Boom In Education Research Articles

Turkey’s higher education boom: the ‘one university in every city’ policy in small cities

ABSTRACT Over the past two decades, Turkey’s higher education system has undergone a massive and globally unprecedented transformation. Enrollment rates increased more than fivefold, driven by the government’s comprehensive policy of establishing ‘one university in every city.’ As a result, new universities were instituted in 41 small cities that previously lacked independent higher education infrastructure. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) governments framed this initiative as a key ideological distinction from their predecessors, emphasizing it as a cornerstone of their educational and social policy, particularly targeting small cities across the country as well as the country’s youth. While the ideological divergence between the AKP and prior governments played a critical role in justifying this expansion, the establishment of universities in small cities had both intended and unintended consequences. These institutions became place-making anchors in otherwise economically and demographically stagnant regions, fostering a new social life centered around the youth.

Paths for the Development and Enhancement of Museum Education Under the Leisure Education Boom

Paths for the Development and Enhancement of Museum Education Under the Leisure Education Boom

Indian Education from the Movie Starting Line and 3 Idiots

With social and economic development, people are no longer just satisfied with food and clothing, and very many parents are focusing on the education of their offspring. This education boom has even led to numerous family anxieties. This paper analyzes the educational issues in two Indian films Starting Line and 3 Idiots, including the main causes of educational anxiety from these two films and the underlying problem of educational injustice. The author believes that the educational anxiety in Starting Line is essentially the anxiety of the protagonists family as a middle-class family about their childrens future and the anxiety brought about by the social education involution atmosphere, while the anxiety in 3 Idiots mainly comes from family responsibilities the main character holds and the need to make a living, while both films reflect that the solidification of class monopoly is the root cause of educational injustice.

Editorial

2 | International Union Rights | 27/4 EDITORIAL Editorial: Caught between authoritarianism, neo-liberalism and nationalism, what is the new landscape for Asia’s organised working class? Asia is home to 4.5 billion people, comprising almost two-thirds of the population of the world. It is home to two of the world’s largest economies (China and Japan). The region is home to some of the world’s largest trade unions, but their capacity to push a workers’ rights agenda is marred by widespread repression and strong authoritarian currents. The Asia Monitor Resource Centre reflects on the ‘major anti-worker and anti-union state interventions’ that are taking place across the region. The picture is not encouraging overall, but AMRC take some heart from the fact that these attacks ‘have triggered massive pushback from the labour movement and civil society’. Sindhu Menon similarly finds inspiration from the gigantic strike called by the Joint Platform of Central Trade Unions, but reflects rather bleakly ‘is anybody listening?’. Asia has a poor ratification rate for ILO Conventions 87 and 98, and has tended towards – in many countries – monopoly trade union systems, with fierce repression common elsewhere in the region. But this is changing, and there have been significant recent shifts, including the ‘imminent’ ratification of both Conventions 87 and 98 expected by South Korea (though it has been ‘imminent’ for some time now…), and the ratification of Convention 98 by Vietnam. Hung Chau Quoc examines how international law, driven by trade agreements, is bringing changes to Vietnam’s industrial relations system, and asks what structures might usefully promote collective bargaining in a manner adapted to local social and cultural factors. No such changes are expected of China, but Tim Pringle and Ben Selby acknowledge a certain appeal that country retains to socialists drawn to China’s enormous success in reducing poverty and its potential as ‘counterbalance’ to US hegemony. These observations notwithstanding, however, their damning account of recent developments leads them to conclude that ‘oppression is oppression’ and that on several fronts ‘the Chinese state is committing serial human rights abuses’. Anita Chan is similarly critical of events in Hong Kong, finding some optimism among newly formed trade unions, though some of these voices have already been ‘stifled’ and ‘it is clear that some unionists are demoralised’. In much of the region there is a sense of unease, and few contributors to this edition write with sustained optimism. The health pandemic hangs like a shadow over all, despite the apparent success that China and a number of other States in the region have shown in controlling the outbreak. Christie Miedema tells us that ‘Bangladesh’s garment industry is built on poverty wages and rife with instances of union busting’ and ‘especially during the Covid-19 pandemic’ instances have risen of non-payment of dismissed workers or those injured on the job. Datuk Mohamed Shafie BP Mammal describes how a boom in education has seen Malaysia’s labour force changed by both inward and outward migration. Sawit Kaewvarn discusses the political upheavals in Thailand and presents a bleak view of the changing economy, particularly under the Covid-19 pandemic, describing ‘growing poverty, insecurity, and growing unemployment’. Kate Lappin of PSI laments that not only was ‘neoliberalism was making the pandemic worse’, but that the crisis which should have led to ‘rethinking orthodox economics’ instead provided cover for further acceleration of the neo-liberal project, with the signing of ‘the most secretive and least democratic trade agreement in the world’. Kate Middlemas of the ACTU shares this analysis, lamenting that many useful and effective responses to the pandemic ‘could breach such trade rules’. It is tempting to imagine that - for all their flaws the region’s long-established socialist States might at least have acted as a ‘counterbalance’ against neoliberalism , but with China, Vietnam and Laos signed up to the RCEP agreement such notions seem fanciful. Asia’s workers have proven time and again a capacity to mobilise on an extraordinary scale, but caught between an aging authoritarianism that is increasingly capitulating to rampant neo-liberalism, and with hostility to labour also under the kind of nationalism we see in India, the region faces a...

الجولاج «السجون السریة» فی الاتحاد السوفیتی فی عهد ستالین

الجولاج «السجون السریة» فی الاتحاد السوفیتی فی عهد ستالین

Researching the Current Situation of Chinese Education : Focus on Private Educational Institute

The Chinese education market, coupled with a fast-growing of the Chinese economy and a sudden increase of the Chinese tourist, has been growing up rapidly in South Korea since the Chinese education boom hit it after establishing diplomatic ties with Korean and Chinese. Also, the Chinese private education market as a complement and supplement of public education, is proceeding actively than ever before.BR For that, this paper is specifically and systematically discussed how Chinese language education works in a private institution in Seoul 2015, through the research of types and regional distribution of the Chinese academy, types of courses, academy tuition, the ratio of native-speaking instructor, courses in Seoul.

The (Dis)inclusion of Latina/o Interests from Utah’s Dual Language Education Boom

ABSTRACTUtah’s state planned model of dual language education has grown and spread rapidly. Drawing on critical race theory and LatCrit, we examined state policy documents and promotional materials for their discursive portrayal of Latinas/os. Our analysis revealed a pattern of centering the interests of the White, English-dominant majority and those without an ethnic connection to the target language, while marginalizing or silencing Latina/o interests. Implications for dual language education stakeholders are discussed.

Poland in the migration chain: causes and consequences

This article deals with migration flows from and to Poland from a skills perspective. It argues that Poland’s economy is skewed towards lower to medium skills and, confronted with an ‘education boom’ in higher education, is not able to absorb its supply of highly qualified workers. As a result, a strong push factor to emigration has been created, which should be seen as a brain overflow rather than a brain drain. On the other hand, the sectors requiring relatively low skills and offering the lowest wages are facing labour shortages. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union are filling this gap. We argue that Poland represents a specific place in the migration chain, as there is no clear substitution of migrating workers with immigrants; rather, the nature of emigration and immigration reinforces the socio-economic model in Poland.

Les réformes de l'enseignement supérieur au Bahrein : vers un développement économique durable

Bahrain has been experiencing along with other Gulf Council Cooperation countries a rapid development of its tertiary sector of education. The 2000's were marked by a boom in education with the opening of twelve private universities in this country of roughly 1 million inhabitants. Some institutions were locally based, while others worked in affiliation with foreign based universities. It is in sharp contrast with the 1990's, when only three public universities served as centers of higher education. The reasons behind this large-scale expansion of higher education include the growth of local and expatriate population, the planned transition from oil industry to a knowledge-based economy as well as the growing role of women in the workforce. All of these factors need to be addressed in order to assure a stable social and economic development, and education is the backbone of both. This paper examines the recent initiatives undertaken in Bahrain to monitor and ensure the quality of education of cross-border educational institutions as well as that of local education providers.

Geology of the Giant Sudbury Polymetallic Mining Camp, Ontario, Canada

A new, 1:100,000 scale compilation bedrock geology map provided with this issue presents a geologic synthesis of Canada’s most prolific mining camp, the world-class Sudbury structure with total past production and current reserves of over 1.7 billion tonnes of Ni, Cu, Co, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag ore (Lydon, 2007). The polymetallic ore is hosted within one of Earth’s largest preserved impact craters. The new map of the Ni-Cu-PGE Sudbury district (after Ames et al., 2005) is included in a pocket at the back of this issue (Map 1) and is linked to mineral deposit-commodity and geochronology data in Tables 1⇓ and 2⇓ of this paper. View this table: Table 1. List of Mineral Deposits and Occurrences of the Sudbury Map Area (Map 1) View this table: Table 2. U-Pb Isotope Data Across the Map Area Since 1891, six compilation maps of the geology of Sudbury have been published (Bell, 1891; Collins, 1937; Cooke, 1946; Card, 1969; Dressler, 1984; Ames et al., 2005) (Fig. 1⇓). Some of the Ni-Cu-PGE mines have operated for over a century, whereas new ore deposits, discovered as recently as 2004, are already in production or are in the process of being developed (i.e., advanced prospects). In the last 15 years, Sudbury has been the training ground for ~60 postgraduate geoscience students in North America (Fig. 1⇓). From 1903 to 1990, only 23 graduate theses were completed on Sudbury-related topics; eight of them in the 1970s, after the discovery of shatter cones (Dietz, 1964). Fig. 1. Number of graduate theses of North American geoscientists trained on Sudbury geology per decade, showing the minor peak in training after the discovery of shatter cones and the recent “education boom,” with over 50 geoscience graduate theses completed since 1990. The dashed lines represent the regional geologic maps of the Sudbury area …

Demographic and education effects on unemployment in Europe

We analyse the effects of demographic and education changes on unemployment rates in Europe. Using a panel of European countries for the 1975–2002 period - disaggregated by cohort and education - we empirically test the economic effects of the “baby bust” and the “education boom”. We find that structural shifts in the population age structure play an important role and that a significant share of variation in unemployment rates is also attributable to educational changes, the latter being usually neglected in aggregate studies. Results show that demographic and education shocks are qualitatively different for young (adult) workers as well as for more (less) educated people. Changes in the population age structure are positively related to the unemployment rate of young workers, while have no effect on adults. Conversely, changes in the education structure show a negative effect on the unemployment of the more educated. Labour market institutions also influence unemployment rates in different ways. Employment protection for regular workers increases unemployment rates, while temporary employment provisions reduce it. Unemployment benefits are found to have a displacement effect on unemployment, while corporatism of wage bargaining improves employment performance.

Wage Dispersion, Markets and Institutions: The Effects of the Boom in Education on the Wage Structure

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the boom in education on the wage structure in Europe. We use detailed information on the distribution of wages, estimated from microdata from 12 European countries from the beginning of the 1980’s to the present, to analyse the changes both between and within groups. We specify and estimate a model with supply and demand for different types of labour, as well as institutions affecting the bargained relative wage. Our results show that the boom in education closely matched the shifts in demand due to (skill biased) technological change, which in turn explains why the wage premia for education only rose moderately. We use the conditional wage spread within tertiary education, predicted from quantile log wage regressions, to investigate the hypothesis of skills erosion as a result of the large expansion in tertiary education. We find no evidence in favour of the hypothesis that the boom in higher education lead to an erosion of skills within the group of tertiary education, nor evidence of increasing “over-education” in Europe. Labour market institutions also matter: bargaining co-ordination and employment protection are shown to have a compressing effect on wages, but at different points of the wage distribution.

Demographic and Education Effects on Unemployment in Europe: Economic Factors and Labour Market Institutions

We analyse the effects of demographic and changes on unemployment rates in Europe. Using a panel of European countries for the 1980-2000 period - disaggregated by cohort, gender and -, we empirically test the economic effects of two stylised facts that have occurred in recent decades: the baby bust and the education boom. We find that structural shifts in the population age structure play an important role and that a lot of variation is also attributable to educational changes, the latter usually neglected in aggregate studies. Results show that demographic and shocks are qualitatively different for young (adult) workers as well as for more (less) educated people. While adult workers and more educated individuals, in general, experience lower unemployment rates, changes in the population age structure appear to be positively related to young workers' unemployment rates while they have no effect on adults. Conversely changes in the skill structure (education boom), even when controlling for skill-biased technological change, reduce the unemployment of the more educated. Labour market institutions also influence unemployment rates in different ways. Unemployment benefits are found to have a positive impact on unemployment, while bargaining coordination and employment protection reduce it.

The Financing and Future of the Educational System of West Germany

Modern mass education is a product of the affluent society. A long period of educational expansion of historically unique proportions in West Germany could be financed only by means of a steady increase in wealth based on constant economic growth and the consequent increase in the proportion of the gross national product available for public spending. [1, p. 458] But with the onset of the economic recession in the 1970s, the growth of the gross national product and of the total state budget suffered, and the part available for financing the educational system diminished. It was not, however, just the economic and financial conditions which changed: the priorities and values attached to educational policy underwent a change too. With the decline of the economic boom came the decline of the boom in education. At the same time, abrupt changes in the development of the population structure produced demographic waves which created the totally new phenomenon of an educational system contracting at the lower lev...

Bringing in the Sheaves: The Next Stock Market Cycle

* Between 1950 and 1970, the percentage of this country's GNP devoted to education more than doubled. Although the education boom began to fade by the end of the 1960s, the spending boom continued, with government welfare spending jumping from 12 to 20 per cent of GNP between 1966 and 1976. Although many feel that these expenditures harmed the economy, they can be viewed as investment in human capital; education, on-the-job training, research and development, better health and mobility all enhance people's productive capacity. The 1980s should see the beginning of a return on the major investments in human capital of the last three decades. Unlike the 1950s, when the dependent population increased three times faster than the working population, the increase in dependents over the 1 980s will be less than a third of the increase in the working population. Furthermore, growth in the working population itself will be highly concentrated in the experienced worker group (expected to increase by more than 13 million)-a group for which the investment in human capital has already been made. With only a small increase in the dependent population and a decline in the population of young, inexperienced workers, spending on human capital as a percentage of GNP should decline during the 1980s. To take advantage of a mature, highly trained workforce, however, the U.S. will need to increase its rate of tangible investment in high technology by three percentage points-from 10 to 13 per cent. Given this kind of growth in capital goods investment over the 1 980s, the economy-and the high technology sector in particular-will reap the benefits of human capital investment. h O VER THE LAST DECADE, a significant share of the United States' Gross National Product has been spent on people-on education, health and welfare. Some feel that the U.S. economy has suffered as a result, that investment in human capital has been made only at the expense of investment in tangible assets. Soon, however, the economy (and investors) may reap the benefits of past social welfare spending. To see why, it is necessary to examine the country's demographic trends over the past 30 years.