Bos Sondaicus Research Articles

Sperm acrosome-associated 1 (SPACA1) mRNA and protein molecules deficiency indicate low fertility and semen quality of Bali bulls (Bos sondaicus)

Sperm acrosome-associated 1 (SPACA1) mRNA and protein molecules deficiency indicate low fertility and semen quality of Bali bulls (Bos sondaicus)

Parasitological and serological detection of Trypanosoma evansi on Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar, Indonesia using hematological profile

Abstract. Apsari IAP, Suratma NA, Swacita IBN, Soma IG, Sari TK, Putra IPC, Sudipa PH. 2024. Parasitological and serological detection of Trypanosoma evansi on Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar, Indonesia using hematological profile. Biodiversitas 25: 1057-1062. Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus Blyth, 1842 syn. Bos javanicus domesticus Wilckens, 1905) are vulnerable to blood protozoan infections like Trypanosoma evansi. Indonesia's warm and moist environment provides ideal conditions for blood-sucking flies such as Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans, and Hipobosca sp. to thrive and spread. These flies act as carriers of T. evansi, which can then infect Bali cattle. This study aims to detect the presence of T. evansi in Bali cattle. Blood samples were collected from 275 Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse, Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia. The samples were examined using the Giemsa-Staining Blood Smear (GSBS) method and hematology profile examination using Hematology Analyzer RT-7600 for Vet. Serum samples were also collected for serologic examination using the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) method. The hematological profile data obtained were analyzed descriptively, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the significance of hematological values between female and male cattle seropositive to T. evansi. The results showed that the T. evansi parasite was not detected in the blood smear examination. However, the serological detection with CATT revealed that 6.54% (18/275) of Bali cattle were positive for T. evansi. The hematological profiles of T. evansi seropositive cattle remained within the normal range, except for neutrophil percentage. White Blood Cell (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and hematocrit (PCV) values of male cattle were significantly (P?0.05) lower than those of females. Therefore, based on serological examination, it can be concluded that the protozoa T. evansi is present in 6.54% of Bali cattle at the Pesanggaran slaughterhouse.

Sperm HSP70: may not be an age-dependent gene but is associated with field fertility in Bali bulls (Bos sondaicus).

This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the HSP70 gene and protein in spermatozoa of Bali bulls of different age groups and to examine its potential as a biomarker determining bull fertility. This study used frozen semen produced from six Bali bulls divided into two groups based on age (≤ 9 years and ≥ 12 years). Parameters of frozen semen quality analyzed included sperm motility and kinetics using computer-assisted semen analysis, sperm morphological defects using Diff-Quick staining, acrosome integrity using FITC-PNA staining, and DNA fragmentation using acridine orange staining. HSP70 gene expression characterization was analyzed using qRT-PCR, and HSP70 protein abundance was analyzed using enzyme immunoassays. Fertility field data were obtained by analyzing the percentage conception rate for each bull based on the artificial insemination service data contained in the Indonesian-integrated system of the National Animal Health Information System (iSIKHNAS). The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in total and progressive motility, morphological defects of the neck and midpiece, and tail of sperm, and acrosome integrity between the age groups of Bali bulls. HSP70 gene expression and protein abundance showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in different age groups. HSP70 gene expression correlated with fertility rate (P<0.05). Age affected several semen quality parameters but did not affect HSP70 gene expression and protein abundance. The HSP70 gene molecule could be a biomarker that determines the fertility of Bali bulls.

PERBANDINGAN AKURASI PENDUGAAN BOBOT BADAN SAPI BALI (Bos sondaicus) MENGGUNAKAN RUMUS LAMBOURNE, SCHROOL DAN DJAGRA (Accuracy comparison of body weight estimation of bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) using lambourne, schrool and djagra formulas)

The predominant method of cattle sale in Indonesia relies on estimation through visual assessment of body characteristics (jogrog). Achieving precise body weight estimates is crucial to enhance accuracy and prevent discrepancies in transactions involving the purchase and sale of beef cattle. This study aimed to establish a formulaic approach for calculating body weight that closely approximates measured values and identify constants in the predictive formula that align with actual measurements. The evaluation included assessing variations in body weight prediction methods using the Lambourne, Schrool, and Djagra formulas, based on heart girth and body length. Formula tests were conducted to identify the estimation formula that best approximated actual body weight. The research, carried out from April to May 2023 at CV. Sentra Sapi Kalimantan, involved 43 male Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) aged 1.5-2.5 years. Results at CV. Sentra Sapi Kalimantan indicated an average heart girth of 136.89±7.05 cm, body length of 111.22±5.10 cm, and body weight of 192.62±26.62 kg. Data analysis was performed by calculating deviation percentage and linear regression analysis, revealed a substantial deviation of 37.37±13.83% between the Schrool formula and actual weight. In contrast, the Lambourne and Djagra formulas exhibited non-significant deviations of 8.73±6.86% and 8.54±6.29%, respectively. Conclution base on accuracy comparison of body Weight estimation of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) using Lambourne, Schrool and Djagra formulas found constanta and effective formula to estimate real cobt weight of Bali cattle: BW = -276.423 + 3.468 HG (cm) – 0.077 BL (cm).

Profil Hematologi pada Ternak Sapi Bali (Bos Sondaicus) yang Dipelihara di Desa Tunbaun Kecamatan Amarasi Barat Kabupaten Kupang

The normal value of hematology in Balinese cattles (Bos Sondaicus) maintained in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) is still very limited. The hematology data is usually used for various purposes, including knowing the status of animals' health, helping to uphold the diagnosis, and monitoring responses to therapies or developments in the pathogenesis state of the disease. The sample used in this study was blood collected from Bali cattle which were symptomatically healthy, male and female who were not pregnant, and the average age was 2 - 6 years. Bali cattle will be divided into 2 groups with a total of 15 male and 15 female cows. A blood hematology test using an auto hematology analyzer, Rayto type RT-7600. Statistical calculations are calculated using the SPSS 25.0 application. Based on data analysis, RBC, HB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, LYM, and GRA have a significant discrepancy based on gender because of a value of P&gt; 0.05. Meanwhile, MID did not have a significant difference based on sex.

Fresh Semen Quality of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and Bos sondaicus Bulls in the Tropical Condition

This study aimed to assess the effect of genetic and seasonal interaction on semen quality in the Artificial Insemination Center. A total of 36,754 ejaculation records were evaluated. The dependent variable was semen quality which consisted of volume, pH, concentration, abnormalities, and motility of fresh semen. The independent variables consisted of age, season, and number of ejaculation. The mixed procedure with Tukey–Kramer multiple comparison test was used to analyze the effect of interaction between the variables. Seasonal factors significantly affected concentration, fresh semen motility, and abnormality, but did not affect pH and volume. Age factor had a significant effect on all semen quality variables. The ejaculation factor significantly affected pH, volume, concentration, and fresh semen motility, but did not affect abnormality. The species factor significantly affected pH, concentration, and fresh semen motility, but did not affect volume and abnormality.

Efficacy of concentrates containing tropical weed Chromolaena odorata, methionine hydroxy analog and palm oils in fattening male Bali cattle: A physiological study

Chromolaena odorata is a potential feed source but is low in methionine, which might affect the rumen function. Therefore providing efficient nutrient/s might improve rumen function. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a concentrate containing Chromolaena odorata meal, hydroxy methionine analog (HMA), and palm oil on blood metabolites of fattened cattle. Sixteen Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) with an average body weight of 130.5kg ± 32.5 were allotted into four dietary treatments (and four replicates) using a Completely Randomized Block Design with 4 cattle in each Group. The treatments were concentrates with no addition of palm oil and/or HMA as the control diet (Group I) , added with 3 g HMA (CMA) (Group II), added with 0.5% palm oil (Group III) and (CPO) added with a combination of 3 g HMA and 0.5% palm oil (CMO) Group IV). The concentrate was offered to the animals at a rate of 2% liveweight, whilst rice straws were provided ad libitum as the source of fiber. The concentrate contained 18% crude protein and 12 MJ ME/kg DM to target a live weight gain of at least 0.6 kg/day. Blood metabolites measured were total cholesterol levels, plasma glucose, plasma proteins, and plasma urea. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance with the significance level set at an alpha value of ≤ 0.05. The results showed that providing concentrate-containing. C. odorata with or without HMA and/or palm oil (Group IV) only significantly affected blood plasma proteins, whereas other blood metabolites were unaffected. It might be concluded that there is no benefit of adding palm oil or methionine analog to chromolaena-based concentrate for fattened cattle since it will not affect the concentration of blood metabolites.

Time estimation for mating peak and calving of Bali cattle in semi-arid area in Netemnanu village Kupang district

Bali cattle have advantages in terms of adaptation and fertilization rates, but tend to have slow growth rate because the rearing system is still grazing so that livestock growth becomes uncontrollable. This study aims to determine the peak of mating and calving estimation of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) that did not experience reproductive disorders, aged 4-7 years, belonging to smallholder farmers. The cattle were reared in semi-arid area of Netemnanu village, South Amfoang district, Kupang regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The method used was interviews with farmers, diagnosis of pregnancy through rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The results showed that the pregnancy rate was 86.20% (50/58). Based on pregnancy data, it was known that the peak of mating would occur in December 2021 and estimated calving would reach its peak in September 2022.

Time estimation for mating peak and calving of Bali cattle in semi-arid area in Netemnanu village Kupang district

Bali cattle have advantages in terms of adaptation and fertilization rates, but tend to have slow growth rate because the rearing system is still grazing so that livestock growth becomes uncontrollable. This study aims to determine the peak of mating and calving estimation of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) that did not experience reproductive disorders, aged 4-7 years, belonging to smallholder farmers. The cattle were reared in semi-arid area of Netemnanu village, South Amfoang district, Kupang regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The method used was interviews with farmers, diagnosis of pregnancy through rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The results showed that the pregnancy rate was 86.20% (50/58). Based on pregnancy data, it was known that the peak of mating would occur in December 2021 and estimated calving would reach its peak in September 2022.

Effect of Addition of Green Tea Extract (Camellia sinensis) in Egg Yolk Tris Diluter on Spermatozoa Quality in Bali Cattle (Bos sondaicus) After Freezing

This study aimed to determine the effect of adding 96% ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in egg yolk tris diluter on the quality of spermatozoa of Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) after freezing. The samples were divided into four different treatment groups, which contained semen sample + 13% glycerol + each egg yolk tris diluter + green tea extract (P0) 0 mg/100 ml, (P1) 0,05 mg/100 ml, ( P2) 0,10 mg/100 ml, and (P3) 0,15 mg/100 ml. The variables observed included motility, viability, and spermatozoa abnormalities. Data were analyzed using OneWay ANOVA and continued with Duncan's test (p&lt;0,05). The results showed that the P3 group had motility of 49,00 ± 2,15, viability of 61,92 ± 1,70, and abnormality of 4,24 ± 2,16 significantly compared to the other groups. In conclusion, the P3 group with the addition of 0,15 mg/100 ml of green tea could increase the motility, viability, and abnormal spermatozoa of Bali cattle.

Deteksi Urolithiasis pada Sapi Bali (Bos Sondaicus) yang Dipelihara Secara Semi Intensif di Desa Noelbaki Kecamatan Kupang Tengah

One of the Urolithiasis diseases in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) is crystal stones found in the urinary tract. These stones are formed in the kidney pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra which can enlarge and can cause pain, bleeding or infection in the urinary tract forming crystals in the urine Urinary stones can move down along the ureter and enter the urinary bladder and when they occur deposition, the crystallized particles can increase in size so that they can cause disturbances in cattle. This study aims to identify and determine high levels of calcium oxalate in the kidneys can also affect the occurrence of crystal stones in male Bali cattle in Noelbaki Village, Central Kupang District, Kupang Regency. Macroscopic examination of urine sediment in Bali bulls, namely the examination of urine color, pH examination, and examination of Urine Specific Gravity and Microscopic Examination including Dicentrifuge and Calcium Oxalate Test Kit on 50 male Bali cattle. The results of the urine examination of male Bali cattle showed 5 positive types of crystals, 3 calcium oxalate and 2 sturvite.

Identification of Pituitary-Specific Transcription Factor-1 (PIT-1) Genotype in Bali Cattle

This study aimed to identify the genotype of the gene Pituitary-specific transcription factor 1 (Pit-1) in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus). A total of 20 cows Bali (13 males and 7 females) were used in this study. DNA samples isolated from blood samples using phenol-chloroform extraction method (Sambrook et al., 1989). This study using PCR-RFLP method. Amplification of specific DNA fragments (size 451 bp, intron regions stretching from 4 to exon 6) of the Pit-1 gene Bali cattle samples was performed using a pair of specific primers (forward: 5'-AAA-CCA-TCA-TCT-CCC-TTC-TT -3 ', and reverse: 5'-AAT-GTA-CAA-TGT-GCC-TTC-TGA-G-3'). Based on the results of RFLP analysis/HinfI was found that all of Bali cattle research resulted banding pattern uniform (monomorphic), the band size 244 bp and 207 bp, and the band patterns thus identified as genotype BB, so it is known that the frequency of A and B alleles at 0 and 1. The frequency of A allele was not found in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) showed a significant difference with other cattle breeds (Bos taurus and Bos indicus).

Coccidiosis in Bali Cattle from Extensive Farm Management

Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) is an indigenous bovine domesticated in Indonesia and harboring prominent genetic traits for livestock production. Parasite infection, however, may act as a large constraint for the husbandry. Bovine coccidiosis is well-known as a major gastrointestinal protozoa which causes a significant loss due to intestinal damage and drug cost. Coccidia wall is derived from thick structures that lead to disinfection difficulties. Furthermore, the tropical climate largely supports its life cycle throughout the year. This study aims to determine the prevalence of coccidia in Bali cattle with an extensive rearing system at Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul dan Hijauan Pakan Ternak Denpasar, Indonesia. All of the samples were evaluated using native and flotation method that was followed by descriptive analysis. Deworming is reportedly a routine activity, but no report on anticoccidial treatment. Eimeria spp. were found in 24.19% fecal samples (15/62). The result indicated that coccidiosis is circulated and being observed less compared to worms in the investigated area.

Relationship between Scrotal Circumference and Quality of Semen Production in Bulls: A Meta-Analysis Review

This meta-analysis review was conducted to determine the relationship between scrotal circumference and semen production quality in bulls. The research method includes article search, selection, and assessment stages based on the specified inclusion criteria. The results of the selection and assessment of articles obtained 38 articles for meta-analysis. Data analysis was performed using the CMA program using a random-effects model to estimate the correlation coefficient. The results of the meta-analysis showed that overall scrotal circumference was significantly correlated (p &lt; 0.05) with semen volume (r = 0.441), semen concentration (r = 0.328), and spermatozoa motility (r = 0.411). The relationship between scrotal circumference and semen quality was positive in the moderate category. Analysis based on the variation of bull breeds showed that the relationship between scrotal circumference and semen volume and concentration was not significantly different in Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Bos sondaicus cattle (p &gt; 0.05). Scrotal circumference and spermatozoa motility were significantly different in the Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Bos sondaicus cattle (p &lt; 0.05). This meta-analysis confirms that scrotal circumference can be a parameter in determining superior bulls because the scrotal circumference is positively related to the quality of semen production.

Fattening Management Of Skinny Bali Catle Variety (Bos Sondaicus) By Utilization Of Agricultural Waste And Local Plant In Sumbawa

Sumbawa is one area that has the potential to be developed as a center for beef cattle production which is quite competitive in Indonesia. The proportion of cattle in Sumbawa itself is around 21% which is generally dominated by the Bali cattle variety (Bos sondaicus). Therefore, a business that has great potential to support this goal is cattle fattening. Unfortunately, one of the main problems encountered in fattening cattle is the cost of feed. Thus, the management of Bali cattle fattening that utilizes agricultural waste for the manufacture of feed is urgently needed. In addition, the management of fattening cattle must also be complemented by other components, such as the manufacture of medicines to treat diseases of underweight Bali cattle using local plants, the process of bathing, drying, and monitoring the cattle to be fattened. From the research and observations conducted, it is known that the time needed to get the cow display condition with ideal characteristics and optimal weight in the fattening process is 3 months. During this time, the selling price of lean fattened cows increased by about 2-2.3 times. It can be concluded, that the fattening management of lean Bali cattle carried out in Pungka Village, Unter Iwes District, Sumbawa Regency is quite profitable. In addition, this can also be used as part of community waste management that is integrated with community livestock business.

EFFECT OF SPECIES AND SEASON ON LAMINITIS PREVALENCE IN SEMEN-DONOR BULLS

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of species, season, and their interaction on laminitis prevalence in three semen-donor bull species in the Artificial Insemination Centre under tropical conditions. The average prevalence in each species (Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and Bos sondaicus) was calculated based on the number of monthly incidents compared to the current population during 2020, while the two-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of species, seasons (wet and dry season) and species-season interactions to the prevalence of laminitis. The average prevalence in Bos taurus, indicus, and sondaicus during dry season was 7.582±1.841%, 1.190±1.844%, 0.451±1.103%, and during wet season was 8.521±4.808%, 1.262±1.960%, 0.451±1.103% respectively. This study revealed that Bos taurus bull species more susceptible to laminitis compared to Bos indicus and Bos sondaicus. However, there is no influence of seasons and interactions between seasons and species on laminitis prevalence. In conclusion, this study has proven that laminitis can occur in all semen-donor bull species despite differences in susceptibility, species, or season.

Prevalence and intensity of parasitic worm eggs of bali cow (Bos sondaicus Muller) feces from two different shed sanitations

Bali cow (Bos sondaicus Muller) is a cow that is widely maintained. Poor sanitation of cowshed is caused by cow feces that are not cleaned, and become a medium of transmission of gastrointestinal worm parasites. The study aimed to compare the prevalence, intensity and degree of infection of parasitic worm eggs in the feces of Bali cows from two different shed sanitation, from a shed with poor sanitation and a from shed with good sanitation. The eggs of parasitic worms are separated from feces by buoyant methods and by sedimentation methods. The results showed that 15 out of 16 samples of Balinese cows contained parasites with a total of 43 worm eggs. The number of parasites obtained from Bali cow feces samples from shed with poor sanitation is higher (31 worm eggs) than that obtained from a well-sanitized shed (12 worm eggs). The prevalence, intensity and degree of parasitic infection obtained from Bali cow feces samples from a shed with poor sanitation were higher than those obtained from a shed with good sanitation. The results showed that poor shed sanitation increased the chances of cows being infected with parasites so that the prevalence, intensity and degree of infection of parasitic worm eggs were also high.

Infection with Strongyle in Bali Cattle (Bos sondaicus) in Kupang Regency

Gastrointestinal parasitic worm infection is one of the most common disease agents found in Bali cattle. The large number of eggs found, indicates the prevalence of nematodiasis in a region. This study aims to calculate the prevalence and analyze the relationship of the degree of infection with risk factors for the incidence of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in Bali cattle in Kupang Regency. This study uses across-sectional study with simple random sampling and the number of samples taken is 171 samples. Microscopic examination of faecal samples uses the McMaster method to identify gastrointestinal nematode eggs based on their type. Data analysis uses the Chi-Square test to determine the relationship ofthe significance of risk factors. Based on the results of research, Strongyle type nematodes have a prevalence value of 46.78%. Age and sex did not show an influence on infection risk.

Characteristics of Bali Bull (Bos Sondaicus) Sexed Sperms with Freeze Dry Egg White at Different Incubation Time

The development of reproductive technology for the separation of spermatozoa with X and Y chromosomes, which is better known as sexing, can be carried out in vitro using various methods, one of which is using freeze dry egg whites. This study aims to determine the quality of semen based on incubation time. This study used four types of treatment, namely P0 = No Incubation, P1 = Incubation 30 minutes, P2 = Incubation 45 minutes, P3 = Incubation 60 minutes with six replications. Parameters observed were the quality of spermatozoa macroscopically (volume, odor, color and consistency) and microscopically (motility, abnormality, concentration, intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome cap). Y using descriptive statistical test. The results of analysis of variance that sexing spermatozoa using freeze dry egg whites at different incubation times showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on intact plasma membrane (IPM), intact acrosomal membrane (IAM), but had no significant effect P&gt;0.05) on concentration, motility, and abnormalities. Evaluation of fresh Bali cattle spermatozoa showed results that were in accordance with the standards for further examination of semen sexing. Incubation time of 30 minutes in the sexing process of spermatozoa caused a significant decrease in motility and concentration, meanwhile, IPM and IAM of sexed spermatozoa experienced a significant decrease in incubation time of 60 minutes, but the decrease was still within the normal range for spermatozoa. to be used in the artificial insemination process. Keywords: Sexing, incubation, concentration, motility, abnormality, intact plasma membrane, intact acrosome caps.

Restriction Mapping of &lt;i&gt;MC4R&lt;/i&gt; Gene on Bali Cattle (&lt;i&gt;Bos sondaicus&lt;/i&gt;) as Genetic Marker for Breeding Program in Compared to &lt;i&gt;Bos taurus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Bos indicus&lt;/i&gt;

MC4R is a gene that has potential effects on growth traits such as body weight and feed intake. The usage of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) as selection markers could help achieve effectiveness in the breeding program. This study aimed to analyze the restriction mapping based on SNPs in the MC4R gene for Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) compared to various breeds of cattle. Partial MC4R gene was amplified using a primer (F: 5’-ACC AAT GTC AGT GAG TCC CC- 3’ and R: 5’-CTT CAT GTT GGC GCC CTG-3’) with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated using Chi-Square test and analyzed with Hardy–Weinberg law. Restriction enzyme was analyzed using Nebcutter V.2 to see the association between SNPs and the recognition site of restriction enzyme. The result showed four SNPs g.554 T&gt;C, g.634 G&gt;T, g.673 C&gt;T, and g.742 G&gt;A were found in the exon region. SNP g.742 G&gt;A was found as a heterozygote genotype and the rest are SNP g.554 T&gt;C, g.634 G&gt;T, and g.673 C&gt;T were found as homozygote genotypes. All SNPs were synonymous which did not change the amino acid translated. Three restriction enzymes were identified as MmeI, TspRI, and BsrI which attach to SNPs g.554 T&gt;C, g.634 G&gt;T, and g. 742 G&gt;A respectively. SNPs found notably g. 742 G&gt;A can be used as genetic markers associated with growth traits for further research on Bali cattle.