Bone Imaging Research Articles

Bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT in paediatric patients with neck and back pain in comparison with other imaging modalities: the experience of a tertiary paediatric referral centre.

Retrospective review of the additional clinical value provided by single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in children and adolescents with back pain. A total of 207 consecutive paediatric patients (94 males, 113 females, age range 5-17 years, median age 14 years) were reviewed after referral to the spinal surgery clinic of a paediatric teaching hospital between November 2009 and February 2021. All patients had either only whole spine X-rays or whole spine x-rays and MRI, along with bone scan with planar whole-body images and SPECT/CT (with spot views of painful area). X-ray identified the pain generator in 23 of 177 (13.0%) cases. MRI identified the pain generator in 49 of 165 (29.7%) cases. SPECT/CT reported relevant positive findings which identified the pain generator in 107 of 185 (57.8%) cases. SPECT/CT changed patients' management in 72 of 185 (38.9%) cases. SPECT/CT was most effective at identifying the pain generator in cases of facet arthropathy, previous vertebral fracture and patients with previous deformity correction, where the pain generator was identified in 76.5% (13 of 17), 71.4% (5 of 7) and 63.4% (26 of 41) of cases, respectively. CT settings were adjusted to minimise the radiation burden (50 mAs/80kVp under 8 years, 24 mAs/110 kVp over 8 years). The role of SPECT/CT in diagnosing back pain is justified in selected paediatric patients, particularly with diagnostic uncertainty using conventional imaging. The CT component of the SPECT/CT study produced a lower radiation dose than conventional CT imaging, whilst producing bone images of diagnostic quality.

Suspicion and Treatment of Perilymphatic Fistula: A Prospective Clinical Study.

Background: Since the discovery of the perilymphatic fistula (PLF), the diagnosis and treatment remain controversial. If successfully recognized, the PLF is surgically repairable with an obliteration of the fistula site. Successful treatment has a major impact on patient's quality of life with an improvement in their audiological and vestibular symptoms. Objective: To prospectively investigate patients' clinical and audiological evolution with PLF suspicion after middle ear exploration and obliteration of the round and oval window. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups: Group I consisted of patients where no PLF had been identified intraoperatively at the oval and/or at the round window, and Group II consisted of patients where a fistula had been visualized. Patient assessment was a combination of past medical history, the presence of any risk factors, cochlear and vestibular symptoms, a physical examination, temporal bone imaging, audiograms, and a videonystagmogram (VNG). Results: A total of 98 patients were divided into two groups: 62 in Group I and 36 in Group II. A statistically significant difference regarding gender was observed in Group II (83.3% of males vs. 16.7% of females, p = 0.008). A total of 14 cases (4 and 10 in Groups I and II, respectively) were operated for a recurrent PLF. Fat graft material was used in the majority of their previous surgery; however, no difference was found when comparing fat to other materials. In addition, no statistically significant difference was noted between Groups I and II concerning predisposing factors, imaging, VNG, symptom evolution, or a physical exam before the surgery and at 12 months post-operative. However, both groups showed statistically significant hearing and vestibular improvement. On the other hand, the air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) at each frequency were not statistically different between the two groups before surgery but showed statistically significant improvement at 12 months post-operatively, especially for the BC at the frequencies 250 (p = 0.02), 500 (p = 0.0008), and 1000 Hz (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Whenever you suspect a perilymphatic fistula, do not hesitate to explore middle ear and do window obliterations using a tragal perichondrium material. Our data showed that cochlear and vestibular symptoms improved whether a fistula had been identified or not.

Detection of caries lesions using a water-sensitive STIR sequence in dental MRI

In clinical practice, diagnosis of suspected carious lesions is verified by using conventional dental radiography (DR), including panoramic radiography (OPT), bitewing imaging, and dental X-ray. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for caries visualization. Fourteen patients with clinically suspected carious lesions, verified by standardized dental examination including DR and OPT, were imaged with 3D isotropic T2-weighted STIR (short tau inversion recovery) and T1 FFE Black bone sequences. Intensities of dental caries, hard tissue and pulp were measured and calculated as aSNR (apparent signal to noise ratio) and aHTMCNR (apparent hard tissue to muscle contrast to noise ratio) in both sequences. Imaging findings were then correlated to clinical examination results. In STIR as well as in T1 FFE black bone images, aSNR and aHTMCNR was significantly higher in carious lesions than in healthy hard tissue (p < 0.001). Using water-sensitive STIR sequence allowed for detecting significantly lower aSNR and aHTMCNR in carious teeth compared to healthy teeth (p = 0.01). The use of MRI for the detection of caries is a promising imaging technique that may complement clinical exams and traditional imaging.

Preoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography bone density measures provide objective bone quality classifications for stemless anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

Reproducible methods for determining adequate bone densities for stemless anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) are currently lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of preoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging for assessing the bone density of the proximal humerus for supportive differentiation in the decision making for stemless humeral component implantation. It was hypothesized that preoperative 3-dimensional (3-D) CT bone density measures provide objective classifications of the bone quality for stemless aTSA. A 3-part study was performed that included the analysis of cadaveric humerus CT scans followed by retrospective application to a clinical cohort and classification with a machine learning model. Thirty cadaveric humeri were evaluated with clinical CT and micro-CT (μCT) imaging. Phantom-calibrated CT data were used to extract 3-D regions of interest and defined radiographic scores. The final image processing script was applied retrospectively to a clinical cohort (n=150) that had a preoperative CT and intraoperative bone density assessment using the "thumb test," followed by placement of an anatomic stemmed or stemless humeral component. Postscan patient-specific calibration was used to improve the functionality and accuracy of the density analysis. A machine learning model (Support vector machine [SVM]) was utilized to improve the classification of bone densities for a stemless humeral component. The image processing of clinical CT images demonstrated good to excellent accuracy for cylindrical cancellous bone densities (metaphysis [ICC=0.986] and epiphysis [ICC=0.883]). Patient-specific internal calibration significantly reduced biases and unwanted variance compared with standard HU CT scans (P<.0001). The SVM showed optimized prediction accuracy compared with conventional statistics with an accuracy of 73.9% and an AUCof0.83 based on the intraoperative decision of the surgeon. The SVM model based on density clusters increased the accuracy of the bone quality classification to 87.3% with an AUC of 0.93. Preoperative CT imaging allows accurate evaluation of the bone densities in the proximal humerus. Three-dimensional regions of interest, rescaling using patient-specific calibration, and a machine learning model resulted in good to excellent prediction for objective bone quality classification. This approach may provide an objective tool extending preoperative selection criteria for stemless humeral component implantation.

Prediction of bone formation rate of bioceramics using machine learning and image analysis

To practically utilize artificial bones, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of artificial bones are used to analyze their properties and extract important features for predicting bone formation rate, including grain size and contour.

Risk factors for excessive lateral migration of the blade in proximal femoral nail anti-rotation in elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fracture.

Intertrochanteric femur fractures are prevalent among the elderly, leading to substantial morbidity. Proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) is commonly used for internal fixation, but excessive lateral migration of the PFNA blade poses a significant complication. Understanding the risk factors for this complication is crucial for optimizing patient care. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on elderly patients with intertrochanteric femur fractures who underwent PFNA internal fixation. Patients were categorized based on the occurrence of excessive lateral migration of the blade. The differences in general information, surgical indices, imaging measures, fracture stability indicators, VAS score, Harris score, and other factors were analyzed. Single factor correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression were utilized to identify risk factors associated with excessive blade lateral migration. Risk factors significantly associated with excessive blade lateral migration included the Singh index for osteoporosis, quality of calcar reduction, surgical indices (hospital stays, revision surgery for blade prominence), imaging measures (blade position, lateralization, and migration), fracture stability indicators (tip-apex distance, AO/OTA classification), and postoperative functional outcomes (VAS and Harris scores). Multivariate logistic regression identified these factors as independent predictors of excessive lateral migration, underlining the multifactorial nature of this complication. This study identified several significant risk factors for excessive lateral migration of the PFNA blade, including bone quality, calcar reduction, surgical indices, imaging measures, and fracture stability indicators.

The Potential of Radiolabeled Bisphosphonates in SPECT and PET for Bone Imaging.

Skeletal-related events due to bone metastases can be prevented by early diagnosis using radiological or nuclear imaging techniques. Nuclear medicine techniques such as Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) have been used for diagnostic imaging of bone for decades. Although it is widely recognized that conventional diagnostic imaging techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have high sensitivity, low cost and wide availability, the specificity of both techniques is rather low compared to nuclear medicine techniques. Nuclear medicine techniques, on the other hand, have improved specificity when introduced as a hybrid imaging modality, as they can combine physiological and anatomical information. Two main radiopharmaceuticals are used in nuclear medicine: [99mTc]-methyl diphosphonate ([99mTc]Tc-MDP) from the generator and [18F]sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) from the cyclotron. The former is used in SPECT imaging, while the latter is used in PET imaging. However, recent studies show that the role of radiolabeled bisphosphonates with gallium-68 (68Ga) and fluorine-18 (18F) may have a potential role in the future. This review, therefore, presents and discusses the brief method for producing current and future potential radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastases.

Improved visualization of cochlear implant electrodes on photon counting detector CT

AbstractBackgroundCochlear implants (CIs) are used to rehabilitate moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss and stimulate the auditory system via a multichannel electrode array positioned in the scala tympani. Imaging evaluation of CIs is substantially degraded by metallic artifacts. Photon‐counting detector (PCD)‐CT has the potential to minimize such artifacts, though this has not been convincingly established in prior studies. This study compared the visualization of CI electrodes on PCD‐CT to conventional energy integrating detector (EID)‐CT.Materials and MethodsFive patients with CIs were prospectively recruited to undergo temporal bone imaging on both EID‐CT and PCD‐CT scanners yielding 2D and 3D Volume Rendering Technique (VRT) images. Three nonblinded neuroradiologists reviewed 2D and 3D VRT images for the ability to resolve CI electrode leads using a Likert scale. The average Likert scores of PCD‐CT versus EID‐CT were calculated for each reader for both 2D and 3D VRT images. (Likert scores 1–5 based on inferior to superior rating of PCD‐CT compared to EID‐CT). Inter‐rater agreement was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha with ordinal weights. ResultsFive patients underwent temporal bone CT for CI array evaluation. As evidenced by 5‐point Likert scales that were independently used by the three reviewers, this study demonstrated superior resolution of CI electrode array using PCD‐CT as compared to EID‐CT with an average score of 4.2 ± 0.8 for 2D images and 4.9 ± 0.4 for 3D VRT images.ConclusionsPCD‐CT is superior to EID‐CT in the visualization of CI electrodes, particularly in 3D VRT imaging.

Automatic Segmentation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Using YOLOv8

Oracle bones inscription is an important part of Chinese cultural heritage, and the automatic segmentation technology of oracle bones is of great significance to promote the research of oracle bones. The main challenges for automatic segmentation of oracle bone inscriptions include the interference of complex backgrounds, the extraction of text regions of tiny sizes, and the problems of noise and cracks in images, which are hard to deal with using traditional image processing and machine learning techniques. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, especially the breakthrough of deep learning and convolutional neural network (CNN) in image recognition, new solutions are provided for automatic segmentation of oracle bone inscriptions. In this paper, we introduce the YOLOv8 model to the automatic segmentation task of oracle bone images. The experimental results show that the YOLOv8 model achieves satisfactory performance in this task, which verifies the effectiveness of advanced deep learning models, and may provide technical support for the digitization and cultural inheritance of oracle bones in future work.

A Computational Deep Fuzzy Network-Based Neuroimaging Analysis for Brain Hemorrhage Classification.

The boundaries and regions between individual classes in biomedical image classification are hazy and overlapping. These overlapping features make predicting the correct classification result for biomedical imaging data a difficult diagnostic task. Thus, in precise classification, it is frequently necessary to obtain all necessary information before making a decision. This paper presents a novel deep-layered design architecture based on Neuro-Fuzzy-Rough intuition to predict hemorrhages using fractured bone images and head CT scans. To deal with data uncertainty, the proposed architecture design employs a parallel pipeline with rough-fuzzy layers. In this case, the rough-fuzzy function functions as a membership function, incorporating the ability to process rough-fuzzy uncertainty information. It not only improves the deep model's overall learning process, but it also reduces feature dimensions. The proposed architecture design improves the model's learning and self-adaptation capabilities. In experiments, the proposed model performed well, with training and testing accuracies of 96.77% and 94.52%, respectively, in detecting hemorrhages using fractured head images. The comparative analysis shows that the model outperforms existing models by an average of 2.6 ±0.90% on various performance metrics.

Effect of Whole-body Continuous Scanning Speed of Bone Scintigraphy on the Detectability of Vertebral Lesions

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the scanning speed of whole-body scans on the detectability of positive vertebral bone images in bone scintigraphy. We used SIM2 bone phantom to obtain planar images equivalent to scanning speeds of 15, 17, and 20 cm/min. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate lesion detectability and average count (Ct)/pixel, contrast ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the normal vertebral body and the simulated tumor site were measured. The average area under the ROC curves (AUC) was 0.936, 0.929, and 0.915 at speeds of 15, 17, and 20 cm/min, respectively. The average AUC at 20 cm/min was significantly lower than that at 15 cm/min (p<0.05) . However, no other significant differences were found (p=0.448, 0.139). The average Ct/pixel and CNR decreased at 15, 17, and 20 cm/min. The contrast ratio did not change. The results showed that increasing the scan speed from 15 cm/min to 17 cm/min had no effect on the detection of vertebral lesions. Thus, it is possible to reduce the scan time, albeit slightly.

Radiography of OS Calcaneus with Spur Study Formation at Columbia Asia Hospital Medan

Radiographic examination of the calcaneus bone using X-rays can clearly determine the location of the spur formation. The aim of this study was to determine the procedure for carrying out Os Calcaneus radiography with suspected spur formation at Columbia Asia Hospital, Medan. The type of examination used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques are based on the results of literature reviews, interviews, observations and documentation. This examination was carried out at Columbia Asia Hospital Medan, in January 2020, using a General X-ray unit x-ray, 18 cm x 24 cm cassette, with image processing using Computed Radiography. The results of the research obtained radiographic images of the calcaneus bone with greater detail and sharpness, so that it could show spur formation on the calcaneus bone. To show the anatomical picture and pathological abnormalities in the Os Calcaneus with suspected spur formation, it can be done using Axial and Lateral projections.

Clinical manifestations and outcomes of children with bone and joint infections

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the clinical, laboratory, imaging, and bacteriological features of bone and joint infections in children and to identify their characteristic features for early diagnosis. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study patients diagnosed with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, based on established guidelines, were included. We collected demographic, clinical, and imaging data, along with inflammatory markers and microbiological data, and any invasive procedures performed by orthopedic surgeons. We also reviewed the development of long-term sequelae, the duration of treatments, and the types of antibiotics used for both oral and parenteral therapy.&#x0D; Results: The study group consisted of 25 patients with osteomyelitis, 10 with septic arthritis, and 5 with combined infection (osteomyelitis and septic arthritis). Inflammatory marker levels were abnormal in most children. The most commonly identified organism was the Staphylococcal species. Radiological findings compatible with bone and joint infections were detected in all patients whose magnetic resonance imaging results were available. Invasive procedures were performed in 44%, 90%, and 100% of the patients with osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and combined infection, respectively. &#x0D; Conclusion: Sensitivity increased when all the markers were used together. Magnetic resonance imaging considered the most informative imaging modality for bone and joint infections provided the highest sensitivity in our study. These sensitive indicators can be helpful for the early diagnosis and long-term follow-up of patients with unclear presentations.

Quantitative 31P magnetic resonance imaging on pathologic rat bones by ZTE at 7T

BackgroundOsteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), which predisposes individuals to frequent fragility fractures. Quantitative BMD measurements can potentially help distinguish bone pathologies and allow clinicians to provide disease-relieving therapies. Our group has developed non-invasive and non-ionizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to measure bone mineral density quantitatively. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is a clinically approved non-invasive modality to diagnose osteoporosis but has associated disadvantages and limitations. PurposeEvaluate the clinical feasibility of phosphorus (31P) MRI as a non-invasive and non-ionizing medical diagnostic tool to compute bone mineral density to help differentiate between different metabolic bone diseases. Materials and methodsFifteen ex-vivo rat bones in three groups [control, ovariectomized (osteoporosis), and vitamin-D deficient (osteomalacia - hypo-mineralized) were scanned to compute BMD. A double-tuned (1H/31P) transmit-receive single RF coil was custom-designed and in-house-built with a better filling factor and strong radiofrequency (B1) field to acquire solid-state 31P MR images from rat femurs with an optimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and gold-standard gravimetric analyses were performed to compare and validate MRI-derived bone mineral densities. ResultsThree-dimensional 31P MR images of rat bones were obtained with a zero-echo-time (ZTE) sequence with 468 μm spatial resolution and 12–17 SNR on a Bruker 7 T Biospec having multinuclear capability. BMD was measured quantitatively on cortical and trabecular bones with a known standard reference. A strong positive correlation (R = 0.99) and a slope close to 1 in phantom measurements indicate that the densities measured by 31P ZTE MRI are close to the physical densities in computing quantitative BMD. The 31P NMR properties (resonance linewidth of 4 kHz and T1 of 67 s) of ex-vivo rat bones were measured, and 31P ZTE imaging parameters were optimized. The BMD results obtained from MRI are in good agreement with μCT and gravimetry results. ConclusionQuantitative measurements of BMD on ex-vivo rat femurs were successfully conducted on a 7 T preclinical scanner. This study suggests that quantitative measurements of BMD are feasible on humans in clinical MRI with suitable hardware, RF coils, and pulse sequences with optimized parameters within an acceptable scan time since human femurs are approximately ten times larger than rat femurs. As MRI provides quantitative in-vivo data, various systemic musculoskeletal conditions can be diagnosed potentially in humans.

Detectability of cold tumors by xSPECT bone technology compared with hot tumors: a supine phantom study.

Detecting cold as well as hot tumors is vital for interpreting bone tumors on single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images. This study aimed to visually and quantitatively demonstrate the detectability of cold tumors using xSPECT technology compared with that of hot tumors in the phantom study. Five tumors of different sizes and normal bone contained a mixture of 99mTc and K2HPO4 in a spine phantom. We acquired SPECT data using an xSPECT protocol and transverse images were reconstructed using xSPECT Bone (xB) and xSPECT Quant (xQ). Mean standardized uptake values (SUVmean) in volumes of interest (VOI) were calculated. Recovery coefficients (RCs) for each tumor site were calculated with reference to radioactive concentrations. The SUVmeans of the whole vertebral body for hot tumor bone image in cortical bone phantom reconstructed by with xB and xQ were 5.77 and 4.86 respectively. The SUVmean of xB was similar to the true value. The SUVmeans for xB and xQ reconstructed images of cold tumors were both approximately 0.16. The RC of the cold tumor on xQ images increased as the tumor diameter decreased, whereas that of xB remained almost constant regardless of the tumor diameter. In conclusion, the quantitative accuracy of detecting hot and cold tumors was higher in the xB image than in the xQ image. Moreover, the visual detectability of cold tumors was also excellent in xB images.

Deep Learning Model Based on You Only Look Once Algorithm for Detection and Visualization of Fracture Areas in Three-Dimensional Skeletal Images.

Utilizing "You only look once" (YOLO) v4 AI offers valuable support in fracture detection and diagnostic decision-making. The purpose of this study was to help doctors to detect and diagnose fractures more accurately and intuitively, with fewer errors. The data accepted into the backbone are diversified through CSPDarkNet-53. Feature maps are extracted using Spatial Pyramid Pooling and a Path Aggregation Network in the neck part. The head part aggregates and generates the final output. All bounding boxes by the YOLO v4 are mapped onto the 3D reconstructed bone images after being resized to match the same region as shown in the 2D CT images. The YOLO v4-based AI model was evaluated through precision-recall (PR) curves and the intersection over union (IoU). Our proposed system facilitated an intuitive display of the fractured area through a distinctive red mask overlaid on the 3D reconstructed bone images. The high average precision values (>0.60) were reported as 0.71 and 0.81 from the PR curves of the tibia and elbow, respectively. The IoU values were calculated as 0.6327 (tibia) and 0.6638 (elbow). When utilized by orthopedic surgeons in real clinical scenarios, this AI-powered 3D diagnosis support system could enable a quick and accurate trauma diagnosis.

Forensic anthropologists and estimates of skeletal completeness: The impacts of training and experience

Forensic anthropologists engage with numerous and diverse stakeholders in their casework. Regarding the recovery of human remains, these stakeholders may be interested in quantifying or qualifying the amount of remains recovered. How forensic anthropologists respond to such questions, whether verbally or in written reporting, has the potential to impact the trajectory of a case. However, communications about skeletal completeness are rarely discussed within the field. Current data-collection procedures recommend the use of inventories. This approach may be less feasible for complicated assemblages involving commingling or high degrees of fragmentation. Numerous methods exist to quantify the amount of skeletal remains present in complex or larger assemblages, but it remains unclear to what extent forensic anthropologists utilize these methods and whether factors like degree of expertise influence analysts’ ability to report skeletal completeness consistently and precisely.A study was designed to examine differences between public and professional perceptions of skeletal completeness, presenting images of incomplete bones and skeletal remains. Survey participants were asked to assess the completeness of the remains in each image. Few patterns were observed regarding photographs of skeletal assemblages, but distinct differences were observed among individual bones between respondents with different degrees of expertise. These responses reflect potentially unexamined assumptions underlying assessments of incomplete bones and skeletal assemblages. This highlights the necessity of standardizing how we report estimates of completeness within the forensic anthropology community and how we discuss these results with external stakeholders. Completeness estimates must be either removed from reports and bench notes or annotated and cited clearly, as is standard with other aspects of forensic anthropological analysis. Several methods are summarized, with recommendations for integrating them into casework.

Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Bone Metabolism

AbstractThe skeleton plays a significant role in human health. Comprehensive and non‐invasive visualization of the bone is in high demand to detect bone‐related diseases. Clinically, conventional imaging techniques continue to face challenges in terms of limited imaging sensitivity, extended acquisition durations, and the inherent presence of ionizing radiation. These factors collectively hinder their capacity to furnish real‐time spatial insights into cellular activity. Recently, Numerous innovative imaging methodologies employing diverse types of probes have emerged to enhance the clinical detection of bone. In vivo imaging of bone contribute to continuously detecting bone metabolism and growth, diagnosing bone metastases, visualizing medication delivery to bones. Fluorescent probes in dynamic detection of bone metabolism several inherent advantages. First, Fluorescent probes present lower potential long‐term toxicity than radioactive isotope labels. Second, fluorescent dyes used in in vitro imaging are more cost‐effective and come in a more compact size. Next, Near‐infrared (NIR) dyes have deeper tissue penetration capability and lower tissue autofluorescence. However, bone‐imaging fluorescent probes highly depend on phosphonate‐related ligands. These ligands have multiple side effects in clinic and long half‐live of them also exacerbates clearance concerns. This review aims to conclude and analyse the recently reported fluorescent probes for the precise detection of bone. Firstly, we outline the fundamental design mechanism of bone fluorescent probes and describe diverse bone‐targeting moieties, emphasizing the targeting ligands, signal moieties, and functionalities of these probes. Secondly, we discuss the recent promising bone fluorescent probes for the precise and sensitive detection of bone. Finally, we offer our insights on potential future advancements in this field. We anticipate that this review will inspire creative ideas for designing and creating innovative bone‐targeting probes, with applications in bone imaging, pharmaceutical screening, and assessing therapeutic outcomes.

Broadcasting Laboratory Impression Management Strategy in Building the Image of IAIN Bone

This research aims to examine the impression management strategy of the Broadcasting Laboratory in building the image of IAIN Bone. This research presents an image or image strategy that shapes IAIN Bone's reputation as an organization with impression management carried out by the organization through social media broadcasts. The research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. This research design uses a case study with a communication scientific approach. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, interviews, FGD, and documentation. Data analysis techniques are carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The dominance of self-promotion strategies implemented by the Broadcasting Laboratory surpasses four other impression management strategies. Of course, this refers to the way branding image is built by highlighting positive things by mentioning the abilities they have. The ingratiation strategy carried out by the Broadcasting Laboratory further strengthens the characteristics of a humanist campus with an impression of attention from the audience because there are reasons to assess IAIN Bone such as Islamic, up to date, superior, humanist, and so on. Intimidation strategy, the video shown tries to get attention and is expected to give a favorable impression to the audience. The intimidation strategy is not widely implemented by the IAIN Bone Broadcasting Laboratory because it has the opportunity for conflicting arguments in cyberspace. In line with that, the Supplication strategy is also a strategy that is rarely used in the production of IAIN Bone Television and Radio Broadcasting Laboratory programs. The supplication strategy is considered a natural strategy that is rarely used by the “Sky News” production team to give a more natural impression of everything that happens at IAIN Bone.&#x0D; (Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji strategi impression management Laboratorium Penyiaran dalam membangun Citra IAIN Bone. Penelitian ini menyajikan strategi gambaran atau kesan citra yang membentuk reputasi IAIN Bone suatu organisasi dengan impression management yang dilakukan oleh organisasi melalui siaran media sosial dengan. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Studi kasus dengan pendekatan keilmuan Komunikasi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, FGD, dan dokumentasi. penelitian. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Dominasi strategi self-promotion diterapkan Laboratorium Penyiaran melaempat strategi impression management yang lainnya. Tentu hal ini merujuk sebagaimana branding image dibangun dengan menonjolkan hal-hal yang positif dengan menyebutkan kemampuan-kemampuan yang dimiliki. Strategi ingratiation yang dilakukan Laboratorium Penyiaran semakin memperkuat ciri khas kampus yang humanis dengan kesan yang perhatian dari khalayak karena adanya alasan untuk menilai IAIN Bone seperti Islami, up to date, unggul, humanis, dan sebagainya. Strategi intimidation, video yang ditayangkan berupaya mendapat perhatian dan diharapkan mendapat kesan yang disukai oleh khalayak. Strategi intimidation tidak banyak diterapkan oleh Laboratorium Penyiaran IAIN Bone karena memiliki peluang terjadinya konflik pertentangan argumentasi di dunia maya. Sejalan dengan itu, strategi Supplication juga strategi yang jarang dilakukan dalam produksi program Laboratorium Penyiaran Televisi dan Radio IAIN Bone. Strategi supplication dianggap wajar menjadi strategi yang jarang dilakukan oleh tim produksi Sky News untuk memberikan kesan yang lebih natural dari segala hal yang terjadi di IAIN Bone.)

Imaging of Pathologies of the Temporal Bone and Middle Ear: Inflammatory Diseases, Their Mimics and Potential Complications-Pictorial Review.

Imaging of the temporal bone and middle ear is challenging for radiologists due to the abundance of distinct anatomical structures and the plethora of possible pathologies. The basis for a precise diagnosis is knowledge of the underlying anatomy as well as the clinical presentation and the individual patient's otological status. In this article, we aimed to summarize the most common inflammatory lesions of the temporal bone and middle ear, describe their specific imaging characteristics, and highlight their differential diagnoses. First, we introduce anatomical and imaging fundamentals. Additionally, a point-to-point comparison of the radiological and histological features of the wide spectrum of inflammatory diseases of the temporal bone and middle ear in context with a review of the current literature and current trends is given.