Book Reports Research Articles

James Albert and Della Sprague Organ

H ERPETOLOGISTS are well known for traveling widely to study their subjects, but some decide to focus on one area to conduct long-term studies their entire career. James A. (Jim) Organ was one of the latter who, in his case, chose to study salamanders on Whitetop Mountain, Virginia. He was born on 29 March 1931 in Newark, New Jersey, to James Aloysius Organ and Edna Doelger Organ. His father was a professional boxer but broke his left hand during a bare-knuckled fight, then became a taxi driver, followed by driving trucks for Coca-Cola. Jim’s mother was a homemaker but during World War II she briefly worked in an electronics factory. He had one younger brother, Donald John Organ, who died at age 55, the same age as his father when he died. His wife, Della J. Organ, was born on 4 May 1930 to Edward and Jane Sprague. Her father was an industrial electrician and her mother was a school principal in New Jersey. Della has two older sisters: Charlotte Tyler and Doris VanEss. Both became registered nurses and Della became a medical technologist. She worked at St. Joseph’s hospital one year in Michigan, then became a full-time mother and student, earning a BS in Zoology from the University of Michigan. Jim and Della have two daughters, Linda Joyce, born in 1960, and Sylvia Fawn, born in 1963. After the girls had grown, Della worked part time as a phlebotomist for the regional blood center and joined a volunteer ambulance squad working as an emergency medical technician for 22 years. From the age of 9 to 17 Jim was an active participant in the junior museum program at the Newark Museum where, for 10 cents a child, one could become a life member. His first trip to the museum was in 1940. Jim was reluctant to go because his hobby at the time was making model airplanes and boats. After his first field trip, his brother didn’t want to jump in the swamp anymore, but Jim kept it up and on Mondays fed snakes and cleaned the cages when the museum was closed to the public. During the first year Jim was interested in snakes, but, in the second year, at 10 years old, he was introduced to salamanders. The instructor, Frankie Culpepper Georges from Cornell University, taught him a variety of field techniques and impressed on Jim that little was known about salamanders and their life histories. He thanked her many years later for inspiring him to study salamanders. Jim’s mother was German Lutheran and his father Irish Catholic. Jim brought Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species to St. Michael’s Catholic School for an eighth grade book report, but the nuns read it and said that it was not appropriate for his studies. Three Irish Jesuit priests met with him about the book, but Jim came away with no clear understanding of what the church’s position was on evolution. Jim went to the Newark Museum staff and asked them to recommend a high school for science. After passing a city-wide entrance exam, Jim entered the engineering program at Central Commercial and Technical High in Newark from which he graduated in June 1948 at the age of 17. He immediately enlisted in the U.S. Air Force. Jim had a strong interest in model airplanes as a kid so he figured he’d be a ‘‘fly boy’’ someday. Unfortunately, one had to be 20.5 years or older to be considered for pilot training. He then wanted to be a medical technician but as is often the case in the military, ended up in supply and logistics. He received

Globalization and Cultural Transformation: The Case of Bangladesh

Globalization is currently an important phenomena subjecting on economic activities, socio-cultural dimension, political aspect and so on. This paper is made mainly on cultural changes focusing the impact on moral issue and lifestyle in the Third World. The study finds the domination of Western culture on all lives that erode cultural heritage and moral values. There has been creating consumerism by which western lifestyles are on diffusion. The specific objective of the study is to analyze how globalization rapidly transforms the social values and living pattern in the traditional societies. There have been some negative aspects; but modernization process is positively functioning as well. This study is a descriptive type of work and is conducted in qualitative approach. Though in-depth observation tool is used as a primary source, most of the data is mainly collected from secondary sources (book, journal article, official records, and media report). The study findings would be helpful for the Third World people to be aware of cultural hybridization in the age of globalization. It is thought that some new ideas and information may be added into social sciences.

Quantitative instruments used to assess children's sense of smell: a review article

To systematically gather from the literature available the quantitative instruments used to assess the sense of smell in studies carried out with children. The present study included a survey in the Pubmed and Bireme platforms and in the databases of MedLine, Lilacs, regional SciELO and Web of Science, followed by selection and critical analysis of the articles found and chosen. We selected original articles related to the topic in question, conducted only with children in Portuguese, English, and Spanish. We excluded studies addressing other phases of human development, exclusively or concurrently with the pediatric population; studies on animals; literature review articles; dissertations; book chapters; case study articles; and editorials. A book report protocol was created for this study, including the following information: author, department, year, location, population/sample, age, purpose of the study, methods, and main results. We found 8,451 articles by typing keywords and identifiers. Out of this total, 5,928 were excluded by the title, 2,366 by the abstract, and 123 after we read the full text. Thus, 34 articles were selected, of which 28 were repeated in the databases, totalizing 6 articles analyzed in this review. We observed a lack of standardization of the quantitative instruments used to assess children's sense of smell, with great variability in the methodology of the tests, which reduces the effectiveness and reliability of the results.

Towards a critical approach to multi-ethnic education

This book reports on research from an intriguing investigation on processes of identity formation among secondary school pupils in England and Germany in the context of the respective national educ...

Book report

Book report

The Emotions of Alan Turing

This paper makes no apology for its reading like a collection of book reports. It draws mainly on the reminiscences of Sara and John Turing, Alan Turing's mother and elder brother respectively, as well as from Andrew Hodges' extensive research on the man, his work and his impact gathered for the definitive Alan Turing biography. Alan Turing was a complex, talented man bereft of one stable and loyal companion throughout his life. He was the boy who explained Einstein's Theory of Relativity aged 15½ for his mother and the tormented outcast who gave us the modern world (Sunday Times, 2011).

Today's Vodcast: Sunny and Clear, with an Increased Chance of Learning

Eighth grade student attitudes toward learning change significantly when a savvy language arts teacher employs technology and collaboration to transform a traditional assignment.I have never seen the students more engaged in the classroom. My students have been begging me to let them make another vodcast! The assignment has also inspired other teachers beyond ELA. Amazing experience all the way around.-Ms. Kendall , 8th grade language arts teacherMaking a vodcast is so much fun! read a novel by Jack London called Call of the Wild. ... When my teacher told us that we were doing reports in class, was like, Ugh! BOR-ing! But then she said we could make vodcasts. So cool and fun! Vodcasts are a blast to make, and loved seeing everyone else's videos. ... I'm hoping we do this project again. In other classes too.-Rodney, 8th grade studentI never made no vodcast before, so I's scared at first, but we all helped each other out in class, and end up loving this. It was real fun! It was cool showing my video in class and to friends and stuff. My mom thinks gonna be a movie director or actress now. (laugh) learned a lot ... can't wait to read a new and make another [vodcast].-Jennifer, 8th grade studentRodney and Jennifer (all participants have been given pseudonyms) experience the same eighth grade, 90-minute block language arts class in a suburban middle school in the Southeastern United States. Both of these young adolescents dread hearing the words book report. Rodney explained, I hate reading, and can't begin to tell you how many boring reports I've done in school. I'm so sick of doing Jennifer agreed with Rodney. She noted, I got a bunch of zeroes in reading last year because didn't do them stupid, boring To reiterate just how much she detests reports, Jennifer added, Seriously, I'd rather eat me a bowl of spiders. And be so scared of spiders, like, really, really hate them! The majority of the middle school students in this class also concurred. Several students shared negative feelings about reading and reports. When their teacher, Ms. Kendall, mentioned the words reports, she had something totally different in mind.Their teacher understood that putting technology at the center of learning can play a significant positive role in the cognitive, social, and emotional development processes of today's young adolescents. She understood that she needed to find new ways to engage her students in class while still assessing essential language arts skills such as reading comprehension and summarization. In place of a traditional paper report, Ms. Kendall integrated video podcasting or in her eighth grade classroom. A 21st century informationsharing platform, these digital video media files can be downloaded or watched on demand. This study examines vodcasting as an effective instructional activity that can transform students' negative feelings about reading and reports into more positive experiences.Research designThe present study employed a qualitative research paradigm (Lincoln & Guba, 1985) and single-case study research design to investigate the impact of using vodcasting in a middle grades language arts classroom. Selecting a qualitative case study research design allowed for research to occur within a real-life context and provided a means to deeply understand the situation through the research participants' experiences and perspectives (Merriam, 2001; Yin, 2003). The study is grounded in constructivist and sociocultural perspectives (Gee, 2005; Kukla, 2000; Vygotsky, 1978), which recognize knowledge as a product of the joint negotiation of meaning between participants and as a socially-mediated process. The following question guided this qualitative research study: What is the impact of using vodcasting in a middle grades classroom?This study used method triangulation to facilitate cross-verification of data and to best represent the participants in this study, which included one middle grades educator and 25 middle grades students. …

Book Review: Poles Apart: The International Reporting of Climate Scepticism, by James Painter

Poles Apart: The International Reporting of Climate Scepticism. James Painter. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at University of Oxford, 2011. 136 pp. $9.33 pbk. ISBN: 978-1-907384-07-3.Reviewed by: Rafis Abazov and Aiguliya Izbassarova, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan DOI: 10.1177/1077699013506335James Painter's book reports original research commissioned by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism that offers a comprehensive overview of the media cover- age of change denial, focusing on the United Kingdom and five other countries (Brazil, China, France, India, and the United States). This report was prepared in the context of global debates about change and the future of the Kyoto Protocol, and in preparation for the UN-led global summit RIO+20 in Rio De Janeiro in mid- 2012. It is an interesting and even contrarian contribution to the body of media studies, analyzing not only international mainstream views on change, but also the arguments of those who disagree with the mainstream authors and views and who have developed their own views on the change agenda. The author assesses very different groups and individuals from various political, social, and cul- tural backgrounds whom he collectively calls climate skeptics (the term covers a wide range of views from denialists and contrarians to outliers, p. 18).James Painter is the head of the Journalism Fellowship Programme at Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. He has a wealth of field experience working at BBC World Service in various capacities, including the post of head of the Spanish American Service and performing research on change for the United Nations Development Program, Oxfam and Oxford Analytica. He has authored several books on the international media coverage of change, and in this report, he continues the series of comprehensive studies on the topic, aiming to track any increase in the amount of space given to sceptical voices . . . and to map significant differences both between countries and within the print media of the same country (p. 1).The issues of change and media coverage of the topic at national and inter- national levels have been studied quite intensively in recent years.1-5 However, the voices and arguments of those who are skeptical of-if not outright hostile to-the global efforts and activities on change have not been well studied nor always well understood.The author spends seven chapters evaluating the nature of skepticism in the media and presenting a series of case studies. Three of Painter's chapters deal with the political, economic, and ideological nature of skepticism, including the evi- dence and data used by scientists around the world and the ways various groups inter- pret the data, as well as the role of the media in aiding the process of denial of human-caused global warming amongst politicians and the public (p. …

A Synopsis of the Synopses, 2012–2013

This synopsis book reports advances and key observations that will impact the care of children with allergic and immunologic diseases now and in the near future. Reviewers selected many articles that have clinical “pearls” and provide insights that are applicable for daily practice, as well as ones that challenge our previous notions and provide data that may lead to new approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Prevention of atopic disease requires identification of environmental factors that confer risk or provide protection. Studies reviewed here substantially support the “hygiene hypothesis” and suggest that pet exposure and having siblings are protective, whereas use of antibiotics during pregnancy is a risk factor for atopic disease. The Section on Allergy and Immunology–cosponsored Clinical Report on atopy prevention through diet1 continues to ring true with regard to having no restrictions on selection of complementary foods for an infant’s early diet if he or she is otherwise healthy. In fact, studies reviewed here suggest that exposure to a variety of foods, including allergenic ones, in the first year is not likely to induce allergy and may be protective. Vitamin D insufficiency remains a potential risk factor for atopy, presumably because of adverse effects on immune function and regulation, although studies reviewed here present conflicting evidence and randomized trials are needed to better identify the …

Scope Changes Impact on Book Performance of Consolidated Financial Statements

Currently, listed companies in our country generally draw up consolidated financial statements according to the new accounting standards requirements, and release consolidated financial statement to investors and relevant financial statements users so as to public company financial information. Consolidated financial statements can comprehensively reflect the financial position and operating results of listed companies. The key basic work of consolidated financial statements preparation is to reasonably determine the consolidation range of consolidated financial statements. Although the current new accounting standards have stipulated consolidation range, the new accounting standards has not specified the substantial control of concrete measurement method problem. So this paper takes one listed companys financial report and related data from 2007 to 2011 as data sources,selects listed enterprises with no clear merger reason as research object. Multivariate linear regression model is adopted to analyze the influence of merge scope change on book performance. The results show that the consolidated range change will change enterprises book report data,and the influence average value of book achievement is about 10.72%.

A Mathematical Model of Foreign Trade Enterprise Consolidated Financial Statement

Consolidated financial statements can reflect the comprehensive financial position and operating results of foreign trade enterprise group, reasonably determines the merger range of consolidated financial statements which is the key foundation work of preparing consolidated statements. In view of the problem that there is no specific provision of substantial control concrete measurement method of current new accounting standards, the paper takes nine enterprises of Shanghai with unclear merge reasons as sample enterprises. With their financial report from 2009 to 2011 as data sources, panel data model is applied to analyze the influence of merge scope change on sample enterprise book performance. The results show that the consolidated range changes may improve enterprise book report data, and the average value of book achievement influence is about 5.43%.

Book Review: The Manliest Man: Samuel G. Howe and the Contours of Nineteenth-Century American Reform

The Manliest Man: Samuel G. and the Contours of Nineteenth-Century American Reform. James W. Trent, Jr. Amherst & Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012, 336 pp., $28.95. The latest biography on Samuel Gridley Howe, the first director of Perkins School for the Blind--which is located in Watertown, Massachusetts--provides background on the beginning of education of blind persons in the United States. The book also describes the philosophical underpinnings of those efforts and, as noted in the book's subtitle, this work places Howe's ideas and activities in the political context of 19th century America. The book takes its title, The Manliest Man, from a eulogy for Howe--an interesting choice for such a complex biography of a multifaceted man. Author James W. Trent asserts that Howe's sense of was the motivation for his great works in support of the powerless in America in the 1800s. Even as a young man, Trent writes, Howe seems to have regarded manliness as a matter of reason and restraint of passions, as well as of daring and adventure. The author does an admirable job of putting the reader in the mid 1800s, a time of political, religious, and philosophical conflict in a young democracy, which shaped Howe's beliefs and actions. Unfortunately, however, much of the information provided in the book on the religious and political conflicts of the day assumes readers have intimate knowledge of the period and its global and parochial issues. Additional detail would have made the book more accessible to the average reader. EARLY YEARS The first half of the book introduces readers to as a young undergraduate at Brown University, where he was known as a prankster. While a much more serious medical school student at Harvard University, is influenced by George Parkman, a Harvard professor known for his belief in the humane treatment of insane patients. As a result, carries a passion for the underdog and the powerless throughout his life. ACTIVISM IGNITED Inspired by a lecture given by the Marquis de Lafayette, a French aristocrat and military officer, travels to Greece and supports Greek independence from the Turkish Ottoman Empire by providing medical and humanitarian aid and attempting to engineer the emerging society. In Greece, he moved away from his medical career and became a revolutionary and philanthropist. Upon returning to America, he considered a career in journalism rather than medicine. He published extensively on the Greek war for independence and looked into becoming the editor of a newspaper. It was during this time that Howe's education reformer friends Horace Mann and John D. Fisher completed a three-year effort to convince the Massachusetts state legislature to establish the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind, a school that was modeled after the work of Valentin Hauy, the founder of the first school for blind children in Paris. Fisher had been a college friend of Howe's, and he persuaded him to take the appointment to direct the new school. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The book reports in extreme detail the origins of the school, and places the activities surrounding the school's inception within the context of the issues of the day such as Nat Turner, leader of a slave rebellion, being hanged in Virginia; naturalist Charles Darwin setting sail on the HMS Beagle; and the founding of the New England Anti-slavery Society. Howe's first students and staff are described in wonderful detail, and researchers who are interested in the history of education of children who are blind will find much information in this book that will illuminate and delight them. sincerely believed that each individual had the right to achieve to their fullest potential and that his school should never serve a custodial purpose, but that it should always be an educational institution. …

Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications in Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology and Petroleum Science

by G. A. Mansoori, P. Lopes Barraos de Araujo, and E. Silvano de Araujo, 1st ed., Word Scientific Pub. Co., Hackensack, NJ, 2012, (Hardcover: 400+pages, Language: English), ISBN=10: 9814291609; ISBN=13: 978-9814291606.REVIEWED BY BRUCE CHEHROUDI1This is a fascinating book dealing with diamondoid molecules which are important molecular building blocks in bottom-up nanotechnology. Diamondoids have lattice structures similar to diamond. They have found many applications in nanotechnology, biomedicine, materials science, and petroleum science which are presented in this comprehensive book. This book also tells us the great potential that diamondoids have for derivatization with interesting properties. To demonstrate the vast number of applications that diamondoids are having I share Figure 1.20 of the book (below) which shows the U.S. issued patents related to diamondoids (black columns, left Y-axes) and percentage of patents on pharmaceutical/medical application of diamondoids (empty circles/black line, right Y-axes), from January 1950 to December 2009.U.S. issued patents related to diamondoids (black columns, left Y-axes) and percentage of patents on pharmaceutical/medical application of diamondoids (empty circles/black line, right Y-axes), from January 1950 to December 2009.This book, in addition to giving the readership the role of diamondoids as molecular building blocks in nanotechnology, it gives the readership an excellent background science and technology about molecular structure, physics and chemistry of diamondoids, the role and nature of diamondoids in fossil fuels, physical properties of diamondoids, properties of diamondoids, and biomedical and materials science applications of diamondoids. Interestingly, it is shown in this book that ab initio calculations are quite useful for molecular property prediction of diamondoids and their derivatives, especially for the fact that there exist a huge number of such molecules. The book also gives an excellent description of quantum confinement effects and negative electron affinities of diamondoids which are their unique characteristics. The first-principles simulations of interaction of diamondoids with other systems such as carbon nanotubes, metallic surfaces, and metallic AFM cantilever tips, which are the promising ways to design new nanomaterials are well presented in this book. Additionally, functionalized diamondoids which have led to the creation of nanosystems with new chemical and physical properties and with suitable applications in pharmacology and electronic devices are also presented very well in this book.According to this book, diamondoids are generally optically transparent in visible light and have high electrical insulating properties as diamond does. It is also interesting to learn from this book that, the many derivatives of diamondoids are expected to have many interesting opto-electronic properties. This book reports results of numerous investigations into properties of diamondoids and derivatives' opto-electronic properties.The book is made of seven chapters and a comprehensive glossary. Every chapter is well illustrated with many well organized tables and appropriately designed figures and graphs. I congratulate Professor Mansoori and his colleagues to write this book and I recommend it highly to senior-undergraduate or graduate students of nanoscience, nanomedicine, and nanotechnology.Dr. Chehroudi, Chief Scientist at Advanced Technology Consultants, has accumulated years of technical and leadership experiences in different capacities and organizations. He has won many technical merit and leadership awards for his contributions. Dr. Chehroudi has a Ph.D. in Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering (Princeton University), Post-Doctoral Fellow (Princeton University), M.S. in Mechanical Engineering (Southern Methodist University, Summa Cum Laude), M.S. in Economics (Swiss Finance Institute, Magna Cum Laude), a member of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Propellant & Combustion Committee, and is an Associate Fellow of American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He has delivered over 200 presentations in technical meetings and to nontechnical audiences, has more than 150 publications with extensive experience in both scientific and management areas and intensive trainings in finance and financial engineering.

O'Donoghue, Tom et al (2011) The education of children in geographically remote regions through distance educationIAP (Charlotte, NC & Eurospan, London) isbn 978‐1‐61735‐453‐3 217 pp $45.99 (boards $85.99) http://www.infoagepub.com/products/Education‐of‐Children‐in‐Geographically‐Remote‐Regions

SummaryThis excellent book reports on a research project on the provision of quality distance education to school‐aged children in remote areas of Western Australia. Set in the context of distance education globally it should be of considerable value to scholars, practitioners and providers at all levels in this field. If the subject of this book is likely to be relevant to you, I recommend you buy a copy for your own use.Marie Martin

Twiggy and Me

Twiggy and Me Karen Greenbaum-Maya (bio) Twiggy's legs are perfectly free of muscle.She may be this year's phenom, sneers Time,but those legs are like two white worms.Wider than it is long, her gold corduroy skirtsprouts her thighs, scarcely bigger than her ankles.She is an English girl who drinks Cokes, not teas. Is this what girls should look like? The concept teasesat me. Her spaghetti shape is nothing like my muscles.Twiggy's a waif with sad eyes. Her arms danglelike Baryshnikov doing Petruschka, old-time.She is the new natural. That must be why her skirtshang on her willow waist, sinuous like a worm's. Now my gym teacher laughs so hard I squirm.As we practice, she gasps, "Ladies, ladies, don't tease!"We are pretending to exit a VW bug, wearing miniskirts.Mrs. Patterson's shorts reveal eye-popping muscles(you just didn't see many buffed women at the time)and she shows us, again, how our knees have to angle. Twiggy's hair is short as a boy's, straight as right angles.I have Shirley Temple ringlets that twist like worms.I Scotch tape my bangs flat, but all night isn't enough timeto tame my natural curl. At least we're freed from teasing [End Page 108] our hair to Marie Antoinette heights. Seems some of us'llnever have the good hair, or the right legs for the skirt. Twiggy's furry eyelashes are longer than her skirt.I study her photo for hours, my head at an anglethat is guaranteed to spasm my neck muscles.She is pale, blank as a peeled egg. Nothing to be wormedout of her. She stands for that moment in the sixtieswhen the revolution hit dress stores. Talk about timing. I've got homework to do. I write a book report, beating timeto Revolution on my sturdy calf. My history teacher is curtabout late papers. He grades strict. I'm shy and ill at easewith him. In his class, even mean kids turn into angels.That spring we studied all about the Diet of Worms.Austere Luther must have had some serious fervent muscle. Time would let me figure my own angle on being a girl,how to leave off skirting around like some outcast worm.I had the muscle to use my eyes and still cross all the t's. [End Page 109] Karen Greenbaum-Maya Karen Greenbaum-Maya is a retired clinical psychologist. Since 2007, more than ninety of her poems have been published. Her Eggs Satori was a finalist of note in Pudding House Publications' 2010 chapbook competition. Burrowing Song is forthcoming (Kattywompus Press, 2013). Copyright © 2013 Karen Greenbaum-Maya

Teachers: Between trade union and professional class

This article develops along four sections. In the first section, after presenting some results of a sociological survey of teachers carried out by Manuel Braga da Cruz in 1989, I conclude that theirs is a growing social group, mostly female, that sees itself as underpaid and having little social recognition, politicized, unionized and deeply involved with the Catholic community, and that, at the time of inaugurating a new legal statute for the profession, the group has divided and contrasting opinions on the existing career model, where progression is mainly based on seniority, and a hypothetical selective and pyramidal model, based rather on an actual evaluation of the professional abilities of the teacher. In the second section I endeavour to describe the professional regulations that were in place when the PS (Socialist Party) government took over, in 2005, and the assessment I then made of the professional career of teaching. In the third, based on a book report recently published by the former education minister, I identify the measures that changed the professional situation of teachers, focusing particularly on the teaching career statutes and performance evaluation. Finally, in the fourth, I follow and discuss the analyses made by the sociologist Alan Stoleroff on the developing conflict between government, unions and teachers that marked that incumbency. I conclude that the professional power of teachers – still noteworthy in spite of their attrition and loss of authority – combined with the resentment they feel due to their poor social recognition and the assets made possible by an above-average social capital (skills of erudition and communication, integration in the ‘real world’, middle-class relational networks), determines, on the whole, that this professional group should resist, in this conjuncture, the ‘temptation’ to evolve into an occupational model that is internally more differentiated, more competing and more ‘professionalizing’, and should instead hold to the egalitarian model of security and predictability proposed by the union.

Book Report: The History of ICSID by Antonio R Parra

Book Report: The History of ICSID by Antonio R Parra

The Dual State Reframed: Ernst Fraenkel's Political Clients and his Theory of the Nazi Legal System

From 1936 to 1938 the prominent political scientist Ernst Fraenkel wrote the first draft of his classic analysis of the National-Socialist legal system, The Dual State. The dual state theory describes the steady encroachment of the ‘prerogative state’, which was lawless and arbitrary, on the ‘normative state’, which consisted of traditional and nazified legal institutions. Fraenkel developed his theory in large part based on his own legal practice in Germany between 1933 and 1938, when he often represented leftist defendants against political prosecutions. While his legal practice helped inspire his theory, his book reports nothing about his own cases. But scattered information provides glimpses at a handful of them. This article addresses what Fraenkel’s actual courtroom experiences show about the prerogative and normative states, the nature of each, and their interplay with each other. While the theory focuses on the victory of the prerogative state – on the way...

Sustainable use of genetic diversity in forage and turf breeding

This book contains reviews and reports of genetic diversity in forage and turf presented at the 28th Conference of the EUCARPIA Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section, held in La Rochelle, France in 2009. A total of 85 articles are covered in an Introduction and five sections, as follows: ‘Genetic resources’, ‘Genetic changes in grassland turf communities’, ‘Genetic progresses to meet end-user's expectations’, ‘Molecular biology and biotechnologies for an appropriate management and creation of genetic diversity’ and ‘Type and structure of varieties to better exploit genetic diversity’. Research on a wide range of species is reported, including 12 grasses, eight legumes and one rhizobium species. The Introducion presents an overview of the state of forage cultivation and grassland management in France. It includes recent issues concerning the livestock industry, in particular relating to the environment and climate change. Though the report is a case study in France, it suggests directions for world-wide forage breeding efforts. The first section following the Introduction documents the diversity of genetic resources of forage and turf species and highlights their potential as breeding materials. The term ‘diversity’ itself is discussed from various angles, such as morphological traits, physiological characters, chemical components, stress tolerance, molecular markers and N2 fixation potential. The next section of the book describes genetic changes in breeding populations or grasslands under different environmental conditions. Concepts of population genetics for breeding of forage and turf are discussed, and both theoretical and practical aspects are considered. The next section of the book reports on trait improvement efforts by breeding programs towards biotic and biotic stress tolerance, yield and forage quality. The following section introduces novel horizons in forage and turf breeding, i.e. molecular biology and biotechnologies, where technologies are evolving rapidly. A range of different methods of molecular analysis for forage and turf research are described, such as DNA marker development, genome sequencing, QTL analysis and functional analysis of expressed genes. In addition, the status of marker-assisted selection in forages and turf are reviewed. The final section in the book documents utilization of heterogeneous or heterozygous genomes in breeding. Utilization of heterologous genomes may be the most adventurous approach in terms of application of diverse genetic resources in breeding. Five out of the 12 articles in this section report on interspecific hybridization breeding techniques, including Festulolium, which is the most established interspecific hybrid in forage species. The other articles propose the directed utilization of heterotic groups, which is believed to be very valuable in highly heterozygous species, such as forage and turf species. Breeding is a process of exploring, combining and selecting valuable genes from genetic resources. Forage and turf species are generally cultivated in relatively severe and uncontrolled environmental conditions compared to other crops. Thus there is a need for a diverse gene pool that responds to various environmental conditions if improved varieties are to be generated. The estimation of genetic diversity in the pool of genetic resources is an essential procedure for breeding, and molecular technologies as well as advanced concepts of breeding methods are expected to accelerate breeding programs. This book is a comprehensive source of information that suggests directions for future breeding of forage and turf. It is also a useful text book for studnets studying genetics, physiology and agronomy of forage and turf species.

Collection Usage Pre- and Post-Summon Implementation at the University of Manitoba Libraries

Objectives – This study examines the use of print and electronic collections both before and after implementation of Summon at the University of Manitoba Libraries. Summon is a web-scale discovery service which allows discovery of all of the materials the library owns or has access to from a simple search box on the library’s web page.
 
 Methods – COUNTER statistics were used to determine database, e-journal, and e-book statistics, including database search statistics (DR1) from the COUNTER Database Report 1, full-text article downloads from the COUNTER Journal Report 1 (JR1), and successful section search requests from the COUNTER Book Report 2 (BR2) for electronic resources. Sirsi, the University of Manitoba’s integrated library system, provided statistics on checkouts for the libraries’ circulating print monograph and serial collections. The percentage change from the pre-Summon implementation period to the post-Summon implementation period was calculated and these numbers were used to determine whether usage had increased or decreased for both print and electronic collections.
 
 Results – As expected, searches in citation databases decreased because searches were no longer being carried out in the native database as the metadata from the database is included in Summon. E-journal usage increased dramatically and e-book usage also increased for four of six providers examined. Print usage decreased, but the results were inconclusive.
 
 Conclusions – Summon implementation had a favourable impact on collection usage.