Bone Meal Samples Research Articles

True ileal digestibility of amino acids in meat and bone meal for the growing pig—application of a routine rat digestibility assay

Eight samples of meat and bone meal were evaluated for their nutrient compositions and true digestible amino acid contents using a routine rat ileal digestibility assay. The rat assay has been validated for application to the growing pig. Ileal endogenous amino acid excretion, used for the correction of apparent digestibility values to true estimates, was determined for rats given a protein-free diet, or an enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC) based diet and after ultrafiltration of the ileal digesta. The meat and bone meals varied in their nutrient composition and in the true ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids. The gross contents (g per 100 g air-dry weight) for crude protein, ash, lysine and methionine + cystine ranged from 47.8 to 59.3, 19.1–31.1, 2.45–3.89 and 1.25–1.93, respectively. Mean ileal endogenous nitrogen (N) and amino acid flows were significantly higher with the EHC versus the protein-free method, except for histidine and glycine. The mean ileal endogenous N flows were 1843 μg and 1124 μg g −1 food dry matter intake for rats fed the EHC and protein-free diets, respectively. The true nitrogen and amino acid digestibility coefficients based on endogenous flows determined by the EHC method were markedly higher than those determined using the traditional protein-free method. The true ileal N and lysine digestibility coefficients based on the respective endogenous flows for rats fed the EHC diet ranged from 62.7 to 88.9% and 66.4–92.3%, respectively. Values determined with endogenous flows for rats fed the protein-free diet ranged from 59.0 to 85.2% for N, and 63.2–88.9% for lysine. The variable ileal digestible N and amino acid contents of meat and bone meal emphasise the limitation of tabulated compositional values and the need for a routine relatively inexpensive digestibility assay.

An Investigation of the Distribution of the Protein Content of Samples of Corn, Meat and Bone Meal, and Soybean Meal

This study examines the critical assumption of a normal distribution for protein content in feedstuffs. Data were collected from broiler feed mills on the nutrient content of corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. Tests of normality for protein within each feedstuff were performed by each of two methods: 1) the Shapiro-Wilk test (n < 50) or Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (n > 50); and 2) the D’Agostino-Pearson K2 test. Results indicate that protein is non-normally distributed in corn and in meat and bone meal, but protein is normally distributed in soybean meal.

Metabolizable Energy of Meat and Bone Meal from Spanish Rendering Plants as Influenced by Level of Substitution and Method of Determination

Experiments were conducted to determine the MEn of eight meat and bone meal (MBM) samples. Samples averaged (DM basis): 6.01% moisture, 4.25 kcal gross energy (GE)/g, 53.3% CP, 14.5% ether extract (EE), 29.6% ash, 9.2% calcium, and 4.3% phosphorus.Samples of MBM were substituted in a corn basal diet at levels of 6, 12, 18, and 24%. Values of AMEn were determined at each level of substitution and with regression analysis, because, in general, there were no significant deviations from linearity between dietary AMEn and inclusion level. When considering all the samples studied, the average AMEn values determined with substitution at the 6, 12, 18, and 24% levels of inclusion were 2.91, 2.76, 2.67, and 2.75 kcal/g, respectively, the differences not reaching significance (P>.05). The TMEn values were determined by Sibbald's fasted cockerel method. Average values of MBM ME were similar whether determined by calculations based on substitution in the diet or by regression of the data (2.75 and 2.69 kcal/g, respectively). These values were similar to TMEn obtained using Sibbald's method (2.74 kcal/g). Most of the differences in MEn among the samples studied could be attributed to differences in GE, although the percentage of GE metabolized [(ME ÷ GE) × 100] tended to increase (R2 = .45; P = .069) when EE content in MBM increased. Gross energy was the best single predictor of both AMEn and TMEn (R2 = .88 and .76, respectively), but better estimations were achieved when using two independent variables in the prediction model: AMEn = −910 + 44.8 (CP) + 83.6 (EE); R2 = .96, P<.001 and TMEn = −491 + 34.4 (CP) + 96.5 (EE); R2 = .98, P<.001 (as DM basis).

A Survey of Salmonella Contamination in Modern Broiler Production

A survey of contamination with Salmonella was done in the breeder/multiplier and broiler houses, feed mills, hatcheries, and processing plants of two integrated broiler firms. Samples of insects and mice were also collected at each location. Sixty percent (60%) of the meat and bone meal samples collected at feed mills were contaminated. Salmonella was isolated from 35% of the mash feed samples tested. The pelleting process reduced Salmonella isolation rates by 82.0%. Data collected from breeder/multiplier houses suggested that feed was the ultimate source of Salmonella contamination in that environment. Salmonella was found in 9.4% of the yolk sac samples collected from day-old chicks in hatcheries. Fecal dropping samples collected in broiler houses about one week prior to slaughter were contaminated at a rate of 5.2%. Salmonella was found in 33% of the samples collected from live haul trucks and 21.4% of the whole processed broiler carcasses sampled at processing plants. Salmonella typhimurium was the serotype most commonly isolated. The gastrointestinal tract of one of 19 mice sampled was contaminated with Salmonella. Data suggest that insects were primarily mechanical carriers. Results suggest Salmonella contamination in the U.S. broiler production and processing system has changed little since 1969. The data also underline the contention that effective Salmonella control efforts must be comprehensive.

Performance of Three Methods for the Rapid Identification of Salmonella in Naturally Contaminated Foods and Feeds

Three commercially available screening methods, the Bio-Control 1–2 TESTR, GENE-TRAKRSalmonella, and Organon Teknika SALMONELLA-TEKR, were compared to the conventional culture procedure for the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated samples. A total of 250 samples of meat and bone meal, poultry meal, raw ground chicken, and raw macadamia nuts were examined. One hundred and thirty-one samples were found to be positive for Salmonella by all methods combined. The conventional culture method detected 120 (91.6%), the 1–2 TEST 128 (97.7%), GENE-TRAK 119 (90.8%), and SALMONELLA-TEK 120 (91.6%) of the 131 total Salmonella contaminated samples. The number of false-positive reactions varied widely with the rapid methods, with SALMONELLATEK giving 108 unconfirmed reactions and GENE-TRAK and the 1–2 TEST giving 10 and 5, respectively. Confirmation methods recommended by the manufacturers were inadequate for identifying Salmonella from some contaminated samples.

In‐vitro determination of nitrogen digestibility and lysine availability in meat and bone meals and comparison with in‐vivo ileal digestibility estimates

AbstractThe true ileal digestibility of nitrogen was determined in 20 meat and bone meal samples using 120 growing rats. Correction for endogenous ileal nitrogen excretion was based on feeding a further 15 rats a protein‐free diet. The in‐vivo digestibility estimates were compared with in‐vitro values determined using either a multi‐enzyme digestibility assay (method A), the pronase assay (method B) or a multi‐enzyme digestion, pH‐drop assay (method C). The in‐vivo true digestibilities of lysine for 12 of the meat and bone meal samples were compared with fluoro‐dinitrobenzene (FDNB) available lysine values.The mean in‐vivo digestibility values ranged from 57.2 to 79.1 % and the mean coefficient of variation between rats within meals was 7.6%. For methods A and B the correlations between in‐vitro and in‐vivo digestibility were low and not significant (P&gt;0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between pH at 10 min from the start of in‐vitro digestion and in‐vivo digestibility (r= +0.75; P &lt;0.001) as was the case for pH at 20 min (r= +0.52; P &lt;0.05). The positive relationship between pH at 10 or 20 min and in‐vivo digestibility was contrary to expectation and may have been caused by the potentially high buffering capacity of meat and bone meal. The in‐vitro methods A, B and C each showed a high degree of precision.The mean in‐vivo true ileal digestibility of lysine in the meat and bone meals ranged from 64.7 to 86.9 %. There was no significant correlation between in‐vivo lysine digestibility and FDNB available lysine. There appeared to be an interaction between FDNB lysine availability and true ileal lysine digestibility, such that the meals with lower in‐vivo digestibility had availability values higher than the corresponding in‐vivo digestibility values.

Effect of pressure and temperature on the availability of lysine in meat and bone meal as determined by slope-ratio assays with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques

1. The availability of lysine for pigs, rats and chicks was determined using samples of meat and bone meal (MBM) subjected to different pressure and temperature treatments during dry-rendering processing. The relation between slope-ratio estimates and three chemical tests for estimating 'available' lysine was assessed. 2. The availability of lysine (proportion of total) for pigs was 0.97 in the control. Pressure (275 kPa gauge, 141 degrees, for 30 min) in the early stage of rendering reduced availability to 0.74 and, in the late stage, to 0.46. Maintaining the final temperature at 125 degrees for 4 h had little effect (0.84) whereas a higher temperature of 150 degrees for 4 h reduced availability to 0.38. 3. Availability estimates for rats were lower than those of the pig, ranging from 0.88 in the control to 0.21 for the high-temperature treatment (150 degrees for 4 h). The effects for temperature were similar to those for the pig, whereas the effect of pressure was equally detrimental in both the early and late stages (0.45 and 0.43 respectively). 4. For chicks, availability estimates were similar to those for the pig for the control (0.93) and the two temperature treatments (0.86 and 0.31 for the 125 degrees and 150 degrees treatments respectively). The chick was less susceptible to the effect of pressure applied to the MBM (0.78 and 0.63 for the early- and late-stage treatments respectively). 5. Values for the indirect- and direct-1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-(FDNB)-'available'-lysine assays decreased from 0.86 and 0.74 to 0.57 and 0.54 for the control and 150 degrees for 4 h treatments respectively, indicating that approximately half the reduced availability involved reactions with the epsilon-amino group of lysine. There was little relation between the FDNB values and lysine availability for the treatments involving changes in pressure. 6. There was little or no relation between dye-binding capacity of the meals, as assessed by the Acid Orange-12 dye-binding procedure (Hurrell et al. 1979), and lysine availability for the three species.

Meat and bone and fish meals in balancer feeds for choice-fed broilers

The chemical composition of a sample of fish meal was altered so that its contents of crude protein, metabolisable energy, methionine, lysine, calcium, phosphorus and salt equalled those of a sample of meat and bone meal. Choice-feeding balancer feeds were prepared in which various levels of the meat and bone meal were replaced by the fish meal mixture. Three samples of meat and bone meal were also compared. A balancer feed and whole wheat were offered ad libitum to broilers from three to seven weeks of age. Broiler performance and the proportion of whole wheat in the diet selected were similar for the three meat and bone meal samples. Birds fed on balancers containing increased levels of fish meal ate an increased proportion of whole wheat in their diet. Although balancers containing high levels of fish meal were the most expensive to produce, they gave the lowest total feed cost. A second experiment compared a meat and bone meal balancer, which was supplemented with either lysine, methionine, lysine plus methionine, a vitamin and mineral mix or a small amount of fish meal. None of the supplements markedly altered the feed intakes of whole wheat or balancer of the choice-fed broilers.

Salmonella and Other Enterobacteriaceae Found in Commercial Poultry Feed

Poultry feed (mash and pelleted) and meat and bone meal samples were collected from commercial mills. All samples were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae count (ENT) and Salmonella. The genus and species of the various Enterobacteriaceae present were also determined. The average ENT for mash, pelleted, and meal samples was log 4.1, .8, and 1.8/g, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae were present in 100, 60, and 92% and Salmonella in 58, 0, and 92% of the mash, pelleted, and meal samples, respectively. Overall, the Enterobacteriaceae most frequently isolated from all samples were Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Although no Salmonella were found in the pelleted samples, the presence of other Enterobacteriaceae suggests that commercial pelleting may not totally destroy Salmonella since their heat resistance is similar to the other organisms found.

The Evaluation of Nutritional Value of Meat and Bone Meals as Influenced by Cereals or Corn Starch

Four meat and bone meal samples were analyzed for methionine, tryptophan, available lysine, and Orange-G dye binding and were fed to chicks as the major source of protein in starch or cereal-based diets. It was difficult to correlate chick growth with chemical indices, but the relative growth was similar irrespective of cereal supplement. In an additional trial, nine meat and bone meal samples gave essentially similar rankings whether used in milo, wheat, or corn based diets.

Availability of Phosphorus in Various Feed Ingredients

Availability of phosphorus in 20 phosphorus sources of vegetable, animal and inorganic origin was determined by the method described by Yoshida and Hoshii, using tribasic calcium phosphate as a standard. The effect of difference in places of production, conditions of treatment, sources of raw material and distribution of particle size on the availability of phosphorus in meat and bone meal was examined.Availabilities of phosphorus in 4 samples of dibasic calcium phosphate of feed grade were excellent, being from 114 to 92, and that in a sample of tribasic calcium phosphate of feed grade was 104.Availabilities of phosphorus in 3 samples of fish meal were from 111 to 96. Those in 5 samples of meat and bone meal were from 110 to 89. Availability of phosphorus in a sample of bone meal was 125.Highly significant correlation was observed between availabilities of phosphorus in meat and bone meal and particle sizes of the meals. Fine grinding of a sample of meat and bone meal, of which phosphorus availability was 83, improved the availability to 98.Availability of phosphorus in a sample of wheat bran was 77. Availabilities of phosphorus in the other 5 samples of feed ingredients of vegetable origin, i.e., yellow corn, milo, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and rice bran were less than 27.These availabilities based on tribasic calcium phosphate as a standard were converted to those based on the new standard of monobasic calcium phosphate.

Incidence of salmonellae in animal feed and the effect of pelleting on content of enterobacteriaceae.

During a survey of meat and bone meals, fish meals and poultry feeds salmonellae were found only in samples of meat and bone meal, for which 19% were Salmonella‐positive. MPN estimations on 2 meat and bone meal samples gave figures of 6 and 39 salmonellae/ 100 g, respectively. Sampling of poultry feed before and after pelleting showed that this process gave up to 1000‐fold reduction in numbers of Enterobacteriaceae depending on the type of processing involved.

Salmonellae in meat and poultry, poultry plant cooling waters and effluents, and animal feedingstuffs.

SummaryAlthough a low incidence of salmonellae had been found in 735 broiler chicks in 1961, none were found in 803 carcasses from 4 processing plants in 1966. Small numbers, mainly S. typhimurium, were found in the drains of 2 of these plants when swabs were left for several days. No isolations were made from the waters used to cool broilers or turkeys, or from 84 turkey carcasses. However, 39 of 444 (9%) of duck carcasses harboured S. typhimurium, and 9 of 22 (41%) of duck cooling waters were positive. Two isolations of S. typhimurium were made from 38 samples of pork sausages, and one of S. dublin from 125 samples of frozen boned‐out beef. Three of 29 samples of cooked poultry meat were positive for S. typhimurium. In animal feedingstuffs 8 of 112 (7%) of samples of meat and bone meal had 7 different serotypes present, and salmonellae were also found in feather meal, blood meal and pig compound meal. S. typhimurium phage type 23 has been isolated from ducks, poultry meat, pork sausages and meat and bone meal, suggesting a chain of infection. The significance of the isolations of salmonellae from the various sources is discussed, and some methods of control suggested.

The isolation of salmonellas from animal feedingstuffs

A technique is described for the routine isolation of salmonellas from meat and bone meal samples used in animal feedingstuffs. The technique more than doubled the number of positives obtained by an orthodox method. Identical samples were used in the trial.

The availability of the nitrogen in some bone materials used in horticulture

AbstractThe total nitrogen content of 16 commercial samples designated as bone meal showed a wide range of values from 2.12 to 5.55%. Samples of bone meal were added to soil in quantities equivalent to 300 p.p.m. nitrogen in each case, and the fraction of the total nitrogen readily converted to ammonia and nitrate was determined after incubation for nine days at 23.5° c.; these fractions so converted were significantly correlated with the percentage of the total nitrogen that was soluble in water. Significant correlations were also found with the bulk densities and sieve analyses of the milled samples, the pH of their aqueous suspensions, and the ammonia liberated on distillation with magnesia. The effect of different degrees of milling upon the results of the tests was examined for selected samples.

The nitrogen status of soils Part I. The nitrification of some nitrogenous fertilizers

The rates of nitrification and the extent to which a number of nitrogenous materials are nitrified in soil have been studied. Of the substances used ammonium sulphate was most rapidly and most completely nitrified under these conditions. A reputedly genuine sample of Peruvian guano was almost as rapid as ammonium sulphate. At the other end of the scale was horn meal, which was nitrified most slowly and in which the percentage of nitrogen converted was lowest. On a basis of nitrification alone there appears to be no justification for the traditional view that hoof and horn is slow- and that dried blood is quick-acting. Two samples of bone meal showed very different rates of decomposition. This, and the anomalous behaviour of hoof and horn separately as compared with mixed hoof and horn, suggest that differences occur in the behaviour of different samples of what are nominally the same materials. Some of the commercial implications of these findings are discussed.

Nutrition

Meat and Bone By-Products, an investigation towards the establishment of Standards. By F. T. Shutt and S. N. Hamilton. Dom. of Canada Dep. of Agriculture. Bulletin 110. 49. Ottawa 1926.This bulletin presents for the first tilne in Canada a detailed review of those highly nitrogenous feeds — the output for the most part of the packing-house. Much confusion exists in respect to the meaning attached to the names under which they are sold. Contents Descriptions and figures of analyses of different samples of meat meal, meat scrap, digester tankage, meat and bone meal, meat and bone scrap, digester meat and bone tankage, bone meal, blood meal, cracklings, edible fish meal.