Loanwords Research Articles

Формальная вариативность терминов, описывающих инфекционные заболевания человека (на материале английского языка)

The aim of the research is to construct a typology of formal variants of terminological units describing human infectious diseases. The author analyses the similarities and differences between the phenomena of synonymy and variation, presenting two opposite views on the attitude of linguists toward this problem. Then the phenomenon of formal variation is considered separately from synonymy. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive approach to studying formal variant terms and constructing their typology. As a result of the study, the main reason for the variation of professional units of infectiology has been determined, i.e., the active process of borrowing of special vocabulary in English under the influence of Greek-Latin bases. The typology of variation of terms is represented by graphic, word-formation, syntactic, morphological-syntactic and phonetic variants. A separate group of formal variants is identified, including lexically related terms, where the replacement of word combination components is the result of semantic clarification, conceptual expansion or replacement of borrowed words. The preservation of functionality of the identified variants of terms in modern scientific literature has been established.

Finding the way to God through folk songs in Banyumasan, Indonesian, and English versions of Ahmad Tohari’s Bekisar Merah

As a part of cultural heritage and identity, folk songs can also be found in literary works and their translations. As they often contain cultural references and expressions specific to a particular community, these elements can be complex to translate without losing their cultural significance or meaning. Therefore, to answer this problem, this research aims to identify and explain the strategies employed in rendering the Banyumasan folk songs to Indonesian and English in Ahmad Tohari’s Bekisar Merah and its English translation, The Red Bekisar, utilizing Baker’s classification of translation strategies, i.e., cultural substitution, paraphrase using a related word, superordinate, loan word plus explanation, less expressive word, paraphrase using unrelated words, omission, and illustration. This research is conducted through a descriptive qualitative approach, with the folk songs collected through document analysis utilizing content and thematic analysis. In the Indonesian and English versions of the folk songs, the translators render the Banyumasan culture-specific items in the songs into more general words, neutral and less expressive words, cultural substitution, paraphrasing using related words, and omission in the attempt to achieve both communicative and culturally appropriate translation. It is expected that exploring the strategies for translating folk songs will contribute both to academicians and practitioners, as well as literary translators, in ensuring accurate translation, cultural sensitivity, preserving authenticity, and achieving the communication goals of the traditional folk songs to a global audience.

ظاهرة التعريب في لغة هوسا

Arabization is one of the manifestations of the convergence of the Arabic language with other languages at the level of vocabulary. It is also a genius means of enriching the language. It is a unique phenomenon that enriches verbal wealth in any scientific or social field. Arabization is not a new phenomenon in the Arabic language because it was not an isolated area in the Arab nation. In pre-Islamic times, it was used for connections with neighboring nations, such as the Persians, Ethiopians, Romans, Syriacs, Nabataeans, and others. Naturally, this contact was followed by linguistic friction between Arabic and the languages of those nations. The circumstances led to many other languages borrowing words from Arabic. Hausa is a clear example where a large diction of Arabic loaned words is in use. Arabization is a long-standing communicative relationship between the Arabs and the Hausas. The abundance of Arabization in the Hausa language is due to three things: (i) commercial activities and relationships, (ii) the spread of the Hausa language and its place in academia, and (iii) religious activities. So far, Arabic loan words are being used in the Hausa language, covering varieties of socio-economic domains of life.

On the Vowel Epenthesis and Epithesis in Turkish Texts in the Manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars

Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word.
 It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.

Superlative ever in Dutch, French, German, and Spanish

The paper examines borrowed instances of what we call emphatic superlative ever (ES-ever) into two Germanic languages (Dutch and German) and two Romance languages (French and Spanish). We base our study on extensive corpus data. We model the data in three stages ranging from constructional borrowing (Stage-1: el coolest job ever ‘the coolest job ever’), via diaconstructions (Stage-2: la mejor canción ever ‘the best song ever’), up to lexical borrowing (Stage-3: las portadas más photoshopeadas ever ‘the most photoshoped portals ever’). We extend an earlier approach to social meaning in HPSG to borrowing. The data extracted for this study is available at: https://osf.io/juewa/?view_only=215970c573d34b148815cc5653965697

Translingual English words of Korean origin and beyond: skinship, fighting, chimaek

ABSTRACT This study offers an overview of contemporary translingual English words derived from Korean and examines their unique characteristics. Previous research has highlighted that translingual words transcend borders (Kiaer, 2019), can emerge accidentally and swiftly propagate through online platforms, and exhibit various spelling variations (Ahn, 2021). By analyzing data from online databases like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Google Trends, this study explores additional qualities present in translingual English words originating from Korean. The qualities of Korean translingual words reveal intricate and diverse developmental trajectories. They enjoy widespread usage in a global context even before gaining local traction. The popularity of these words has surged alongside the remarkable growth of the K-pop fandom and the influence of Asian English speakers who introduce variations in spelling and meaning. Ultimately, this study delves into the pragmatic borrowing of Korean words by English speakers worldwide, underscoring the significant impact of Korean on contemporary English language dynamics.

Lexical Hybridization in Arabic: The Case of Word Formation with Borrowed Affixes

Arabic is a derivational language where words are formed from a root consisting of three or four consonants and a set of vowels that alternate with the root consonants. Different derivational patterns are used to derive agents, patients, nouns of place, time, occupation, appliances, tools, diseases, the diminutive and so on. In addition, Arabic has loan words from ancient, as well as modern languages. Not only has Arabic borrowed lexical items but has also borrowed few foreign affixes. A sample of hybrid lexemes containing the following foreign affixes -abad, aire-, anthropo, -ate , Turkish -dʒi, -cracy قراطية , -e, ethno-, -eme-, eine, el, Euro, geo, hydro-, -ic , -ide, ism, -ite, li, -logy, -one, -ous, phobia, -stan, socio-, -taria, -topia combined with Arabic bases was collected and examined to find out the following: (i) The status of borrowed affixes in Arabic and their status within the terminological structure; (ii) their denotative and connotative meanings; (iii) how productive they are; (iv) whether they are used in Standard or Colloquial Arabic; and (v) whether they are permanent or transient. Structural analysis of the corpus showed that specialized hybrid lexemes/compounds are more permanent than those used in political contexts during the Arab Spring or those used in a humorous context which appeared for a short time then disappeared. Specialized hybrid lexemes/compounds are used in Standard Arabic and formal contexts, whereas those used in political and humorous contexts are used in Colloquial Arabic. The former constitute a small set of lexical hybrids coined by specialists and Arabic language academies, whereas the latter are more prolific as they are created by activists, political analysts, journalists and social media users. Examples of hybrid lexemes/compounds containing borrowed affixes, results of the analysis and recommendations for translation are reported in detail.

Borrowings or Code-Switching? Analysis of Ways of Morphosyntactic Integration of Lithuanian and Russian Nouns in the Novel "Robczik" by Bartosz Połoński

One of the most debated issues in the research on linguistic interactions includes the problem of differentiating between loan words and effects of code-switching, which is solved in a particularly complex way by studying the interaction of closely related languages. The aim of the article is to reveal various ways of integrating Lithuanian and Russian nouns used in informal communication in the Polish language in Lithuania and to make attempts to answer the question of whether the degree of morphosyntactic adaptation can be used to determine the boundary between the loan words and effects of code-switching. The study is based on the linguistic material of the novel Robczik by Bartosz Połoński, in which the author fairly accurately reconstructed the slang of young people at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries. The analysis shows that in the case of typologically and genetically similar languages, foreign lexical items are incorporated into the syntactic structure of the language in several ways. However, the morphosyntactic integration of Lithuanian and Russian words is not a sufficient criterion to distinguish the phenomenon of borrowing from that of code-switching. Other criteria, such as phonological, which can only be applied to spoken linguistic material, may be of utmost importance.

Semantic and Lexical Changes in Neo-Latin Vocabulary in the Field of Medical Devices and Procedure

The article concerns the possibility of using Latin as a means of communication by the medical community. It is an analysis leading to an answer to the question of the possibility of conveying in Latin the content, which determines the intellectual activity of a modern man. Meeting this challenge requires the introduction of new terms and phrases into Latin vocabulary. The currently used words in the field of medical devices and procedures will be discussed. Motivation of Neo-Latin terms, the reasons for the word transformation and the directions of these changes, as well as calques from modern languages and the issue of terms that can be called ‚loan words returning’ (i.e. words of Latin origin, which survived in modern languages and returned to the Neo-Latin vocabulary, following the path: Latin to modern languages to Latin) will be the subject of the analysis. Finally, it will be focused on the intelligibility and communicativeness of these terms. The purpose of the study was to draw attention to the enormous potential of Latin and to demonstrate that Latin (similarly to modern languages) has the opportunity to meet the challenges posed by significant technological progress and related to its requirement of creating new specialized terms.

L2 Proficiency Level Influences Loanword Adaptation: Variable Adaptation of English Co-occurrence of Low Vowel and Nasal Into Mandarin

As the most commonly established and attested language contact phenomenon, loanwords, also known as lexical borrowings, may undergo transformations when borrowed from the source language (SL) to the borrowing language (BL). Previous studies have separately illustrated the role of perception and phonology in the borrowing process. However, the speech perception or phonology contributes more to the adaptation pattern in some cases than others. Few studies attempt to explain this phenomenon. To fill in the gap, the present study hypothesizes that differences in borrowers’ L2 proficiency level of the SL are the potential source. To examine this hypothesis, an online adaptation experiment was designed and conducted. The experiment examines how Mandarin Chinese native speakers adapt the English non-words ended in the combination of low vowel and nasal coda. The results suggest that BL monolinguals and less proficient L2 learners of the SL tend to use a phonetic mapping strategy guided by the backness of vowels, while advanced learners of the SL are more likely to adopt a phonological mapping strategy based on coda nasal place. This paper concludes by proposing that borrowers’ L2 proficiency level has an effect on the certain randomized variations in the process of loanword adaptation.

The "graphic design" for 旅 'troops' and 車 'chariot' in oracle-bone and bronze inscriptions

ABSTRACT: This paper argues that there were in the minds of the creators of Chinese characters what we refer to as "graphic designs" (abbreviated as "GD"—for the other acronyms used hereinafter, see "Symbols and Abbreviations of the Frequently Used Terms and the Authors' Names" at the end of the paper). The GD is generally inseparable from the underlying lexeme, and this paper is a case study of the two, and other related, words, in connection specifically with their graphic representations. The GD for the OBI graphs [inline-graphic 01], [inline-graphic 02], and [inline-graphic 03], which appear to be pictographs, is as simple as the UM of the word chē 車 'chariot', namely, "chariot/wheel". Its presumed sound—*k-hla~*ka-hla—and the meaning may not have participated in any WF in Shāng Chinese because it was a loan word from an IE language and was not yet integrated in the contemporary lexicological system. A basis for this is that another reading jū , assumed as *ka~*kəlja, had not yet developed. The simplicity of the GD and UM of 車, however, is in contrast with the complexity of its origins and its uses: (1) what is the phonetic in lǚ [inline-graphic 204], [inline-graphic 205] and in BI graphs like [inline-graphic 04], [inline-graphic 05], [inline-graphic 06]? If all these write the word 旅, a question arises: which (pre-)OC form, chē /*k-hla~*ka-hla or jū /*ka~*kəlja, was original? We have suggested that the latter arose after the original, chē /*k-hla~*ka-hla, was sufficiently circulated and came into being as a result of the mono-syllabification of *ka-hla 車; (2) since many IE languages have the initial k- for 車 'wheel/chariot', reconstructing the pre-initial *k- for this Chinese loan word makes sense; (3) we have narrowed down the introduction of the chariot and its word into China to ca. 1200 BC, during the reign of King Wǔ Dīng 武丁 (ca. 1230–1171 BC); (4) we have also tried to answer the question: can we account for the frequent use in the late Shāng-early Zhōu BI of the 車 element, and its disappearance after early Western Zhōu? This question has taken us to examine the history of warfare, the ancient industry of chariot and wheel making, and the utilitarian and symbolic value of the chariot in ancient China. 摘要: 本文提出造字之初造字者已有所謂"造字設計"或者"古文字構形設計"(即 "graphic design"，以下簡稱為"GD"；文中所用英文縮寫皆見文末 "Symbols and Abbreviations of the Frequently Used Terms and the Authors' Names"附表)，而這種"GD"基本上是與原本的詞位不可分割的。本文將以(早期)上古漢語中"旅"與"車"兩詞為例探討兩者及與其相關諸詞的古文字構形問題。

Молодежный сленг в речи студентов: роль в коммуникации, масштабы распространения, причины и особенности употребления

The article analyzes the reasons, peculiarities of usage, role in communication, and the extent of spread of youth slang among students. In 2023, the author conducted a survey and testing of students and graduate students from universities in the Central Federal District in order to study their knowledge of everyday and student slang, as well as their knowledge of Russian language spelling and punctuation. It was found that slang is one of the important elements (attributes) of a student's social status, as it demonstrates belonging to a specific group and indicates the position a person occupies in the university hierarchy. Slang allows to describe everyday reality in the most concise, accessible, emotional and comprehensive way, while expressing one's attitude towards it (event, action, etc.). Additionally, it has been established that girls (who know slang) have a similar level of slang proficiency as boys, but unlike boys, they tend to use it less in everyday practice. It has been revealed that girls avoid using non-academic slang when communicating with boys, although they are perfectly capable of using it. Instead, they prefer actively using slang related to the educational process, rather than describing reality beyond its limits. It has been found that one of the main reasons for the rapid appearance of new words in youth slang is the swift adoption of borrowings from English, French, and other foreign languages, as well as active borrowing of words after watching foreign movies and listening to foreign music. Out-of-town students possess a different range of slang and jargon than those who study in universities in their own city. As a result, an exchange of slang and jargon takes place. Students, regardless of their field of study, mostly use slang related to the educational process, rather than everyday life. Girls, more than boys, use slang terms that express qualities of a person. Students and undergraduates of different nationalities use different slang words and jargon. It was revealed that students from different regions of Russia are familiar with different slang expressions, which creates certain difficulties and complicates interpersonal communication during their adaptation on the first year of studies. It has been established that the majority of girls, unlike boys, prefer to use jargon and slang with positive or neutral connotations rather than negative ones. The research shows that students who frequently use slang and jargon in their everyday activities (outside of studying) have lower academic performance compared to those who use slang less. In conclusion, the author suggests implementing measures aimed at studying the Russian language and literature among students.

English Borrowing Words in Jagatplay News Articles

English Borrowing Words in Jagatplay News Articles

The appearance of Arabic and Persian words in the “Hikmets” of Yasawi

The article discusses the reasons for the appearance of Arabic and Persian words in the hikmet of Khoja Akhmet Yasawi. The main principle of the study is to highlight why borrowed words were needed, to identify the presence of religious themes that served as the basis for their use, and the maturity of Yasawi's religious knowledge. Thus, to show the spiritual nature of the personality common to the Turkmen people, to describe the meaning of their religious and spiritual teachings. Such searches systematically reveal the meaningful nature of the Hikmet Yasawi and reveal the meaning of borrowed words in it, as well as provide an opportunity to comprehend their lexical and semantic meaning. At the same time, for a deep understanding of the Hikmets of Khoja Akhmet Yasawi, it becomes necessary to determine the semantic nature of the words used in it. Therefore, it is important to analyze the linguistic use of ancient wisdom, as well as Arabic and Persian words and expressions. This, in turn, will be the main reason for understanding the wisdom and clarifying the ultimate purpose of each thought and the meaning of language use in hikmet. For this reason, the article considered Arabic and Persian words in hikmet as the object of research. In the course of the study, the borrowed words in the hikmet Yasawi were analyzed and the meanings were highlighted. The values of the effects were compared and their existing content was revealed. The peculiarities of the Hikmet language were also noted and statistical data of Arabic and Persian words that took place in use were shown.

Writer’s Bilingualism and Biculturalism: Nicholas Kotar’s Mythopoetic Literary Works

This article examines the matter of bilingualism and biculturalism of bilingual authors analyzing the literary work of Nicholas Kotar, an American bilingual writer who is a descendant of the first-wave of Russian émigrés. The relevance of this topic stems from a growing interest among scholars of bilingual studies in researching the features of bilingual writers who efficiently use two languages and two cultures to create literary images and express their ideas, leading to translingualism and transculturalism in their work. The article analyzes how bilingualism and biculturalism of Nicholas Kotar, a heritage language speaker of Russian, reflect in his English-language literary works, using research methods of comparative, cultural and translational interpretation. In the novels from the Raven Son series The Song of the Sirin, The Heart of the World , The Throne of the Gods , The Son of the Deathless , Nicholas Kotar conveys elements of Russian folklore to Englishspeaking readers by mythopoesis. The analysis of the literary text provides results, revealing that samples of Nicholas Kotar’s English-language creativity emerge in the process of hybridization and syncretism through the mythopoetic transformation of Russian folklore and linguaculture. Nicholas Kotar’s novels contain many lexical and cultural borrowings, exotisms (Slavicisms), sayings from Russian fairy tales, as well as allusions pertaining to Russian linguaculture. Thus, incorporating elements of Russian fairy tales and other folklore genres enables the translingual and transcultural writer to familiarize English-speaking readers with elements of Slavic linguaculture through the combination and hybridization of English and Russian literary traditions in mythopoetic literature.

NOUN STRESS IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE: DIACHRONY OF CODIFICATION (BASED ON "THE FIRST READER FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS" BY A. KRUSHELNYTSKYI, O. POPOVYCH, B. LEPKYI (1918))

The article traces the peculiarities of noun stress in "The First Reader for Public Schools" (1918) by A. Krushelnytskyi, O. Popovych, and B. Lepkyi, which has not been the subject of linguistic research. This publication introduces the textbook by the mentioned authors into the academic discourse. The mentioned textbook was used in practice in primary and secondary Ukrainian-language education in western Ukraine during the time of Austria-Hungary. The norm for all levels of language at that time was the "Malorusko-German Dictionary" by E. Zhelekhivskyi and S. Nedielskyi (1886). Based on this lexicographical work, a phonetic orthography, known as "zhelekhivka," was formed, which the Ministry of Education recognized as official for Ukrainian education. The process of standardizing literary stress in the Ukrainian language is still ongoing today. Therefore, analyzing stresses in a school textbook published over a hundred years ago can help shed light on certain accentuation patterns that have evolved over time. Furthermore, the collected empirical material will enable researchers to substantiate the choice of one or another normative stress pattern. During the research process, it was discovered that the primary stress patterns in "The First Reader" align with contemporary normative stress patterns found in various paper and electronic dictionaries. The article also analyzed non-standard stress patterns in current usage. In the stress patterns of first-declension nouns, the authors of "The First Reader" systematically employ dactylic stress, which is a characteristic feature of the Ukrainian language. However, within the framework of the current accentuation norms, this dactylic stress is often considered incorrect in many cases. Some first-declension nouns exhibit stress patterns influenced by dialectal environments and the influence of the Polish and German languages. This is especially relevant when it comes to the stress patterns of borrowed words. In "The First Reader," one can also observe the form-distinguishing and content-distinguishing functions of stress, which differ from contemporary accentuation models. Among the second-declension nouns, stress patterns with an emphasized prefix were identified, which could partially enrich the normative basis of contemporary literary language. Additionally, a group of diminutive nouns with consistently stressed final syllables was identified. "The First Reader" does not feature deviant stress patterns among third and fourth declension nouns. The findings can be used in further scientific research, lexicographic practice, or in the educational process.

Islam in Alanya-Ossetia: the Main Stages of History

Islam has been known to the Alans-Ossetians since the times of the Islamic Caliphate. In the second half of the 13th century Sunni Islam became the religion of part of the urban population of Alania. Ossetian religious minority is the earliest Islamic community in the Central Caucasus. Lexical borrowings, having become an integral part of the folklife culture, are referred to the early period of the insight into the Islamic terminology. In the 15 – 17th centuries Islam was common among the nobles of the northern communities of mountain Alania-Ossetia, but by the end of the 18th century Islamization covered part of the middle class. Along with the annexation to Russia the politico-ideological significance of Islam increased, the authorities took into consideration the religious side of the social, economic and political decisions. In the first half of the 19th century the number of Ossetian Muslims of all social classes was steadily growing. On the background of the Caucasian War, different kinds of social protest and political oppositionism were incarnated into Islamic ideological shape. At the time of maximum spread of Islam in Ossetia the Muslim minority did not exceed 15 per cent of the population. In the middle of the 19th century during land survey of flat land separate settlement of Christians and Muslims took place. In response to the land reform the opposition nobles spearheaded the movement of Muhadjirun, who emigrated to the territory of the Ottoman Empire (their overall number did not exceed 4–5 thousand people). In the second half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th century there functioned two dozens of mosques, the number of people who received Islamic education was steadily growing, as well as the number of pilgrims who carried out Hajj. Presence of its own Muslim minority estranged the Ossetian culture of the New Time from religious prejudices. Ossetian Muslims played a significant role in all-Russian Muslim movement. Nowadays in North Ossetia there function Muslim communities, old mosques are reconstructed along with the construction of new ones, dozens of young people take training in secondary and higher Islamic educational institutions.

Lexical Errors in Third Language Acquisition: A Comparative Analysis of Writing Performance in Rabat-Sale and Souss-Massa Regions of Morocco

The comparative study explores the phenomenon of lexical cross-linguistic influence on high school students' writing performance within two distinct regions of Morocco: Rabat-Sale and Souss-Massa. Using James Taxonomy as a framework, written narratives produced by 200 students from both regions were analyzed focusing on their lexical choices and the occurrence of lexical errors. Distinct patterns of lexical errors, including Calque, Prefix, Over-inclusion, Borrowing, and Omission errors, were identified in students' narratives. The results revealed notable differences in lexical errors between the Souss-Massa and Rabat-Sale regions. Souss-Massa students exhibited higher frequencies of Calque (25), Prefix (20), Over-inclusion (35), and Omission (28), indicating a stronger influence from other linguistic sources and potential issues with precision and clarity in their writing. In contrast, Rabat-Sale students showed a higher frequency of Borrowing (28), suggesting a greater tendency to incorporate foreign language elements into their writing. These results have implications for tailored language education and curriculum development in Morocco and emphasize the importance of considering regional linguistic nuances.

A Study of Chinese Loanwords in Modern English

There are more and more independent English words formed by Chinese pinyin in English words, and many Chinese borrowed words even appear in English dictionaries and become complete English words. Some researches have found that the particularity of English and historical reasons led to the occurrence of this phenomenon, but there are few articles explaining why this phenomenon occurs and what impact it will have on the culture of different countries in the future. Through the method of literature research and observation, this paper studies why there are more and more Chinese loan words and the importance of Chinese loan words to English, and draws the conclusion that nowadays Chinese loan words have become an indispensable part of English dictionary, which is due to the collision of different cultures and the formation of similar parts of Chinese culture and other countries increasingly frequent. The significance of this study lies in that understanding the development and evolution of languages will help to build a bridge of communication between Chinese and foreign languages and cultures.

Translation Strategies for Indonesian Version of The Adventure of Tintin Land of Black Gold

Knowing translation strategies allows the translator to select the best word choices when translating a text, which is especially important in entertainment media. The purpose of this research is to examine the translator's translation strategies used in translating the comic The Adventure of Tintin: Land of Black Gold into the comic Petualangan Tintin di Negeri Emas Hitam. Baker's (2018) eight translation strategies are used as the main theory of analysis in the study. The qualitative approach is used in this study's methodology. The writer examines each utterance and bubble in the book, excluding publisher information and mistakes or incorrect translations. According to the findings of this study, the translator only employs six of Baker's (2018) strategies. The loan word or loan word plus explanation, as well as translation by illustration, are not used in the translation. According to the findings of the study, translation by cultural substitution is the most used method to translate words that are unfamiliar to Indonesian readers. Following translation by omission, the translator omitted some sentences and words that were not necessary to translate into Indonesian to meet the main ideas of the sentence.