Bos Taurus Coreanae Research Articles

Chemical compositions, free amino acid contents and antioxidant activities of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) beef by cut

The objective of this study was to evaluate chemical compositions, free amino acid contents, and antioxidant activities of different cuts of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) beef. Beef preferences and prices in the Korean market depend on cut. Therefore, comparisons were made between high-preference cuts (group 1 [G1], including loin, tenderloin, and rib) and low-preference cuts (group 2 [G2], including brisket, topside, and shank). Meat samples were collected from 10 fattened cows. Crude fat content was significantly higher in G1 than in G2 (p<0.05). The amounts of crude protein and total free amino acid were negatively correlated with crude fat content (p<0.05). Overall G2 contained higher levels of free amino acids with antioxidant activity than G1. Antioxidant activities were also significantly higher in G2 compared with G1 (p<0.05). In conclusion, providing consumers with positive information about G2 as found in this study could help health-conscious consumers choosing among beef products and further promote increased consumption of low-preference beef cuts.

Enhancement of daily gain and feed efficiency of growing heifers by dietary supplementation of β-mannanase in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae)

β-mannanase is an enzyme that breaks down mannan which is complex biopolymers commonly found in plant cell walls. It has been reported that supplementation of β-mannanase in a diet that composed of high mannan containing feedstuffs (e.g. palm kernel meal, copra meal, soy hull; HMCF) improves digestibility and utilization of livestock feeds. In ruminants, β-mannanase supplementation also increased growth rate of goats and Holstein calves. No study, however, has been conducted to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase supplementation in growing heifers. Moreover, little is known whether β-mannanase supplementation will have beneficial effects in conventional corn-soy based diets (CS). The objective of this study was thus to investigate the effect of supplementation of β-mannanase in Hanwoo growing heifers fed a diet composed of either a CS or HMCF based concentrate mix. For this purpose, a feeding trial was conducted for 12 weeks using a total of 40 Hanwoo growing heifers (BW: 236.2kg±1.1kg, 11 month of age). Total mixed rations (250g/kg of ryegrass and 750g/kg of concentrate mix) were offered ad libitum. The experimental design was 2×2 factorial approach with two different concentrate mixes (CS or HMCF based) and with or without a commercial feed β-mannanase (800,000U/kg DM) product (CTCZYME®, CTC Bio Inc., Seoul, Korea) at a level of 1g/kg in concentrate mixes. In both diets, supplementation of β-mannanase significantly increased ADG of Hanwoo heifers by 95g/d on average (111g/d or 90g/d for CS and HMCF, respectively). No significant difference was observed in DMI among treatments, but β-mannanase supplementation tended to decrease feed conversion ratio (DMI/ADG) by 1.3 on average. The ADG of CS (943g/d) was significantly greater than that of HMCF (854g/d). These results indicated that supplementation of β-mannanase enhanced growth rate and feed efficiency of Hanwoo heifers regardless of the basal diets. Therefore, we conclude that supplementation of β-mannanase can be beneficial to improve the feed utilization in Hanwoo growing heifers.

Effects of Pregnancy Stage on Eating Behaviors of Hanwoo Heifers (Bos taurus coreanae)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different pregnancy stages on the eating and ruminating behavior of Hanwoo heifers (Bos taurus coreanae). A total of twelve Hanwoo heifers were divided into four groups depending on pregnancy stage: C: before pregnancy, 9 months old, T1: 3 months pregnant, 16 months old, T2: 6 months pregnant, 19 months old, T3: 9 months pregnant, 22 months old (3 replicates per group). Concentrate of 1% of the body weight was fed to them. Roughage was provided at ad libitum to all treatments. Our results revealed that the intake of roughage was the highest in the T3 group (at 3.68 kg) and the lowest in the C group (at 1.02 kg, p T2 > T1 > C (p T2 > T1 > C (p T1 > T3 > T2 (p T2 > T1 > C). Ruminating efficiency was significantly (p

Effect of slaughter age on the antioxidant enzyme activity, color, and oxidative stability of Korean Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cow beef

This study investigated the effect of slaughter age on the antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid and protein oxidation, and color stability in striploins (M. longissimus lumborum) from Korean Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows of different age groups (1.9 to 3.7, 4.0 to 4.8, 5.0 to 5.7, 6.0 to 6.9, and 7.5 to 11.5yr). Myoglobin content and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly (P<0.05) increased in older cow beef. During refrigerated storage, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and protein carbonyls were significantly (P<0.05) increased in the meat from the older cows. The beef from older cows was darker and had lower color stability. These findings suggest that slaughter age has a negative effect on the color and lipid stability of Hanwoo cow beef.

In vitro culture of stem-like cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer bovine embryos of the Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo.

We established and maintained somatic cell nuclear transfer embryo-derived stem-like cells (SCNT-eSLCs) from the traditional Korean beef cattle species, HanWoo (Bos taurus coreanae). Each SCNT blastocyst was placed individually on a feeder layer with culture medium containing three inhibitors of differentiation (3i). Primary colonies formed after 2-3 days of culture and the intact colonies were passaged every 5-6 days. The cells in each colony showed embryonic stem cell-like morphologies with a distinct boundary and were positive to alkaline phosphatase staining. Immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses also confirmed that these colonies expressed pluripotent markers. The colonies were maintained over 50 passages for more than 270 days. The cells showed normal karyotypes consisting of 60 chromosomes at Passage 50. Embryoid bodies were formed by suspension culture to analyse in vitro differentiation capability. Marker genes representing the differentiation into three germ layers were expressed. Typical embryonal carcinoma was generated after injecting cells under the testis capsule of nude mice, suggesting that the cultured cells may also have the potential of in vivo differentiation. In conclusion, we generated eSLCs from SCNT bovine embryos, using a 3i system that sustained stemness, normal karyotype and pluripotency, which was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo differentiation.

Mycobacterium anyangense sp. nov., a rapidly growing species isolated from blood of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae).

From the whole blood of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae), a previously undescribed, rapidly growing, scotochromogenic isolate of the genus Mycobacterium is reported. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence, and the sequences of three other genes (hsp65, recA and rpoB) were unique and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (1420 bp) placed the organism into the rapidly growing Mycobacterium group close to Mycobacterium smegmatis (98.5% sequence similarity). However, phylogenetic analyses based on three different gene sequences (hsp65, recA and rpoB) revealed its location to be distinct from the branch of rapidly growing species. Culture and biochemical characteristics were generally similar to those of Mycobacterium fortuitum. Unique matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS profiles of lipids, unique fatty acid profile, unique mycolic acids profiles and a low DNA-DNA relatedness to M. fortuitum (23.6%) and M. smegmatis (39.7%) strongly supported the taxonomic status of this strain as a representative of a novel species of rapidly growing mycobacteria named Mycobacterium anyangense. The type strain is strain QIA-38(T) ( = JCM 30275(T) = KCTC 29443(T)).

Effects of Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber Content of TMR Feed on the Productivity and Carcass Characteristics in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Steers

This study was carried out to evaluate accurately physical characteristics of total mixed rations (TMR) by investigating the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fiber content on the growth performance and carcass characteristics in fattening steers. Twelve Hanwoo (Bos Taurus coreanae) steers aged 26 months were used in this trial. Steers were offered one of two total mixed ration (TMR) diets - High or Low physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) content groups-that were differentiated by mixing time. The carcass traits of the experimental animals were evaluated by Korea Institute for Animal Products Quality Evaluation (KAPE) after slaughter. Body weight gain during the experimental period was significantly higher (P) compared with the Low group (), and daily weight gain was also high in the former. Although there was no significant difference, the carcass weight was higher in the High group () compared with the Low group (). However, the beef quality grade of the Low group () was higher than that of the High group (). Increases in body weight gain, daily gain, and carcass weight for the High group were mainly influenced by a high level of dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility; consequently, back-fat thickness increased and the beef quality grade was lowered. Because growth performance and carcass characteristics were affected by the physical traits of the diet, we suggested that proper peNDF content is also needed for fattening steers.

Draft Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter sp. HR7, Isolated from Hanwoo, Korean Native Cattle.

Acinetobacter species have been reported as opportunistic pathogens. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Acinetobacter sp. HR7 isolated from the rumen of cannulated Korean native cattle (Hanwoo; Bos taurus coreanae).

Draft Genome Sequence of Bordetella trematum Strain HR18

The genus Bordetella is reportedly a human or animal pathogen and environmental microbe. We report the draft genome sequence of Bordetella trematum strain HR18, which was isolated from the rumen of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo; Bos taurus coreanae). It is the first genome sequence of a Bordetella sp. isolated from the rumen of cattle.

Effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre content on dry-matter intake, digestibility and chewing activity in beef cattle fed total mixed ration

Our aim in this study was to determine the effects of physically effective neutral detergent fibre (peNDF) in a total mixed ration (TMR) on feed intake, digestibility and chewing activity in beef cattle. The experiment had a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square desig, using three fattening Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers with ruminal cannulas. Steers were offered one of three diets (high, medium or low peNDF content) obtained by mixing the same TMR for different periods of time (5, 13 and 25 min). peNDF content of TMR was calculated as [total chewing time/NDF intake (kg)] × dietary NDF content, and the proportion of sample dry matter (DM) collected in a ≥1.18-mm sieve is commonly used as the physical effectiveness factor in the equation. The peNDF1.18 contents of the high, medium and low diets were 25.97%, 21.10% and 17.94% (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the proportion of particles collected on the 19-mm, 1.18-mm, and pan sieves changed linearly with an increase of TMR mixing time. Mean particle-size distributions of diets were 11.43, 24.11, 30.70 and 33.68 for 19 mm, 8 mm, 1.18 mm and pan, respectively. Eating rate and ruminating and chewing efficiencies were significantly decreased with reduced peNDF content, and DM intake was increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Lower peNDF content reduced the total number of chews significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Total time spent chewing associated with eating was not affected by peNDF contents. Digestibility of DM, crude protein and crude fat decreased with reducing peNDF content in the diet, but there was no significant difference among the three groups. These results indicated that peNDF affects intake, digestibility and chewing activity in beef cattle. Therefore, high levels of peNDF appears to improve TMR, as it can increase efficiency and may prevent ruminal disorders in Hanwoo steer.

Effects of Black Sugar®and Mineral®Supplementation on Growth performance and Meat Quality of Hamwoo Steers in Fattening Period

ABSTRACT This study was carried out investigate the effects of dietary addition of mineral and sugar on the dry matter intake, daily gain, yield grade and quality grade of Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae ) steers. Three diets fed to steers included a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw : C) and two treatments diet (control diet + black sugar 100 g + mineral 100 g : T1, and control diet + black sugar 150 g + mineral 50 g : T2). The results are summarized as follows; total feeding intake, body weight gain and daily gain did not show significant differences among the three treatments. Cold carcass weight was significantly (p T1 (4.67) > C (3.67). Meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were no significant difference. Quality grade was higher in T2 than in the other two treatments (C and T1), but there was no significant difference. The results show that marbling score and quality grade of Hanwoo can be increased by high dry matter intake with feeding addition of mineral and sugar.(

A Genome Wide Association Study on Age at First Calving Using High Density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Chips in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae).

Age at first calving is an important trait for achieving earlier reproductive performance. To detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for reproductive traits, a genome wide association study was conducted on the 96 Hanwoo cows that were born between 2008 and 2010 from 13 sires in a local farm (Juk-Am Hanwoo farm, Suncheon, Korea) and genotyped with the Illumina 50K bovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips. Phenotypes were regressed on additive and dominance effects for each SNP using a simple linear regression model after the effects of birth-year-month and polygenes were considered. A forward regression procedure was applied to determine the best set of SNPs for age at first calving. A total of 15 QTL were detected at the comparison-wise 0.001 level. Two QTL with strong statistical evidence were found at 128.9 Mb and 111.1 Mb on bovine chromosomes (BTA) 2 and 7, respectively, each of which accounted for 22% of the phenotypic variance. Also, five significant SNPs were detected on BTAs 10, 16, 20, 26, and 29. Multiple QTL were found on BTAs 1, 2, 7, and 14. The significant QTLs may be applied via marker assisted selection to increase rate of genetic gain for the trait, after validation tests in other Hanwoo cow populations.

Identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) in South Korea by sequencing analysis targeting hsp65, rpoB and 16S rRNA genes

Combinatorial molecular taxonomic approaches targeting 3 genes, 16S rRNA (1.2–1.3kbp), hsp65 (603-bp), and rpoB genes (711-bp) were applied to 43 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) strains isolated from a Korean native cattle from bronchial lymph nodes and lung, Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) in South Korea. Of 43 NTM isolates, Mycobacterium avium complex strains (MAC) were isolated with the highest frequency (31 strains, 72.1%). Contrary to other reports, M. intracellulare strains (23 strains, 53.5%) of MACs were more prevalent than M. avium strains (8 strains, 18.6%). Further separation of isolated M. intracellulare into genotype level by hsp65 analysis showed that isolates of the HG-1 genotype (60.9%, 14/23 isolates), known to be specific to Korean patients, was more prevalent than the HG-2 type (17.4%, 4/23 strains), which include the type strain, M. intracellulare ATCC 13950T. Compared to NTM infections of Korean human patients, the pronounced difference found in this study is that no M. abscessus infections in Hanwoo were found. In conclusion, our data showed that the isolated species frequency of NTMs, particularly MACs from Hanwoo, was very comparable to that obtained from Korean human infection, suggesting that humans and Korean native cattle may share common environmental sources for NTM infections.

Methanogenic archaea diversity in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) rumen fluid, rectal dung, and barn floor manure using a culture-independent method based on mcrA gene sequences

The diversity of methanogenic archaea associated with Korean Hanwoo cattle was analyzed using mcrA gene sequences from samples of rumen fluid (RF), rectal dung (RD), and barn floor manure (BFM). The predominant species were Methanobrevibacter ruminantium in RF and BFM(63.6% and 62.4%, respectively) and Methanocorpusculum labreanum in RD (53.2%).

Comparison of Metabolic Network between Muscle and Intramuscular Adipose Tissues in Hanwoo Beef Cattle Using a Systems Biology Approach.

The interrelationship between muscle and adipose tissues plays a major role in determining the quality of carcass traits. The objective of this study was to compare metabolic differences between muscle and intramuscular adipose (IMA) tissues in the longissimus dorsi (LD) of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) using the RNA-seq technology and a systems biology approach. The LD sections between the 6th and 7th ribs were removed from nine (each of three cows, steers, and bulls) Hanwoo beef cattle (carcass weight of 430.2 ± 40.66 kg) immediately after slaughter. The total mRNA from muscle, IMA, and subcutaneous adipose and omental adipose tissues were isolated and sequenced. The reads that passed quality control were mapped onto the bovine reference genome (build bosTau6), and differentially expressed genes across tissues were identified. The KEGG pathway enrichment tests revealed the opposite direction of metabolic regulation between muscle and IMA. Metabolic gene network analysis clearly indicated that oxidative metabolism was upregulated in muscle and downregulated in IMA. Interestingly, pathways for regulating cell adhesion, structure, and integrity and chemokine signaling pathway were upregulated in IMA and downregulated in muscle. It is thus inferred that IMA may play an important role in the regulation of development and structure of the LD tissues and muscle/adipose communication.

Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P &lt; 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P &lt; 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

Evaluation of fermented Alisma canaliculatum with probiotics as potential feed additives for finishing Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

The present study was conducted to develop a functional feed additive, Alisma canaliculatum probiotic (ACP), for beef cattle, using the medicinal plant Alisma canaliculatum along with probiotic strains. A three-step fermentation process was developed for the manufacture of ACP. The effects of dietary ACP on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat composition and oxidative stability in Hanwoo steers were investigated. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (average 592.91 ± 10 kg bodyweight) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: control (basal diet), ACP 0.5% (basal diet + 0.5% ACP) and ACP 1.0% (basal diet + 1.0% ACP). Overall, dietary ACP resulted in significant elevation of bodyweight gain and feed efficiency compared with the control (P &lt; 0.01). No significant differences in carcass characteristics were found among the dietary treatments, although carcass quality grade was improved by the ACP 0.5% diet (P = 0.007). Moisture, crude ash and crude protein contents were unaffected; however, crude fat and cholesterol contents were lower in steers fed ACP 0.5% (P &lt; 0.05). Whereas the calcium of Hanwoo beef was unaffected by the dietary treatments, iron and magnesium contents were elevated by the ACP 0.5% diet compared with the control or ACP 1.0% diet (P &lt; 0.01). Further, the ACP 0.5% diet improved the meat fatty acid profile by reducing saturated fatty acid content, especially myristic acid (P ≤ 0.05), as well as by increasing unsaturated fatty acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content, especially α-linolenic acid (P &lt; 0.10). The ACP diet was found to have positive effects on unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid and n-6/n-3 ratios (P ≤ 0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of the control group were higher compared with either of the ACP diet groups (P &lt; 0.001). Overall, these data indicate that dietary ACP conferred beneficial effects on the growth performance, fatty acid profile, meat composition and oxidative stability in Hanwoo steers. Therefore, ACP may be used as a feed additive for beef cattle.

Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani sp. nov., isolated from the rumen of Korean native cattle

Three strictly anaerobic, methanogenic strains JH1(T), JH4 and JH8 were isolated from rumen of the Korean native cattle (HanWoo; Bos taurus coreanae) in South Korea. The colonies were circular, opaque, and slightly yellowish. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene and mcrA (encoding α subunit of methyl-coenzyme M reductase) sequences confirmed the affiliation of the novel strains with the Methanobacteriales, and Methanobrevibacter wolinii SH(T) was the most closely related species. The 16S rRNA gene and mcrA sequence similarities between strains JH1(T), JH4 and JH8 and M. wolinii SH(T) were 96.2 and 89.0 % respectively, and DNA-DNA hybridization of the isolates and M. wolinii DSM 11976(T) showed a 20 % reassociation. Strain JH1(T) exhibited 92 % DNA-DNA relatedness with strains JH4 and JH8, and their 16S rRNA gene and mcrA sequences were identical. Cells stained Gram-positive and were non-motile rods, 1.5-1.8 µm long and 0.6 µm wide. The strains were able to use H2/CO2 and formate. The optimum temperature and pH ranges for growth were 37-40 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. The DNA G+C content of strain JH1(T) was 28 mol%. Based on data from this study using a polyphasic approach, the three strains represent a novel species of genus Methanobrevibacter, for which the name Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JH1(T) ( = KCTC 4102(T) = JCM 18376(T)).

Genome Sequence of Methanobrevibacter sp. Strain JH1, Isolated from Rumen of Korean Native Cattle

The Methanobrevibacter sp. strain JH1 was isolated from the rumen of Korean native cattle (HanWoo; Bos taurus coreanae). Here, we provide a 2.06-Mb draft genome sequence of strain JH1 that might provide more information about the lifestyle of rumen methanogens and about the genes and proteins that can be targeted to curb methane emissions.

National genetic evaluation (system) of hanwoo (korean native cattle).

Hanwoo (Also known as Korean native cattle; Bos taurus coreanae) have been used for transportation and farming for a long time in South Korea. It has been about 30 yrs since Hanwoo improvement began in earnest as beef cattle for meat yield. The purpose of this study was to determine the trend of improvement as well as to estimate genetic parameters of the traits being used for seedstock selection based on the data collected from the past. Hanwoo proven bulls in South Korea are currently selected through performance and progeny tests. National Hanwoo genetic evaluations are implemented with yearling weight (YW), carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF) and marbling score (MS). Yearling weights and MS are used for selecting young bulls, and EMA, BF, and MS are used for selecting proven bulls. One individual per testing room was used for performance tests, and five individuals per room for progeny tests. Individuals tested were not allowed to graze pasture, but there was enough space for them to move around in the testing room. Feeds including roughages and minerals were fed ad libitum, and concentrates were provided at the rate of about 1.8% of individual weight. Overall means of the traits were 352.8±38.56 kg, 335.09±44.61 kg, 77.85±8.838 cm2, 8.6±3.7 mm and 3.293±1.648 for YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS. Heritabilities estimated in this study were 0.30, 0.30, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.63 in YW, CW, EMA, BF and MS, respectively, which are similar to results from previous research. Yearling weight was 315.54 kg in 1998, and had increased to 355.06 kg in 2011, resulting in about 40 kg of improvement over 13 yrs. YW and CW have improved remarkably over the past 15 yrs. Breeding values between 1996 and 2000 decreased or did not change much, but have moved in a desirable direction since 2001. These improvements correspond with the substantial increase in use of animal models since the late 1990s in Korea. Hanwoo testing programs have practically contributed to the improvement in aspects of quality and quantity. In sum, the current selection system is good enough to accommodate circumstances where fewer sires are used on many more cows. Although progeny tests take longer and cost more, they seem to be appropriate under the circumstances of the domestic market with its higher requirement for better meat quality. Consequently, accumulative data collection, genetic evaluation model development, revision of selection indices, as well as cooperation among farms, associations, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, universities, research institutes, and government agencies must be applied to the Hanwoo selection program. All these efforts will assist the domestic market to secure a competitive position against imported beef under Free Trade Agreement trade system and will provide farmers with higher profits as well as the public with a higher quality of beef.