Evaluation Of Bond Strength Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength and modes of failure of five different reinforced glass ionomer restorative cements to TheraCal LC: An in vitro study.

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and modes of failure of different reinforced glass ionomer cement restorative materials such as GC IX, GC Gold Label 2 LC, Amalgomer CR, Equia Forte, and Secure Core Z to TheraCal LC. A total of 50 acrylic blocks, each containing a cylindrical hole in the center were prepared from self-cure acrylic resin and randomly divided into five groups and restored, namely Group A - TheraCal LC + GC Fuji IX, Group B - TheraCal LC + GC Gold Label 2 LC, Group C - TheraCal LC + Amalgomer CR, Group D - TheraCal LC + Equia Forte, and Group E - TheraCal LC + Secure Core Z. All the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 24 h before testing. The statistical tests used for the analysis of the result were: one-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparison test, and the Chi-squared test, and P < 0.05 is considered as the level of significance. Equia Forte showed the highest SBS, while GC type IX showed the lowest SBS with TheraCal LC. Equia Forte can be the restorative material of choice when TheraCal LC is used as a base materials for better clinical efficacy.

Comparative Evaluation of Bond Strengths Between Dual Cure Resin Cement and Light Cure Resin Cement in Root Surface Indirect Restorations: An In Vitro Analysis Study.

Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength betweendual cure and light cure resin cements in root surface indirect restorations. Materials and methods Ten recently extracted human teeth were selected. Cylindrical blocks of resin were prepared and bonded nearthe Cemento-Enamel Junction (CEJ) of the prepared teeth to mimic the restoration at the root surface.The samples were randomly luted to the root surface using the light cure (Calibra Veneer, Dentsply Sirona, India) and dual cure (Fusion Ultra D/C, DenPro, USA) formingtwo groups. The bond strength was checked using the INSTRON 3000 device (INSTRON, MA, USA). The point of fracture of the prepared sample from the tooth surface was noted. All readings were tabulated and further statistically analyzed. Results On comparing the two groups, it was found that the light cured resin had a greater mean shear bond strength (57 N) than the dual cure resin cement (41 N).The difference in the mean value of the shear bond strength between two resin cements was found to be statistically not significant according to independent T-test analysis using Levene's Test (P>0.05). Conclusion From the results obtained and within the limits of the study conducted, we can infer that Calibra Veneer is a more viable option for luting to the root surface area. On the other hand, Fusion Ultra Dual cure resin cement seems to have similar results but has a lower bond strength than the other.

Shear bond strength of calcium silicate-based cements to glass ionomers

BackgroundA shear bond strength between the biomaterial and restorative material is crucial for minimizing bacterial microleakage and ensuring a favorable long-term prognosis for vital pulp therapy. This study aimed to conduct a comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength between calcium silicate-based biomaterials utilized in vital pulp treatment and various glass ionomer cement materials, both with and without the application of adhesive agents.MethodsA total of 270 acrylic blocks, each featuring cavities measuring 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth, were prepared. Calcium silicate-containing biomaterials (ProRoot MTA, Medcem Pure Portland Cement, and Medcem MTA), following manufacturers’ instructions, were placed within the voids in the acrylic blocks and allowed to set for the recommended durations. The biomaterial samples were randomly categorized into three groups based on the restorative material to be applied: conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and bioactive restorative material. Using cylindrical molds with a diameter of 3.2 mm and a height of 3 mm, restorative materials were applied to the biomaterials in two different methods, contingent on whether adhesive was administered. After all samples were incubated in an oven at 37 °C for 24 h, shear bond strength values were measured utilizing a universal testing device. The obtained data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey tests.ResultsThe highest shear bond strength value was noted in the Medcem MTA + ACTIVA bioactive restorative material group with adhesive application, while the lowest shear bond strength value was observed in the ProRoot MTA White + Equia Forte HT Fil group without adhesive application (P < 0.05).ConclusionActiva Bioactive Restorative may be considered a suitable restorative material in combination with calcium silicate-based biomaterials for vital pulp treatment. The application of adhesives to calcium silicate-based biomaterials can effectively address the technical limitations.

Effect of Nisin-based pretreatment solution on dentin bond strength, antibacterial property, and MMP activity of the adhesive interface

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a Nisin-based dentin pretreatment solution on microtensile bond strength, antibacterial activity, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity of the adhesive interface. Materials and methods100 human molars were sectioned to expose dentin. The teeth were assigned to five groups (n = 20), according to the dentin pretreatment: 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% Nisin; 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control), and no solution (negative control), and divided into 2 subgroups: no aging, and thermomechanical aging. Specimens were etched with 37% H3PO4 for 15 s and submitted to the dentin pretreatment. Then, they were bonded with an adhesive (Adper Single Bond 2) and a resin composite for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) evaluation. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was qualitatively examined using an agar diffusion test. Anti-MMP activity within hybrid layers was examined using in-situ zymography. Data were analyzed with two-factor ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.050). ResultsFor μTBS, significant differences were identified for the factors “solutions” (p = 0.002), “aging” (p = 0.017), and interaction of the two factors (p = 0.002). In the absence of aging, higher μTBS was observed for the group 0.5% Nisin. In the presence of aging, all groups showed similar μTBS values. All Nisin concentrations were effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans. Endogenous MMP activity was more significantly inhibited using 0.5% and 1.0% Nisin (p < 0.050). Conclusion0.5% and 1.0% Nisin solutions do not adversely affect resin-dentin bond strength and exhibit a potential bactericidal effect against S. mutans. Both concentrations effectively reduce endogenous gelatinolytic activity within the hybrid layer. Clinical relevanceThe use of 0.5% and 1.0% Nisin solutions for dentin pretreatment potentially contributes to preserving the adhesive interface, increasing the longevity of composite restorations.

Evaluation of True Bonding Strength for Adhesive Bonded Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastics.

Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) have attracted attention in aerospace because of their superior specific strength and stiffness. It can be assembled by adhesive bonding; however, the existing evaluation of bonding strength is inadequate. For example, in a single-lap shear test, the weld zone fails in a combined stress state because of the bending moment. Therefore, the strength obtained experimentally is only the apparent strength. The true bonding strength was obtained via numerical analysis by outputting the local stress state at the initiation point of failure. In this study, the apparent and true bonding strengths were compared with respect to three types of strength evaluation tests to comprehensively evaluate bonding strength. Consequently, the single-lap shear test underestimates the apparent bonding strength by less than 14% of the true bonding strength. This indicates that care should be taken when determining the adhesion properties for use in numerical analyses based on experimental results. We also discussed the thickness dependence of the adhesive on the stress state and found that the developed shear test by compression reduced the discrepancy between apparent and true strength compared with the single-lap shear test and reduced the thickness dependence compared with the flatwise tensile test.

Evaluation of the Push-Out Bond Strength and Penetration of Guttaflow bioseal, Endoseal MTA and Guttaflow 2 versus AH-Plus Root Canal Sealers into the Dentinal Tubules in Mandibular Premolar Teeth (A Randomized in vitro comparative study)

Evaluation of the Push-Out Bond Strength and Penetration of Guttaflow bioseal, Endoseal MTA and Guttaflow 2 versus AH-Plus Root Canal Sealers into the Dentinal Tubules in Mandibular Premolar Teeth (A Randomized in vitro comparative study)

Comparative evaluation of tensile bond strength in healthy dentin and caries-affected dentin, pre-treated with either grape seed extract or riboflavin: an in vitro study

Comparative evaluation of tensile bond strength in healthy dentin and caries-affected dentin, pre-treated with either grape seed extract or riboflavin: an in vitro study

Comparative evaluation of the shear bond strength of lithium disilicate veneers using one light-cure and two dual-cure resin cement: An in vitro study.

The present in vitro study aimed to comparatively evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of one light-cure and two dual-cure resin cement to bond lithium disilicate veneers. Thirty maxillary central incisors (n = 30) were procured and randomly divided into three groups of adhesive/resin cement systems, into groups of 10 each (n = 10); Group A: Adper Single Bond 2/RelyX Veneer Cement, Group B: Prime and Bond NT/Calibra, and Group C: Excite DSC/Variolink II. All the tooth samples were etched and respective bonding agent was applied. Similarly, all the laminate veneer specimens were etched, silanated, and treated with respective bonding agents before cementation with the respective resin cement. The SBS was measured in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data obtained were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. The highest SBS was demonstrated by Group C (18.8 ± 0.92 Mpa), followed by Group B (18.4 ± 0.74) Mpa, and the least by Group A (17.4 ± 0.75 MPa). Significant differences were found between Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively. However, Group B and Group C did not differ significantly from each other. Dual-cure resin cement have higher SBS than the light-cure variants.

Evaluation of the root dentin bond strength and intratubular biomineralization of a premixed calcium aluminate-based hydraulic bioceramic endodontic sealer.

This study evaluated the dentin bonding strength and biomineralization effect of a recently developed premixed calcium aluminate-based endodontic sealer (Dia-Root Bio Sealer) in comparison with existing calcium silicate-based sealers. The root canals of 80 mandibular premolars were filled with Dia-Root Bio Sealer, Endoseal MTA, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer. Medial and apical specimens were then obtained by sectioning. The push-out bond strength was measured using the medial specimens, and the failure mode was recorded. Intratubular biomineralization in the apical specimens was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05). The push-out bond strength of Dia-Root Bio Sealer was significantly higher than that of the other tested materials, and a cohesive failure pattern was observed in all groups. Dia-Root Bio Sealer also exhibited a significantly higher degree of biomineralization than the other groups, and EDS analysis indicated that the biomineralized precipitates were amorphous calcium phosphate. The results of this study indicate that Dia-Root Bio Sealer has the potential to be used as an adequate root canal sealer due to its favorable bonding performance.

Comparative Evaluation of Bond Strength, Micro hardness and Fluoride Release of Two Bioactive Restorative Materials

Comparative Evaluation of Bond Strength, Micro hardness and Fluoride Release of Two Bioactive Restorative Materials

Bond strength evaluation of various pulp capping materials to various resin based restorations utilizing different adhesion approaches

Bond strength evaluation of various pulp capping materials to various resin based restorations utilizing different adhesion approaches

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties and Shear Bond Strength of Conventional Orthodontic Adhesive Modified With Calotropis gigantea Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study.

Bonding of brackets with adhesives during orthodontic fixed appliance therapy is associated with white spot lesions (WSLs). An adhesive developed with an antimicrobial property is advantageous to prevent decalcification of the enamel surface. The current study assesses the antimicrobial and shear bond strength (SBS) characteristics of an experimental conventional orthodontic adhesive incorporated with different concentrations of nanoparticles (NPs) prepared from the leaves of Calotropis gigantea and compares them with non-admixed conventional adhesive. A total of 40 premolar teeth therapeutically extracted for orthodontic purposes were randomly assigned to four equal groups of n = 10 each. In control Group I, unmodified conventional adhesive was used to bond the brackets. In the three experimental groups, Group II, Group III, and Group IV, the brackets were bonded with modified conventional adhesive admixed with the C. gigantea NPs in concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. The agar well diffusion test and the disc agar diffusion (DAD) test were utilized for assessing the anti-microbial activity of the composite discs. The SBS of the groups was determined by a universal testing machine. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey'shonestly significant difference (HSD) post-hoc test was used to analyze the difference in shear bond strength and microbial inhibition zone diameter between the groups with a probability (p) value of equal to or less than 0.05 as statistical significance. The mean SBS for Group I without nanoparticles is 6.99±0.75 MPa. The SBS value decreased inversely in proportion to the concentration of NPs: Group II (1% NP) 6.29±0.67 MPa; Group III (5% NP) 4.40±0.47 MPa; and Group IV (10% NP) 1.98±0.21 MPa, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). The incorporation of C. gigantea NPs resulted in a decrease in the actual microbial potency of the conventional adhesive. Isolated C. gigantea NPs, when used alone, proved to have antimicrobial efficacy, but orthodontic adhesives admixed with C. gigantea NPs showed no additive effect, and SBS values decreased with increased concentrations of NPs.

"No-Primer" Resin Cementation of Lithium Disilicate Ceramic: A Microtensile Bond Strength Evaluation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the resin-ceramic adhesion of a long-carbon-chain silane (LCSI)-containing resin cement. Polished lithium disilicate ceramic discs were etched with hydrofluoric acid and randomly assigned into four groups; (PSAP), cemented using a silane-free resin cement with no prior priming; (PSAP-S), primed using a silane-containing primer before cementation using a silane-free resin cement; (PSAU), cemented using a LCSI-containing resin cement with no prior priming; (PSAU-S), primed as for the group (PSAP-S) and cemented using a LCSI-containing resin cement. The cemented blocks were sectioned into microbeams. The resin-ceramic microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was measured at 1 week and after thermocycling. The failure modes of the tested microbeams were evaluated. The μTBS of the LCSI-containing and silane-free resin cements, either with or without a prior priming step, did not significantly differ. The adhesion of the LCSI-containing resin cement to lithium disilicate ceramic, either with or without a prior priming step, did not significantly deteriorate after artificial aging. The long-carbon-chain silane (LCSI) monomer incorporated in the resin cement eliminated the need for a silane priming step of a hydrofluoric acid-etched lithium disilicate ceramic.

Evaluation of bond strength of helically ribbed CFRP bar connections as mechanical anchorage schemes

In spite of their outstanding properties, FRP reinforcing bars still face a series of drawbacks that should be addressed to widen their applications. For example, straight FRP bars must be used because those bars suffer significant strength degradation when curved. This implies that FRP bars resist the slip nearly solely through their bond strength with concrete. In addition, helically ribbed FRP bars exhibit bond strength twice higher than sand coated bars but develop weaker bond characteristics with concrete than the steel rebar. Anchorages are thus needed to improve the bond strength but may be difficult to realize in narrow spaces like joints. Therefore, this study examines the combined use of helically ribbed FRP bars with connections like lap-splice, epoxy-filled tube, coupler or expanded ribs as mechanical anchorages. A total of 36 pullout specimens considering the types of connection as parameter are tested to investigate the eventual effectiveness of the connections in enhancing the bond behavior. The use of two expanded ribs appears to be the best option. The predictions of the bond stress-slip models of current design codes are compared to the experimental data to examine whether these models can simulate accurately the connections.

Sensitivity of lap-shear test to errors in groove cutting and influence of wood type/treatment

EN 302-1 and EN 205 are among the most commonly used standards for the approval as well as research of wood adhesives to evaluate bond strength. The present study investigates the sensitivity of the lap-joint samples to a possible error in groove cutting as well as the influence of using steam-treated and untreated beech wood on tensile shear strength. The lap-joint specimens cut with 0.5 mm too shallow and 0.5 mm too deep grooves was compared with samples cut precisely within the tolerances mentioned in the standards. A comparison of tensile shear strength between the joints manufactured out of steam-treated and untreated beechwood has been made.The results show a significant influence of groove depth on the resulting tensile shear strength. While deep groves (+0.5 mm) underestimate, shallow grooves (−0.5 mm) overestimate it dramatically. Additionally, the joints with steam-treated beech wood delivered lower tensile shear strength than those of untreated beech wood bonds when there is a considerable wood failure percentage. When the ultimate tensile shear strength of the adhesive bond approaches the shear strength parallel to the grain of wood, the impact of steam-treated beech wood on the estimation of adhesive bond strength is higher.

Evaluation of Push-out Bond Strength of Bioceramic Root Canal Sealers with Different Final Irrigation Protocols

This study aims to evaluate the bond strength of bioceramic root canal sealers, with different final irrigation protocols. A total of 104 human upper incisor teeth were selected for applying four different irrigation solutions (Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), Chlorine Hexidine Gluconate (CHX), Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), and Distilled Water (D.W)) and two root canal sealer protocols (Endosequence BC (BC), Well-Root ST (ST)), in this in vitro study. After root canal treatment specimens were sectioned to three parts (coronal, middle, and apical). Push-out bond strength test was performed in a universal testing machine (Zwick-Roel, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Regardless of the irrigation protocol and sealer used, the highest bond strength values were obtained from the apical section ($$p&lt;0.05$$). 5.25% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX + 17% EDTA + D.W statistically showed the highest bond strength value and 2% CHX + 17% EDTA + 2% CHX group showed the lowest value in this study ($$p&lt;0.05$$). The bond strength values of Endosequence BC Sealer were statistically higher than the bond strength values of Well Root ST ($$p&lt;0.05$$). According to the final irrigation, Endosequence BC Sealer and Well Root ST root canal sealers showed the highest bonding strength in CHX + EDTA + D.W and NaOCl + EDTA + NaOCl groups.

In Vitro Evaluation of Push-Out Bond Strength in Three Different Post Systems

Background and objectives: Intimate adaptation to the canal walls is accomplished by custom-made posts which leave an even thickness of cement layer. Therefore, this study has been conducted for assessing the strength of push-out bond among prefabricated fiber posts, relined fiberglass posts, and zirconium posts using resin cement of self-adhesive and adhesive. The mode of failure was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Sixty uniradicular teeth were endodontically treated. According to the kind of post system and cement utilized (n=10), the specimens were separated randomly into six groups. Zirconium oxide post, customized glass fiber post, and glass fiber post were used. The roots were divided into three discs: apical, middle, and cervical sections. After that, the discs were put through a push-out test, and the fracture mode was examined using a stereomicroscopic loupe. Results: The highest push-out value was recorded for the relined post (8±2.83 MPa), and the lowest was registered with no significant differences for the prefabricated post (7.27±3.76 MPa). There were no significant differences in strength bond across the various posts and root regions (P?.05). Adhesive failure at the dentin-cement interfaces for the prefabricated and relined post was (60, 57) % respectively, and zirconium oxide post was (22%). Conclusions: Relined posts may be a suitable clinical situation as a post material selection with reduced clinical steps. When posts are joined using self-adhesive and adhesive resin cement, the root region has no important influence on the strength of the bond.

Evaluation of the shear bond strength of a tricalcium silicate-based material to four self-adhering glass ionomer materials: an in vitro study.

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of EQUIA Forte HT with that of other restorative materials, including EQUIA Forte, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) when bonded to NeoMTA 2. A total of 120 holes were created in Teflon molds and filled with NeoMTA 2. The restorative materials were immediately applied using customized silicone molds. The samples were randomly divided into two main groups: one to measure the immediate SBS and the other to measure the delayed SBS. These two main groups were further divided into four subgroups based on the restorative material used: EQUIA Forte HT, EQUIA Forte, GIC, and RMGIC. The study groups showed statistically significant differences in the mean SBS (p < 0.0001). The immediate SBS of the RMGIC group (mean ± SD: 5.43 ± 1.22) was significantly higher than those of the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups, with no significant difference found compared to the SBS of EQUIA Forte HT. In the delayed SBS, both the RMGIC and EQUIA Forte HT groups (4.98 ± 0.67 and 4.93 ± 0.60, respectively) demonstrated significantly higher bond strengths than the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups (3.81 ± 0.57 and 4.2 ± 0.63, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the RMGIC and EQUIA Forte HT groups or between the GIC and EQUIA Forte groups. Based on our findings, EQUIA Forte HT has shown promising outcomes when used as a restorative material following pulpotomies, with results comparable to those of RMGIC.

Evaluation of push-out bond strength, dentinal tubule penetration and adhesive pattern of bio-ceramic and epoxy resin-based root canal sealers.

Root canal sealing materials play a crucial role in an endodontic procedure by forming a bond between the dentinal walls and the gutta-percha. The current study aims to analyse the dentinal tubule penetration and adhesive pattern, including the push-out bond strength of six commercially available root canal sealers. Eighty-four mandibular first premolars were split into seven groups (and n = 12), Group 1: Dia-Root, Group 2: One-Fil, Group 3: BioRoot RCS, Group 4: AH Plus, Group 5: CeraSeal, Group 6: iRoot SP, Group 7: GP without sealer (control). Two groups were made, one for dentinal tubule penetration and the other for push-out bond strength; the total sample size was one hundred sixty-eight. Root canal treatment was performed using a method called the crown down technique, and for obturation, the single cone technique was used. A confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica, Microsystem Heidel GmbH, Version 2.00 build 0585, Germany) was used to evaluate dentinal tubule penetration, and Universal Testing Machine was utilised to measure the push-out bond strength (Shimadzu, Japan) using a plunger size of 0.4 mm and speed of 1mm/min. Finally, the adhesive pattern of the sealers was analysed by HIROX digital microscope (KH-7700). Statistical analysis was carried out by a one-way Anova test, Dunnet's T3 test, and Chi-square test. Highest dentinal tubule penetration was noticed with One-Fil (p<0.05), followed by iRoot SP, CeraSeal, AH Plus, Dia-Root also, the most negligible value was recorded for BioRoot RCS. Meanwhile, BioRoot RCS (p<0.05) demonstrated the greater value of mean push-out bond strength, followed by One-fil, iRoot SP, CeraSeal, AH Plus and Dia-Root. Regarding adhesive pattern, most of the samples were classified as type 3 and type 4 which implies greater sealing ability and better adherence to the dentinal wall. However, BioRoot RCS revealed the most type 4 (p<0.05), followed by AH Plus, One-Fil, CeraSeal and Dia-Root. The highest dentinal tubule penetration was shown by One-Fil compared to other groups. Meanwhile, BioRoot RCS had greater push-out bond strength and more adhesive pattern than other tested materials.

In Vitro Evaluation of Viscosity, Depth of Penetration, Microleakage, and Shear Bond Strength of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants.

Sealants are effective in preventing and arresting pit and fissure caries. Newer brands of sealants continue to be developed despite the lack of scientifically based information addressing the caries-preventive properties of these materials. Hence, laboratory in vitro tests play a vital role in providing the necessary information regarding the efficacy of new products in a short period of time. To compare and evaluate the viscosity, resin tag length, microleakage, and shear bond strength between conventional and hydrophilic sealants. A total of 40 extracted third molars were selected. Only 20 were evaluated for microleakage and resin tag length and another 20 for shear bond strength evaluation between group I-ClinPro and group II-UltraSeal XT hydro. After sealant placement, specimens were immersed in 0.1% rhodamine dye, followed by thermocycling. Microleakage testing was done using a confocal laser scanning microscope and resin tag length evaluation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and shear bond strength using an Universal Instron machine. Viscosity was assessed using an Anton Paar viscometer. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20. Viscosity and mean microleakage scores for group I (0.92 MPa and 1.50) were found to be higher than for group II (0.72 MPa and 0.60). Mean resin tag length and mean shear bond strength for group I (7.46 ± 0.95 μm and 13.71 ± 0.94 MPa) were found to be less compared to group II (10.03 ± 1.00 μm and 20.39 ± 0.98 MPa). The results were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Group II was found to be less viscous, which resulted in the formation of resin tags of sufficient length and showed less microleakage and higher shear bond strength than group I. Prabakar J, Jeevanandan G, Kengadaran S. In Vitro Evaluation of Viscosity, Depth of Penetration, Microleakage, and Shear Bond Strength of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):745-750.