This study examines near-surface air-temperature variability during extreme heatwaves in Coimbra (Portugal), focusing on Urban Heat Island (UHI) dynamics through a hotspot-based assessment of intra-urban thermal hotspots (IUTHs), defined as localized zones of recurrent elevated near-surface temperatures. Using an extensive multi-site dataset collected at multiple times of the day across heterogeneous urban environments, the analysis evaluates how urbanization intensity, surface cover, green infrastructure, and site-specific context influence diurnal temperature contrasts and patterns of heat exposure. Statistical results reveal clear spatial thermal disparities, with densely built-up and highly impervious areas such as Santana and the Seminary surroundings consistently emerging as intra-urban hotspots, particularly during afternoon peak temperatures. In contrast, green spaces (Botanical Garden and Mermaid Garden) act as cooling refugia, exhibiting lower near-surface air temperatures and reduced thermal amplitude compared with surrounding urban areas. Proximity to water bodies further moderates ambient conditions, highlighting the buffering role of blue infrastructure during extreme heat periods. These findings demonstrate that analysing UHI intensity through fine-scale intra-urban hotspot patterns provides valuable insights for urban climate adaptation. The results support the strategic integration of green spaces and nature-based solutions in urban planning to mitigate heat risk, strengthen climate resilience, safeguard public well-being, and promote more adaptive and liveable cities.

Ammopiptanthus nanus (Fabaceae), a nationally protected endangered evergreen shrub endemic to Central Asian deserts, is severely threatened by habitat fragmentation. To conserve its genetic resources, multiple ex situ populations have been established across China. We evaluated conservation efficacy under distinct management strategies across four ex situ populations (n = 114), including a near-site protected area (J), a Forestry and Grassland Administration–managed zone (L), Tazhong Botanical Garden (T), and the Forestry Academy of Sciences (K), using integrated molecular markers: expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs), chloroplast DNA fragments ( psbA–trnH , trnL–trnF , trnS–trnG ), and nuclear ribosomal ITS (ITS1/ITS4) sequences. The results reveal significant strategy-dependent divergence in genetic conservation efficiency, primarily driven by founder genetic composition and reproductive management protocols. Strategy (J) retained moderate chloroplast diversity but exhibited reduced nuclear diversity and high inbreeding. Strategy (L) maintained moderate nuclear diversity yet limited chloroplast variation. Strategy (T) showed the highest nuclear diversity but minimal maternal lineage preservation. Strategy (K) preserved unique maternal haplotypes and phylogenetic distinctiveness despite constrained nuclear diversity. Critically, all populations displayed high inbreeding coefficients (F > 0.404), indicating genetic bottlenecks and restricted gene flow. To ensure long-term viability, we recommend: (1) diversifying genetic foundations through the introduction of founders from multiple wild sources and expansion of population sizes to mitigate drift; (2) enhancing gene flow via periodic interpopulation transplants and facilitated distant cross-pollination, integrated with long-term monitoring of nuclear and cytoplasmic diversity.

Abstract Despite the importance of flowers to plant fitness, it remains unclear whether flowers display ecophysiological strategies and how floral traits are associated with leaf economic traits. Using a comparative analysis of flowers and leaves, we evaluated associations between seven homologous traits related to carbon and water economics in 245 plant species sampled at four locations spanning more than 100 degrees of latitude: Arctic tundra, tropical campos rupestres , Patagonian steppe and a botanical garden in the Mediterranean‐type climate of California. We used correlation analysis, standard major axes, principal component analysis and trait networks to evaluate the associations among flower and leaf traits. We found flower trait combinations ranging from large‐sized flowers with thick petals and lengthy water turnover times ( τ ) to small‐sized flowers with thin petaloid structures and high residual conductance ( g res ). There was positive scaling among flower and leaf traits such as g res , τ , petal and leaf thickness, and area. Network analysis showed no modular structure of flower and leaf traits when all species were evaluated together. Our results showcase that flower phenotypes are distributed along a continuum of trait variation and are functionally linked to leaves through water‐ and size‐related traits. This cross‐organ correlation indicates that habitat filtering based on the ecophysiological strategies of one organ would influence the phenotypes of the other organ. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

ABSTRACT This study extends emerging work on a sociolinguistics of Islam (Bhatt, Barnawi, and Ahmad 2025) by examining how meaning-making is shaped through the design of the Qur’anic Botanic Garden in Doha, Qatar. Using walking ethnography and linguistic landscape analysis, the study analyzes how the Garden aligns ummatic forms of Islamic authority grounded in Qur’anic and Prophetic traditions with ʿurfic forms of locally embedded ecological practice. The findings show how multilingual plant signage presents Qur’anic Arabic alongside Modern Standard Arabic, English translation, scientific nomenclature, and vernacular plant terms, making visible the relationship between scriptural tradition and local ecological knowledge. Beyond textual forms, Islamic environmental ethics are also communicated through silent theology, conveyed through sensory zoning involving sound, scent, and water, as well as through the selection of Qur’anic and regionally significant plant species. These arrangements are conceptualised as producing eco-heritage literacies: ways of relating Qur’anic and Prophetic citation to vernacular plant knowledge and broader ecological understandings, enacted through embodied modes of encounter that cultivate ethical orientations toward the natural world.

Abstract Urbanization is one of the most enduring transformations in land use, resulting in often irreversible habitat loss and fragmentation, which are key drivers of defaunation. However, the impact of urbanization varies depending on the native vegetation remaining within urban areas. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, urbanization has led to biodiversity loss but the city still has a significant coverage of green areas and remnants of Atlantic Forest. This includes the Tijuca National Park, which has been the focus of reintroduction projects to restore native fauna. The first of these was of the Ariel toucan Ramphastos ariel in 1970, which has established well. Flocks are now often seen in the city’s green spaces but no monitoring has been carried out since the reintroduction. Here, we seek to understand how the reintroduced population is utilizing urban green areas for feeding and reproduction, which are key indicators of reintroduction success. We characterized frugivory in the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden over 290 weeks during 2017–2023, using the feeding bouts method. We recorded 850 observations of toucans feeding on the fruits of 91 plant species. We also assessed reproductive success during two breeding seasons, monitoring 29 fledglings in 10 nests. Nests in tree cavities were re-used in both breeding seasons, by different nesting birds. We conclude that this urban green area provides breeding sites for the R. ariel population and food resources year-round. Our results corroborate the potential of urban green areas to support biodiversity and contribute to the success of reintroduction projects in cities.

Abstract This study assessed changes in soil properties and pedon layers as a result of long‐term ecosystem exclosure at the Botanical and Ecotourism Garden (BEG) of Dilla University, South Ethiopia. The site holds significant geographical, archaeological, and ecological value, hosting over 408 plant species. Long‐term exclosure is a common land management practice mainly used for biodiversity conservation. However, its effects on soil properties and pedon development vary based on land topography and land use type. The study aimed to examine how long‐term ecosystem exclosure influences soil morphological, physical, and chemical properties across varying topographic positions, providing insights for sustainable land management. Field surveys and laboratory analyses were conducted on eight soil profiles (pedons) representing upper, middle, and lower slope positions. Soil samples were analyzed for texture, bulk density, pH, organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable bases following standard methods. Key findings revealed variations in soil properties with topography: upper slopes had deeper, clay‐rich soils (Vertisols and Nitisols) with higher OC (1.2%–3.5%) and CEC (18–33 cmol kg −1 ), while middle slopes had shallow, gravelly Leptosols. Lower slopes featured sandy Fluvisols with alluvial deposits. Soil pH was slightly acidic (5.9–6.7), and available P was low (5.5–11.8 mg kg −1 ), indicating potential nutrient limitations. The study concludes that soil properties in the BEG are highly influenced by topography and land use, necessitating site‐specific conservation and fertility management to sustain its ecological and agricultural value.

The management of The Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid: Visitor preferences and willingness to pay

Integrated stomatal-wax traits confer sustained tolerance of Pistacia weinmanniifolia to prolonged dry-heat environment.

Modern botanical gardens are essential for conservation, research, education, and recreation. However, recreating habitats with extreme edaphic conditions, such as the Iberian gypsum steppes (priority habitat 1520), poses a significant challenge due to the severe physicochemical constraints of gypsisols. This work aimed to present and evaluate a biomimetic protocol for establishing two gypsum botanical gardens in the southeast Iberian Peninsula, one on a university campus and one at a mining concession, to fulfil all four prototypical functions. The design was biomimetic, replicating the floristic (Gypsophiletalia scrublands) and edaphic characteristics of natural gypsum areas. Crucially, gypsum-milling waste (fines) from the mining operation was repurposed as the main substrate to create the artificial gypsisols. Physicochemical analyses confirmed this strategy effectively replicated the key chemical properties of natural gypsisols, including high CaSO4 concentration, pH, and electrical conductivity, although the artificial soils displayed the low carbon and nitrogen content typical of disturbed gypsum soils. The gardens successfully fulfilled their conservation role by maintaining populations of endemic and threatened gypsophilous species, which flowered and set fruit. The industrial garden validated a research function by serving as a platform for the successful translocation of threatened Narcissus tortifolius bulbs. This project validates a replicable, biomimetic technical protocol that transforms a mining residue into a functional substrate for conservation. The dual model (academic/industrial) maximizes the botanical garden’s functions, offering an effective and highly visible strategy for conserving gypsum biodiversity and countering the social undervaluation of these extreme ecosystems.

Apo Mechanic Village has been in existence for about 32 years; it is one of Abuja’s largest collections of auto mechanic workshops. Hydraulic fluids, paints, lubricants, metals fragments, wasted batteries, empty cans and stripped oily dirt are only a few of the waste produced by this automotive workshop activity. Contaminated soil samples were collected from the mechanic village at random from nine different locations and were mixed up using quartering system to obtain a homogeneous entity. The soil Physicochemical characteristics were analyzed using suitable standard chemical methods. The level of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, arsenic present in the soil was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and the TPH levels in the soil was analyzed using Gas chromatography and Flame ionization detection. Another soil sample was collected from a botanical garden located at Cilantro Maitama, Abuja, F.C.T, Nigeria. The Physicochemical characteristics of the garden soil were analyzed and compared with those of the contaminated soil. The microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermis and aureus, Clostridium species and Bacillus aureus were isolated from the contaminated soil sample and used in the 8-week bioremediation process. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed lower pH, soil conductivity and moisture content in the contaminated soil. The levels of lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, cadmium and the TPH in the contaminated soil were significantly higher than in the garden soil. This is all because of years of auto mechanical activities which have caused soil contamination. At the end of the 8-week bioremediation process, each microorganism was successfully able to reduce the levels of heavy metals and TPH to within a range of 27% to 46.9% of all their initial concentrations. TPH being the most responsive and Cadmium being the least responsive to the treatment. All microorganisms showed significant microbial growth at the end of the bioremediation process.

Current industrial sources of tocotrienols are almost entirely composed of tropical monocots. However, recent reports have observed significant tocotrienol (T3) contents in eudicot families, including Passifloraceae. While passion fruits are also tropical, their cultivation is not strictly limited to rainforests, and seeds are often a by-product of fruit processing. To elucidate tocochromanol production in the Passifloraceae family, seeds (54 samples representing 18 species) were gathered from botanical gardens worldwide. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol (UAEE) was compared with the standard saponification protocol as a greener alternative. Tocotrienols constituted a major percentage (48–91%) of Passifloraceae species’ seed tocochromanols, and γ-T3 (12–53%) and δ-T3 (8–68%) were major contributors. Although a higher δ-T3 content was observed in some Passiflora species, it was less consistent than the γ-T3 content between and within species. The highest total tocochromanol content was observed in P. subpeltata (28.98 ± 5.83 mg 100 g−1 dry weight). The UAEE protocol recovered tocotrienols and tocopherols at degrees similar to those of saponification (100% and 93%, respectively). Therefore, UAEE could also be proposed for the effective recovery of these valuable phytochemicals from by-products of Passiflora fruits.

The Bogor Botanical Gardens possess considerable potential as a learning resource; however, only a limited number of schools utilise this opportunity. This study aims to examine the impact of the field trip method at the Bogor Botanical Gardens on students’ motivation and learning outcomes in the topic Ecosystem Components and Their Interactions. A quasi-experimental design was employed. The participants comprised 22 male and 35 female students, divided into two groups: the control and the experimental groups. The experimental group participated in a field trip, while the control group followed the conventional method typically used by teachers, namely group discussions. During the third session, both groups engaged in discussions based on socioscientific issues. The results indicated no significant difference in overall learning outcomes between the two groups. However, an analysis using Bloom’s taxonomy showed that the experimental group performed better in the domains of understanding (C2) and application (C3). In contrast, the control group excelled in the analysis domain (C4). Similarly, there was no significant difference in learning motivation between the two groups. Nonetheless, students in the experimental group displayed enthusiasm, expressed enjoyment, and found the materials easier to comprehend during field-based learning activities. Based on these findings, field trips to the Bogor Botanical Gardens may enhance the affective domain and foster more conscious, meaningful, and enjoyable learning experiences.

Inspired by the lack of wide-scale family level screenings, the profile of tocochromanols in Berberidaceae family species belonging to the Berberis, Mahonia, Caulophyllum, Jeffersonia and Podophyllum genera was studied. Seeds were acquired from botanical gardens around the world and tocopherol and tocotrienol content was tested using ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethanol (UAEE) and compared to saponification protocol and analyzed by an RP-HPLC-FLD system. The UAEE protocol produced 93% average tocochromanol recovery compared to the saponification protocol. All investigated samples were tocotrienol-dominated, the lowest proportions being in B. regeliana, B. thunbergii and B. aristata at means of 55%, 56% and 58%, respectively. The main tocochromanol constituents were α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol. The highest α-tocotrienol content was observed in B. tchonskyana at 9.14 mg 100 g-1 dw, and the highest γ-tocotrienol and sum of free tocochromanol content was observed in J. diphylla at 18.00 and 23.76 mg 100 g-1 dw, respectively. Principal component analysis and k-means cluster analysis based on a free tocochromanol profile indicated γ-tocotrienol and α-tocotrienol content as the main differentiators. However, a comprehensive sample set could only be collected for the Berberis genus, warranting further research into Berberidaceae seed tocochromanols.

Initially proposed over 40 years ago, the biotechnology of agromining has had a long and tortuous gestational process on the way to becoming a proven commercial reality. The field has been marred by claims for unrealistic yields made by startup companies. Nevertheless, nickel agromining has become a viable business proposition for several companies now operating "metal farms" around the world. In this review, we provide a critical perspective on the current direction of the field and potential pitfalls still to overcome. Challenges and risks include the urgency for discovery of suitable metal crop species before extinction from habitat loss, the rapid domestication of wild species to be accommodated in regular cultivation systems, and the potential introduction and escape of non-native plant species. Initiatives to identify new hyperaccumulators using X-ray fluorescence scanning of herbarium collections should target the biodiversity hotspots of the world and should be coupled with ex situ conservation of threatened hyperaccumulator plant species in botanical gardens. With the rapid progress in the science needed to find and develop more effective hyperaccumulators, it is an exciting time for nickel agromining. The next few years are expected to be a make-or-break period in its transformation to a commercial reality.

This study presents an innovative and interdisciplinary didactic approach for teaching biodiversity to high school students, aiming to enhance basic learning skills and promoting deeper understanding of biological concepts. The designed educational proposal aims to support policy-driven collaboration between schools and botanical gardens within the framework of coordinated and long-term educational policies. The intervention was designed to cultivate both cognitive and metacognitive skills within three (3) didactic hours, offering a holistic learning experience through the study of Tulipa members used as an alluring model. A total of 168 Greek first- and second-grade high school students (on average 16 years old) participated in the study. Biodiversity was examined in a multidisciplinary fashion, focusing on species’ diversity (phenotypic), genetic-karyological diversity, and habitat diversity. The core components of the approach included: (a) the completion of a corresponding worksheet module, which effectively engaged students in the learning process using the 5E didactic model, and (b) a karyotype lab experiment using living Tulipa specimens. The learning process was evaluated through two questionnaires assessing the acquisition of scientific knowledge and behavioral outcomes. The results showed a positive impact on students’ understanding regarding the genetic material and biodiversity, with the karyotype experiment playing a key role in achieving high performance in both cognitive and affective learning objectives. Knowledge scores were higher in the second-grade students (53–73%) than in the first-grade students (44–69%) of high school, especially regarding concepts such as karyotype applications and biodiversity-ecosystem balance. The karyotype experiment positively correlated with both the evaluation of the intervention and the shifts in biodiversity beliefs (Pearson’s r = 0.649, 0.515; p < 0.05, respectively). The modeled inquiry-based approach with living tulips and karyotype experiments can help schools and botanic gardens counteract plant blindness by enhancing cognitive and affective learning outcomes within a limited instructional timeframe.

Background: Absorption of bioactive compounds from administered plant sections remains the underlying principle of phytomedicine Methods: Mature leaves of P. bifurcatum from University of Port Harcourt Botanical Garden were dried for 14 days at 23 ºC to a constant weight, pulverized to fine powder using Binatone BLG450 blender and 10g staple-sealed in three Whatman no.4 filter papers were extracted in different Soxhlet extractors using hexane, methanol and dichloromethane as solvents. The extracts were concentrated and their bioactive compounds determined using GC-MS. Results: This study revealed 4,8-Dimethylbicyclo [3.3.1] nonane-2,6-dione of 4.492% concentration in hexane extract as most predominant aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and imines. Prominent amongst alkanes alkanes, cycloalkanes and bromoalkanes was Hexadecane of 2.252% concentration in dichloromethane extract. Pentadecanoic acid 14-methyl ester and 5-Eicosene (E) in hexane and dichloromethane extracts of concentrations 18.575% and 4.912% were highest esters/ethers and alkanes. While 9,10-Anthracenedione,1-amino-2-methyl of concentration 1.385% in hexane extract was most prominent amongst pyrazolones, pyrazolidinones, organosilicons and quinones. Phthalic anhydride of 2.356% concentration in dichloromethane extract was the highest anhydride. Prominent amongst the cyclic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons is 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol of 10.078% and 5.111% concentrations in dichloromethane and methanol extracts. 3-Eicosyne of 1.909% concentration in hexane extract was the highest alkynes and alkyl halides, while 10.047% and 24.654% of Neophytadiene in dichloromethane extract and 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E) in methanol extract were highest terpenes and carboxylic/fatty acids observed in this study. Conclusion: The presence and medicinal relevance of these bioactive components observed in this plant extracts supports its application in traditional and phytomedicinal practices and presents it as a potent medicinal plant of vital pharmaceutical relevant compounds.

Botanic gardens host diverse living plant collections and are increasingly recognized as sentinel sites for documenting insect biodiversity and detecting biological invasions. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are well suited to such monitoring due to their close host associations, rapid population growth, and importance as horticultural pests and virus vectors. Here, we document the aphid fauna recorded in five European botanic gardens-Zabrze (Poland), Meise (Belgium), and the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh, Benmore, and Logan (UK)-based on surveys conducted in 2022 and 2023. Sampling approaches included short-duration expert bioblitz-style surveys and extended seasonal monitoring. In total, more than one hundred aphid species were recorded across all sites. Observed species lists differed among gardens and survey periods, reflecting variation in sampling timing, intensity, and host plant composition. Several alien aphid species to Europe of Oriental and Nearctic origin were detected, including multiple new national records. Alien taxa were found both in outdoor living collections and in controlled environments such as glasshouses, nurseries, restricted areas, and plant shops, which may function as entry points as well as locations for early intervention. These findings illustrate the value of botanic gardens for documenting aphid diversity and supporting early detection of non-native species relevant to plant health and biosecurity.

Tilletia species are highly specialized parasitic fungi on grasses. During examination of specimens of grasses in herbarium of the Meise Botanic Garden, Belgium, an ovariicolous smut fungus belonging to Tilletia was found on specimens of Zonotriche decora from the D.R. Congo and Zambia. These were the first finds of Tilletia specimens on Zonotriche. To clarify the taxonomic status of this species, we conducted a molecular study based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that this species differs from the Tilletia species with available molecular data. Additionally, this species possesses a distinctive morphological character, by which it can be easily distinguished from all species currently recognized in Tilletia. It produces by far the largest-sized spores in Tilletia, (45–)48–63(–68) μm long. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, and host specialization, a new species, Tilletia zonotriches, is described and illustrated. The phylogenetic placement and affinities of the new species in Tilletia are analyzed. Tilletia zonotriches differs from the only known smut fungus on Zonotriche, Macalpinomyces zonotriches on Z. inamoena from Zambia, by having significantly larger spores.

Abstract Among the sixteenth century herbaria preserved in Bologna (Northern Italy), there is an anonymous herbarium (so far provisionally referred to as ‘Aldrovandi’s School’), which has been totally neglected until today: we tried therefore to shed light on this work thanks to a botanical, historical, codicological and palaeographical analysis. The herbarium, that consists of one bound volume with 216 pages, dated between 1568 and (at the latest) the beginning of the 1600s, previously belonging to Antonio Bertoloni’s library. The watermarks present are the same as in Ulisse Aldrovandi’s manuscripts preserved in the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna. There are 231 exsiccata , belonging to 182 species as currently circumscribed, most of which are common in continental Europe and northern Italy, particularly in Emilia-Romagna. At least five different authors have been recognised in the handwritten identifications of the specimens, which are however limited to 96 cases out of 231, sometimes with notable errors. The nomenclature adopted by one of the compilers constantly follows Mattioli’s Discorsi edition of 1568; the others mostly use vernacular names. Globally, this work has to be considered as unfinished and is probably the product of a very diverse group of people, with different skills and functions, operating in Bologna’s botanical garden during the second half of the 1500s. The work was carried on independently, without the supervision of any scientist; in particular, Aldrovandi’s participation can be excluded. Therefore, until new light is shed on the possible identity of the authors, we propose to name this herbarium as «Anonimo Bolognese». Graphic abstract

Background: The outcompeting nature of climbers against their supporting plants has made their relationships to seem antagonistic to most scientist. However, toxic and feeding deterrent volatile organic compounds secreted from a plant may have direct deterrents effects on pathogenic and herbivores attack of its neighboring plants. Thus, climbers may have molecular beneficial effects on their supporting plants. Methodology: Mature leaves of Metrosideros perforata obtained from the trunk of Pinus sylvestris tree from the Botanical Garden of University of Port Harcourt were dried for 14 days at 23 ºC to a constant weight, pulverized to fine powder using Binatone BLG450 blender and 20g staple-sealed in three Whatman no.4 filter papers were extracted in different Soxhlet extractors using hexane, methanol and dichloromethane as solvents. The extracts were concentrated and their bioactive compounds determined using GC-MS. Results: Amongst the forty-two bioactive compounds observed in the three extracts of this plant, fourteen bioactive compounds which include 9-Hexadecyn-1-ol; (R)-(-)-(Z)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol; Cyclopentadecanone,2-hydroxy-; 4- Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester; Chloropropionic acid, heptadecyl ester; 2- Bromopropionic acid, pentadecyl ester; 1-Nonene; 5-Octadecene,(E)-; Trimethylsilyl-di(trimethylsiloxy)-silane; Heptasiloxane,1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl- observed in the dichloromethane extract with percentage concentrations of 1.002, 3.786, 7.746, 2.520, 5.116, 3.527, 1.190, 12.545, 2.112, 3.558 and 4-Pyridinamine, N-methyl-N,3-dinitro- ; N-Acrylonitrylaziridine and 7-Nonenoic acid, methyl ester observed in the methanol extract and 13-Octadecenal, (Z)- observed in the hexane extract with percentage concentrations of 2.712, 2.182, 6.777 and 61.261 were mainly for protection against insect invasion, bacterial infection and fungal growth. Conclusion: This present finding indicates that these fourteen bioactive compounds not only shield or protect the climber but elicit a cross protection to its supporting plant, thereby having a synergistic protective relationship with the supporting plant.