Bone Gelatin Research Articles

Anhydride structures affect the acylation modification and emulsion stabilization ability of mammalian and fish gelatins

In this work, ring-like anhydrides (C4, C5, and C6) with different sizes and succinic anhydrides (C4, C10, C12, C14, and C16) with different side chain lengths were used to modify bovine bone gelatin (BBG) and cold-water fish skin gelatin (CFG), and the effect of acylated gelatins on fish oil-loaded emulsions stability was explored. The results showed that the degree of N-acylation decreased with increased ring sizes or side chain lengths, and the surface hydrophobicity of acylated gelatins increased with increased anhydride carbon numbers. Acylated CFGs had higher droplet stability and lower liquid-gel transition time than acylated BBGs. Only BBG-C12 had a slight increase on the creaming stability among these acylated gelatins. These results demonstrated that the gelatins could be modified by all the anhydrides and their emulsion stabilization ability was dependent on the gelatin type and anhydride structure. The results could be beneficial for protein-based emulsifier development and application.

Biodegradable film based on taro starch with variations of duck bone gelatin concentration: physical and barrier properties

Biodegradable film based on taro starch with variations of duck bone gelatin concentration: physical and barrier properties

Quality of gelatin from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by-products and its effects as edible coating on fish sausage during chilled storage

Gelatin is a hydrolysed collagen that can be used as raw material for edible coatings to protect perishable foods such as fish sausage. This study aims to examine the quality of gelatin from tilapia by products (skin, scale, bone) and determine the best source of fish gelatin as edible coating on quality of tilapia sausage during chilled storage. The process of made skin gelatin was demineralized with acetic acid while scale and bone were demineralized by hydrochloric acid. Gelatin was examined for yield, gel strength, and viscosity. After edible coatings were applied to the sausages by dipping method, the sausages were stored in the refrigerator at ±5°C for 21 days. Quality deterioration of sausages during storage were measured by sensory value, moisture content, TPC, gel strength and color. The results showed that the highest gelatin yield was obtained from tilapia scales, which was 6.87% while the yield of skin and bone were 4.33% and 1.47% respectively. The best material for edible coating was bone gelatin with gel strength and viscosity which were 325 bloom and 7.10 cP respectively. The application of sausage, where the appearance and texture of sensory value were still acceptable until 21st days of storage. Sausages with edible coating from tilapia bone also showed the highest gel strength about 2514,99-3716,05 g.cm.

The Potency of Bovine Bone Gelatin as Antihypertensive Agent: A Review

This review was purposed to understand the effectiveness of bovine bone gelatin as an antihypertensive agent. This review concerning the effectiveness of bovine bone gelatin as an antihypertensive agent. Hypertension, also called as a silent disease, has become the main cause of coronary heart disease and stroke that contributes to the malfunction of human organs. Changes of lifestyle alongside with science enhancement, provides new inventions regarding methods of hypertension therapy by minimizing the use of synthetic drugs. Collagen tissue of bovine bone gelatin is known to contain angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, an active peptide that plays a role in lowering blood pressure supporting with the large amount of Gly (27%), Pro (17.6%), and Hyp (14.4%) and repeating pattern of Gly-X-Y. A study was carried out in vivo using injected spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with 30 mg/kg and was able to reduce blood pressure by 15 mmHg. Antihypertensive test with SHR tail-cuff at 30 mg/kg bovine gelatin hydrolysate RGL-(Hyp)-GL and RGM-(Hyp)-GF were 31.3 mmHg and 38.6 mmHg respectively. A study conducted using bovine and porcine gelatin with 30–50 kDa (permeate P1) and 1–2 kDa (permeate P3) was able to reduce blood pressure by 22 mmHg and 21.33 mmHg. In addition, it is still possible conducting research to find out other peptides of bovine bone gelatin that can be used as a future alternative antihypertensive agent.

Technology of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of bone raw material in production of gelatine

Bone gelatin is an important and irreplaceable item widely used in the food industry and pharmaceutical production; it is also widely used in tissue engineering and other spheres. Due to widespread use of gelatin it is necessary to search for new safe and effective technologies for bone gelatin production. This research represents the results of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of raw material in the process of gelatin production. The article presents the results of hydrolysis analyzes, the results of the main quality parameters of the obtained gelatin samples; and the major technological scheme for gelatin production is proposed here. As result of developed technology of enzymatic-acid hydrolysis of bone raw material with the ratio of raw material mass to the volume of solvent (HCl 1M and pepsin with an enzymatic activity of 40 units) as 1:9, duration of exposure: 180 minutes (3 hours), at the stage of demineralization, liming and de-ashing, we obtained samples of gelatin at yield rate of 12.1% from the initial mass of raw materials, which is 6.9% higher in comparison with the lowest yield of gelatin according to the proposed schemes. It is shown that the samples have a high protein mass fraction 91.4%, and a low fat mass fraction 0.4%, the obtained results indicate the high technological qualities of the obtained gelatin sample, this is also confirmed by high strength of gel according to Bloom scale, which value varies within the range of 290 ± 0.7 units.

The effect of type and concentration of acid on the characteristics of gelatine from bones of milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Gelatin is derived from the hydrolysis of the animal collagen contained in the bones and skin. Milkfish bones have the potential to be used as raw materials for gelatine production because it is estimated to be 15–20% of the total body weight of the fish. The extraction of gelatine from fish bones is a solution in utilizing the waste of the fish processing industry. Hydrolysis or soaking in an acidic solution against collagen is aimed to eliminate the salt of calcium and other minerals in the cartilage. This research was conducted to determine the influence of acid types and concentration on the milkfish bones gelatine production. This study used a completely randomized factorial design with two factors. The first factor was the type of acid (citric acid, acetic acid, and a mixture of citric and acetic acids), while the second factor was the concentration of acid (5%, 9%, and 13%). The data obtained were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) Advanced test. The results showed that the type and concentration of acid affected the yield, gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point. The best treatment in this study was extraction using a 9% concentration of citric acid to produce gelatine with a yield of 10.48%, gel strength 283.1 g bloom, viscosity 4.35 cP, melting point 60.1°C, gel point 16.9°C. Identification of gelatine functional groups was carried out on gelatine from the best treatment using FT-IR Spectrophotometer. From the results of FT-IR spectra analysis, it is known that the functional groups present in the sample are – OH, C-O, N-H, C-H, C-N, C=O which are the main functional groups of gelatine. This study showed that the type and concentration of acid affected the characteristics of milkfish bone gelatine

Effects of organic acid on the physicochemical properties of gelatine extracted from Fringescale sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) bones

Gelatine from marine sources especially from the fish becomes a popular alternative to replace the commercial gelatines from bovine and porcine. Fringescale sardinella (Sardinella fimbriata) is commonly used in the fish processing industry and has a high potential to produce gelatine from its by-products. The extraction of gelatine is one of the most important steps that influence its functional properties. Inorganic acid was commonly used in the extraction, however, nowadays it faces some issues due to health safety and its effect on the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of organic acid (fruit vinegar) as a replacement for inorganic acid (hydrochloric acid) during extraction on the physicochemical properties of S. fimbriata gelatine. The extracted gelatines were characterized in terms of their physico-chemical properties such as the yield percentage, gel strength, melting point, molecular weight, structural composition, and amino acid analyses. Results showed that gelatine extracted with organic acid demonstrated low yield percentage (2.9±0.01%) and poor gel strength (75.9±1.06 g) and melting point (22.0±1.00°C) values compared to the standard. This gelatine also demonstrated a low amount of proline and hydroxyproline contents, which were 43.77±8.21 g/mg and 34.99±6.50 g/mg, respectively. Overall findings have suggested that different types of acid used in the extraction resulted in different physico-chemical properties of the gelatine. Such findings suggested that S. fimbriata bone hold the potential to be an alternative source for vast applications in industries. Further studies may focus on different concentrations of acid used in the extraction process. Such findings will help to improve S. fimbriata bone gelatine properties for extended uses in various industries.

Characteristics of gelatin from skin and bone of snakehead (Channa striata) extracted with different temperature and time

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of the skin and bone of snakehead fish as a potential source of gelatin through extraction at different temperatures and times compared to commercial gelatin. Extraction of skin and bones of wild snakehead fish (Channa striata) at different temperatures (50, 60, 70 ºC) and time (12,18, 24 hours). The pre-treatment process used a 0.1 M Ca (OH) 2 (1:6 w/v) immersion solution for 1 h and continued with 0.05 M citric acid (1:6 b/v) for 5 h. Before pre-treatment, the minerals of bones were degreased with 3% HCL solution for 24 hours. The results of the analysis showed that the differences in raw materials, temperature, and extraction time had a significant effect (p <0.05), as well as interactions among treatments (p <0.05) on the yield and gel strength. The yield of skin and bone tended to increase with extending extraction temperature and time, while the highest gelatin strength was found at 60 °C for 12 hours on the skin and 24 hours for the bone. The best gelatin was accomplished based on the highest performance of gel strength on skin and bones and compared to bovine commercial gelatin. The amino acids of the three types of gelatin showed higher levels of glycine and proline than other types of amino acids. Based on the total residues of each amino acid, skin gelatin and bone gelatin showed more dominant hydrophobic properties than hydrophilic properties, in contrast to bovine commercial gelatin. The three types of gelatin showed diverse chemical compositions, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability, water resistance, and fat binding capacity, which was reflected to be closely related to the source of the raw material and its amino acid content. The FTIR results showed that the extracted snakehead fish skin and bones have the potentiality to be used as gelatin equivalent to a commercial one

Edible Films Incorporating with Lactobacillus plantarum Based on Sourdough, Wheat Flour, and Gelatin: Films Characterization and Cell Viability During Storage and Simulated Gastrointestinal Condition

AbstractIncorporating probiotic bacteria with different biopolymers as edible films is an effective approach to improve their viability. In this study, three different films (wheat sourdough powder, whole wheat flour, and bovine bone gelatin) are incorporated with Lactobacillus plantarum separately and the viability of bacteria is monitored during the storage time (40 days at 4 °C) and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results demonstrated that the sourdough film has the best protective effect on the viability of the cells during the film's preparation, storage time (6.5 Log/CFU/g), and simulated gastrointestinal conditions (7.13 Log/CFU/g). A higher rate of reduction is observed in gelatin film at the end of the storage time (4.03 Log/CFU/g). Physicochemical, and mechanical characteristics are examined. It is observed that the incorporation of bacteria does not affect the thickness, moisture content, and solubility of all films, but changed the mechanical properties of the sourdough and the wheat flour films (p ≤ 0.05). Scanning Electron Microscope images showed a more uniform and compact structure for both bacterial and control gelatin films. Although the sourdough film is appropriate for protecting probiotic bacteria (>106 CFU/g), further studies are needed to improve its mechanical properties.

Fish Bone Gelatin

The purpose of this review article is to examine the method of making gelatin, the characteristics of gelatin from the results of research that has been carried out in Indonesia and the benefits of fish gelatin. Based on a review of various articles and other literature, it can be concluded that fish bone gelatin can be extracted by the acid method. The production of fishbone gelatin consists of 4 stages, the preparation of raw materials includes removal of non-collagen components from raw materials, conversion of collagen to gelatin, purification of gelatin by filtering and finally drying and powdering. Fishbone gelatin can be applied to both the food and non-food industries.

Physico-chemical properties of chicken nugget by addition gelatin from the skin and bones of goat with pretreatment L.plantarum and acetic acid

This study aimed to obtain the best quality of chicken nuggets by adding gelatin from goatskin and bones pretreated with L.plantarum and acetic acid. The research method was used a completely randomized design (CRD) with the following treatments: (1)control; (2) goatskin gelatinL.plantarumpretreatment(GsgLp); (3) goatskin gelatin acetic acid pretreatment (GsgAa); (4) goat bone gelatinL.plantarumpre-treatment (GbgLp); (5) goat bone gelatin acetic acid pre-treatment (GbgAa). The results showed a very significant effect (P<0.01) on pH, nugget shear force, brightness L*, reddish a* and yellowish b*. The chicken nuggets added with GbgLp showed the highest of pH value and brightness L* color, but the nugget shear force showed the lowest value. The chicken nuggets added by GbgAa showed the highest a* reddish color value, as did chicken nuggets with the addition of GsgLp showed the highest yellowish color value. Conclusion, the chicken nuggets added with GbgLp showed better quality.

Gelatin Extraction from the Bangladeshi Pangas Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) Waste and Comparative Study of Their Physicochemical Properties with a Commercial Gelatin

Abstract- Production of gelatin from the aquatic source is gradually replacing the mammalian sources because of some socio-cultural and religious issues. The Pangasius pangasius catfish is a native species and very popular in Bangladesh due to their availability and cheap price. The perspective of this study was to extract the gelatin from the skin and bones of this catfish and compare them with commercial gelatin. Gelatin was extracted by applying the acid-base extraction process and the resultant gelatins were evaluated based on some physical properties. The gelatin yield was found significantly higher from the skin sample (10.85±0.93%) than the bone (5.23±0.39%) of Pangasius. The extracted skin gelatin had higher moisture and fat content than the bone and Commercial gelatin, while the ash content was significantly higher in bone gelatin. Protein content was noted in skin gelatin (81.34±3.45%), bone gelatin (73.44±2.58%), Where commercial gelatin (92.38±3.89%). Skin gelatin exerted significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) viscosity (4.62±0.3 mPa.s) than the extracted bone gelatin (3.11±.24 mPa.s) and lower than the commercial gelatin (5.76±0.34 mPa.s). The melting and setting temperature of this catfish skin and bone gelatin were very near to each other and significantly lower than the commercial gelatin. Skin gelatin had exerted higher water holding capacity (2.36±0.11 ml/g), fat binding capacity (3.23±0.05 ml/g), foaming capacity ratio (1.88±0.07), and foam stability (1.51±0.04). Both the skin and bone gelatins were acidic. In this comparative study, it was noticed that the skin gelatin had better physical properties than the bone gelatin of native Pangasius catfish. Pangasius skin may be recognized as a potential aquatic source of edible gelatin with good yield and desirable physical properties comparing with commercial gelatin.

Incorporation of salmon bone gelatine with chitosan, gallic acid and clove oil as edible coating for the cold storage of fresh salmon fillet

Edible coating is an effective strategy to improve the product quality and extend the shelf life of meat products. The objective of this research was to extract gelatine from salmon fish bone and develop a salmon bone gelatine-chitosan based edible coating incorporating gallic acid and/or clove oil as bioactive ingredients for the preservation of fresh salmon fillet at cold storage (4 °C for 15 days). The extraction yield of salmon bone gelatine was 2.5 ± 0.5% wet basis. The salmon bone gelatine extract coating (GE) successfully inhibited discolouration, pH change, lipid and protein oxidation and microbial growth of salmon fillet, but was less effective compared to chitosan coating (CH). The combination of gelatine and chitosan (GE-CH) and the incorporation of gallic acid (GE–CH–GA) improved the antioxidant effects of the coating. In contrast, incorporation of clove oil (GE–CH–CO) enhanced the antimicrobial effects. Overall, the combination of gelatine, chitosan, gallic acid and clove oil (GE–CH–GA-CO) had the best performance on salmon fillet preservation and prolonged the shelf life for at least 5 days. These findings suggest the potential to develop this mixture (GE–CH–GA-CO) as a practical commercial method for the preservation of fresh fish meat.

Examining the effect of indentation separation on the properties of proteinaceous adhesive films made bone gelatine

Understanding the mechanical behaviour and properties of artists’ materials is helpful for evaluating the failure of their structures during exhibition in confined spaces. Generally, macro-sized mock-ups of artists’ materials are conventionally used to approximate the mechanical properties of historic materials. Although with newly adopted small-scale engineering methods, such as indentation, mechanical features can now be directly exploited from micro-sized samples taken from artworks.When preparing for indentation tests a set of empirical rules are often followed, increasing the validity of the obtained results. These rules stress the importance of sample preparation and parameter selection. For sub-millimetre sized samples selecting appropriate spaced indents, that maximize the testing area while avoiding interference for sharp tip indenters, is essential.This work focuses on the process of selecting optimal indent separation for proteinaceous adhesives derived from bones of bovine bone. Here a range of distances with two different originations are evaluated on mock-ups, allowing for the authors to examine the relationship between indent spacing and the obtained material properties. This first step of testing mock-ups is essential, as it assists in developing a comprehensive measuring procedure which takes into consideration the dimensional and geometrical restrictions of historic materials.

Karakteristik Hidrolisat Gelatin Tulang Itik Dengan Enzim Tripsin Sebagai Penghambat Alfa Amilase (α-Amylase Inhibitor)

Gelatin is extracted from beef or pork. One of the potential sources of gelatin to be developed apart from land base mammalian is from poultry, namely duck bones. Gelatin extraction from duck bones can be carried out by the acid method. Several studies have reported that hydrolysis of gelatin using various types of enzymes will increase its bioactivity, such as antioxidants, antibacterials, and antihyperglycemic (alpha amylase inhibitors). The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of duck bone gelatin which hydrolyzed with trypsin enzyme as an alpha amylase inhibitor. This study used nonfactorial completely randomized design (CRD) with different hydrolysis time treatments. Research parameters such as total soluble protein, TCA soluble protein, hydrolysis degree, and alpha amylase inhibitory activity. The results showed that the different treatment times for hydrolysis had a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on the TCA soluble protein value and the degree of hydrolysis. However, there was no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on the total dissolved protein. 180 minutes hydrolysis treatment time with a concentration series of 250; 500; 1000; 2000 ppm has inhibitory activity against alpha amylase, respectively, 39.42; 41.75; 44.58; 48.11%. It has IC50 value of 2.74 mg / mL. The inhibitory activity was still weaker than the positive control for acarbose.

Pengaruh Umur terhadap Kualitas Gelatin Tulang Kaki Kambing melalui Pretreatment Asam Asetat (CH3COOH) (Effect of Age on Gelatin Quality of Goat Bones through Pretreatment of Acetic Acid (CH3COOH))

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the slaughtering age of goats on goat bone gelatin quality. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). Data showing influence are further analyzed using the Duncan test. Treatment consisted of age-old 1-year goat bone (T1), 2-year-old goat bone (T2), and 3-year-old goat bone (T3). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The results showed that the younger the goat age (1 year), the higher the value of yield, protein content, water content, yellowish color level (b), and viscosity. While the fat content, ash content, the level of brightness (L), and redness (a) in the colors show variable results. Each parameter showed a significant effect (P &lt;0.05). Conclusion, 1-year-old goat leg bone gelatin with acetic acid pretreatment (CH3COOH) concentration of 5% has good quality compared to ages 2 and 3 years.

VARIASI WAKTU EKSTRAKSI DAN JENIS ASAM PADA PROSES PRODUKSI GELATIN TULANG IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this research is to find out determine the effect of the most effective extraction time and to determine the effect of the most effective type of acid in the production process of gelatin bone of tilapia fish. This research was using by Split Plot Design (SPD) with 3 times replication, so make 27 experiments were obtained. For main plot is extraction time (4 hours, 5 hours and 6 hours) and subplot is type of acid (4% chloride acid, 3% acetic acid and 6% citrate acid). Response in this research is physical response such as gel gelatin strength, viscosity and rendement total, chemical response such as pH, protein content and ash content and test of bone gelatin of tilapia fish with commercial gelatin. The main research result showed that the extraction time had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin viscosity, gelatin rendement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content. Types of acid had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin renedement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content, and interaction of time of extraction and type of acid had significant effect on gelatin gel strength, gelatin viscosity, gelatin rendement, acidity degree (pH) of gelatin, gelatin protein content and gelatin ash content to the extraction process of bone gelatin of tilapia fish. Based on the comparative test, the characteristics of gelatin of tilapia bone that close to commercial gelatin are a3b2 treatment (6 hours of extraction time, 3% acetic acid) with the result of gelatin gel strength 132,93 bloom; viscosity 5,83 cP; the amount of rendement 16,94; pH 6,10; protein content 83,62%; and ash content of 0.64%.

The Synthesis of Edible Film from Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis niloticus) Bones for Ecofriendly Material of Halal Packaging Applications

Packaging materials, especially in food is the most important of healthy aspect. However, today many types of packaging materials used are hazardous to health and environment, then was found alternative halal packaging materials that are safe for health and environment. One of the alternatives is edible film, synthesis from tilapia bone gelatin, it is using sorbitol as plasticizer. Edible film synthesized by dissolving tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) from bone gelatin in distilled water containing sorbitol, then stirred, poured on flat glass, and heated at 50°C. The procedure is performed with a concentration of gelatin (8% and 10% w/v) and sorbitol (25% and 37% v/v). Then was characterized it is mechanical properties include thickness, tensile strength, and elongation to determine eligibility. The optimum condition of the edible film was obtained from 10% concentration of gelatin with 37% sorbitol, with the character of it is mechanical properties value are 0.05 mm thickness, 3,07 MPa tensile strength, and 64.34% elongation.

STUDY OF GELATIN FROM DUCK BONE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF HALAL GELATIN

Gelatin is an intermediate ingredient which is oftenly used in many field such as food, pharmacy, and cosmetics. It is usually extracted from pig and cow. Halal issue of gelatin sources and the outbreaks of mad cow diseases encouraged people to find an alternative sources of gelatin. One of the alternative sources of gelatin was duck bone. The aim of this research was to describe physicochemical properties of duck bone gelatin which is extracted by using acid extraction method as an alternative sources of halal gelatin. The extraction of duck bone gelatin used 5% concentration of HCl (hydrochloric acid). The extraction process consisted of four steps, they were degreassing, defating, demineralization, and acid extraction. The result showed that gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had these several characteristic: yield of 6.24%, pH 4.0, water content of 13.43%, ash content of 13.42%, protein content of 65.43%, and whiteness degree of 30.35%. Generally, gelatin which was extracted from duck bone had similar characteristic with commercial gelatin and SNI standard. Further researcher had been suggested to reoptimized extraction method in order to reduce ash content.

The Effect of Different pH in Extraction Process Against Physicochemical Properties of Refined Iota Carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum Seaweed.

Gelatin is a simple protein obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, bones, joints and connective tissue of animals. One potential material for the manufacture of gelatin is fish bone milkfish (Chanos chanos). Gelatin derived from fish bones with acid process is able to change the triple helix collagen fibers into a single chain, whereas the solvent base only produce double chain. Demineralization of bone or fish skin should use a weak acid is acetic acid, because when using strong acids will produce a strong scent and color gelatin becomes dark. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of acetic acid to the production of fish bone gelatin and the concentration of acetic acid is necessary to produce gelatin with physical and chemical properties of the best. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments used in this study is the concentration of acetic acid 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. Based on the research, it was found that the acetic acid solvent effect on the value of the yield and gel strength, but has no effect on the pH value and viscosity. Acetic acid concentration 8% give 4.102% yield value; pH value (acidity) 4.98; 134.313 bloom gel strength and viscosity of 3.6 cP. FTIR analysis results indicate that the fish bone gelatin produced from this research have the same functional group with commercial gelatin.