across five major objectives and tried to describe the targets in ways that could be measured, to one degree or another. Like many international agreements, it was subject to varying interpretations and retained flexibility for implementation at national and local levels, so that interpretations were uniform in neither content nor intent. The GSPC nonetheless stands as a remarkable document and at least a limited success. The problem of bringing together scientists (from botanical gardens, museums and universities), conservation non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and politicians to develop policies that then need to be implemented by national governments was a major challenge. The limitations imposed by this process are reflected in the ambiguous wording of some of the targets in the GSPC. The flexibility of the targets also made the Strategy easier to promote and more adaptable to local conditions, so they were not necessarily a disadvantage. However, if the second phase (2011– 2020) is to succeed, there needs to be improved dialogue between all parties in both planning and implementation. Again, this process is pushing back the barriers that have previously prevented such concerted international activity, and so these too are worth considering further to determine how they can be minimized in the second phase. The successes of the GSPC were partly due to the formation of networks that promoted the Strategy and guided its implementation and the identification of a facilitating organisation that would be responsible for progress towards each target. Little or no progress was often a symptom of lack of engagement between, or availability of, appropriate actors and passive facilitation. Many botanical gardens and conservation NGOs accepted the challenges of the GSPC and played major roles in promoting it internationally and within their own respective spheres of influence, and without this involvement, successes would have been limited. One could argue that a document such as the GSPC really was not necessary for action to occur, but just having a formal, internationally agreed strategy provided a common focus for activity and made it more likely that governments would accept it and put resources into local implementation, so it acted as a nucleating agent, precipitating action when there would have been little or none without it. Having realized the enormous challenges facing the plant conservation community, scientists in the movement worked hard to translate their priorities into targets that governments could understand and believe to be tractable, thus making compromises but increasing the likelihood of broad adoption and implementation. It was an opportunity seized, and a timely evaluation of the GSPC in terms of the general process of combining science and policy could benefit not only phase II of the GSPC, but also the general process with the possible outcome of increased incorporation of science into policy-making. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166, 213–216.

Children Learning Outside the Classroom: From Birth to Eleven

352 Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 21 No. 1 (2011) ISSN: 1546-2250 Children Learning Outside the Classroom: From Birth to Eleven Waite, Sue (2001). London: Sage; 236 pages. $35.95. ISBN 9780857020482. It is a pleasure to provide a review for Children Learning Outside the Classroom: From Birth to Eleven, edited by Sue Waite. The book will be of significant value to teachers and teacher educators. In the introduction, Waite notes “that despite evangelical texts extolling the benefits of the outdoors for very young children and a research literature on outdoor education, there was relatively little theory underpinning how and why learning outside the classroom might be beneficial and for what.” Amongst the many other things it achieves, the book examines this issue and provides a theoretical perspective for outdoors education in a way that is accessible and informative to practitioners. In 15 chapters the book covers a very diverse range of topics related to outdoor education. The introductory chapter by Sue Waite and Nick Pratt explores the relationship between learning and place, particularly the psychological and social issues, to provide some theoretical perspective on learning outdoors. The chapter begins by asking the reader to reflect on the concept of place and provides a set of simple questions that allow teachers to evaluate the appropriateness of place and pedagogy—including what is possibly the key question: What are we trying to teach/learn in any given place? The remaining chapters are arranged in three sections. Section 1, entitled “Early Years Practice – Reaching Out,” begins with a chapter by Valerie Huggins and Karen Wickett on outdoors education with very young children (crawlers and toddlers), including the rationale for this approach (e.g., the stimulation of senses and motor skills), the practicalities of organizing outdoor experiences for this age group, and dealing with risk. An important distinction is drawn between risk-taking behavior and hazardous behavior, with the former being viewed positively as part of children’s normal development. The two other chapters in this section deal with the local community as a learning environment for very young children and outdoor learning during the transition from foundation to the first year of the national curriculum. Section 2, entitled “Learning Outside the Classroom the Curriculum for Primary Aged Children,” comprises six chapters that illustrate how outdoors learning can be used in various areas of the curriculum. Many aspects of the curriculum are covered in this section and practitioners are provided with extensive practical suggestions for integrating outdoor education into each area. 353 The final section, entitled “Outside the Box,” explores some alternative types of outdoor provision. This includes a chapter by Tony Rea on residential centers, which provides a critical analysis of the experiences they offer students. This is followed Rowena Passy and Sue Waite’s exploration of the learning experiences offered by school gardens and forest schools, which is strongly linked to the concept of sustainability. A chapter on National Parks by Dave Gurnett, Linda la Velle and Sue Waite uses a number of case studies based on Exmoor in the south west of England to exemplify how such an environment can be used to provide strong positive memories for children as well as effective learning experiences in a range of curricular areas. Managed learning spaces such as botanical gardens, museums and science centers are examined in a chapter by Alan Peacock. This author points to the importance of collaboration between teachers and the learning professionals employed in these managed learning spaces in order to obtain benefit for all involved. In the final chapter, entitled “Making a Difference: Learning on a Grand Scale,” Sue Waite revisits a number of the chapters and emphasizes the link to theory throughout the book before emphasizing the benefits of outdoor learning in relation to the psychological and socio-cultural planes of focus. In the concluding sections she argues that, “By introducing children to learning in contexts other than schools, they gain a clearer understanding that the purpose of education is not simply bounded by the school and the goals assessed and measured within that, which tends to lead to an instrumental approach to learning.” This is a statement with which I concur wholeheartedly. All of...

(089) Proposal to discard the nomenclatural value of reprints and translations of botanical publications first printed before the relevant nomenclatural starting‐point date

TAXONVolume 59, Issue 1 p. 307-308 Proposals to Amend the CodesFree Access (089) Proposal to discard the nomenclatural value of reprints and translations of botanical publications first printed before the relevant nomenclatural starting-point date Alexander Sennikov, Corresponding Author Alexander Sennikov alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author Alexander Sennikov, Corresponding Author Alexander Sennikov alexander.sennikov@helsinki.fi Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014, University of Helsinki, Finland Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, RussiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591045Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume59, Issue1February 2010Pages 307-308 RelatedInformation

Records of rare aphyllophoroid fungi on Scots pine in northern Sweden

JOSEFSSON, T. & SPIRIN, V.A. 2010: Records of rare aphyllophoroid fungi on Scots pine in northern Sweden – Karstenia 50: 45–52. Helsinki ISSN: 0453-3402.Wood-inhabiting fungi on Pinus sylvestris were examined in three old-growth forests in northern Sweden. A total of 16 rare species of aphyllophoroid fungi are reported. Among the species discussed are Antrodiella pallasii and Skeletocutis kuehneri which are successors of Trichaptum species and previously known from only a few localities in Sweden, and Byssoporia terrestris and Hydnellum gracilipes which are mycorrhizal species with specific ecological preferences. Three corticioid species from genera Cera-ceomyces and Sistotrema represent possible new taxa.Keywords: Fennoscandia, fungi, coarse wood debris, red-listed species, Anomoporia, Antrodia, Gleophyllum, Phlebia, PostiaTorbjorn Josefsson, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univer-sity of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea; Sweden; e-mail: torbjorn.josefsson@svek.slu.seViacheslav A. Spirin, Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; e-mail: slava_spirin@mail.ru

Pyrofomes demidoffii newly reported to cause a white trunk rot of juniper (Juniperus formosana) in China

Juniperus formosana has a wide distribution in China, and it is an important conifer tree in central and southwestern China. In the summer of 2006, a typical white trunk rot of the tree was observed at Wolong area (30°50′N, 103°10′E), Dujiangyan County, central Sichuan Province, southwest China. Twelve trees were affected from 85 examined, and showed signs of advanced internal decay of the trunk. A perennial, ungulate and woody polypore was found on the trunk of affected trees. Fruiting bodies were 12–15 cm wide and 14 cm thick at the base. The upper surface was greyish black, the poroid surface bright yellow to orange brown with densely packed tubes (around 3–4 per mm). The inside of the fruiting bodies was cinnamon to brick-red and contained dimitic hyphae; the generative hyphae had clamp connections. Basidiospores were ellipsoid, truncate, thick-walled, pale brownish, slightly dextrinoid and cyanophilous, 6–8 × 5–6 µm. These characteristics agree with the published description of Pyrofomes demidoffii (Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1994) and match specimens examined from the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki (H). Voucher specimens have been deposited at the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IFP). Previously P. demidoffii has been recorded on junipers in Central Europe, Africa and North America (Ryvarden & Gilbertson, 1994). It grows exclusively on Juniperus spp. and causes a white trunk rot of living trees. The fungus causes major decay of junipers in western North America (Scharpf, 1993) and Pakistan (Zakaullah, 1978). The fungus was not found in previous surveys (Dai et al., 2007) and this is the first report of P. demidoffii on Juniperus formosana from China. The work is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Project No. 007AA021506).

Lectotypification ofBromelia poeppigiiandB. reversacantha (Bromeliaceae)

Abstract Forzza R. C., Monteiro R. F. & Zappi D.: Lectotypification of Bromelia poeppigii and B. reversacantha (Bromeliaceae) [De herbario berolinensi notulae 49]. — Willdenowia 39: 161–164. — Online ISSN 1868-6397; © 2009 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.39.39117 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) During World War II part of the material stored at the herbarium of the Natural History Museum Vienna (W) was destroyed by fire, including the majority of the Bromeliaceae collection and some types of Bromelia names. In the cases of B. poeppigii and B. reversacantha original material accompanied by anatomical drawings relevant for the delimitation of the species has now been discovered at the herbarium of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B). Lectotypes are designated and, in the case of B. reversacantha, an epitype is selected.