Boletus Satanas Research Articles

Efficiency Comparison of Two Acaricides, Mycetism Boletus satanas (Lenz) and Plant Extract (Eucalypts) Converted to Nano Particles Images on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) مقارنة الکفاءة لتأثیرمبیدین أکاروس ومستخلص فطری ونباتی وصورهم النانوتکنولوجیه على الأکاروس الاحمر ذو البقعتین

Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the toxic effect and also the bioactivity of certain recently conventional pesticides (acarmite nano, acarmite common, Spirodiclofen nano, Spirodiclofen common, eucalypts extract nano eucalypts extract common, boletus satanas nano and boletus satanas common) against females adult and eggs for two spotted “spider mite” Tetranychus urticae, Koch. Moreover, to evaluate the sub lethal doses side effects of compounds tested on several bio-aspects of T. urticae, and evaluates of these toxicological actions of these compounds aginst testedpest T. urticae, on infested cottons under the field condition. Data obtained cleared that, the acarmite nanoparticles was the biggest toxic against females adult of T. urticae followed by common solution of acarmite.While nanoparticles of each eucalypts extract and boletus satanas give intermediate toxic to tested femoles of T.urticae .Common solution of eucalypts extractand boletus satanas were lowest action of toxic against T.urticae females.

Mushroom Poisoning-A 17 Year Retrospective Study at a Level I University Emergency Department in Switzerland.

The consequences of mushroom poisoning range from mild, mostly gastrointestinal, disturbances to organ failure or even death. This retrospective study describes presentations related to mushroom poisoning at an emergency department in Bern (Switzerland) from January 2001 to October 2017. Gastrointestinal disturbances were reported in 86% of the 51 cases. The National Poisons Information Centre and mycologists were involved in 69% and 61% of the cases, respectively. Identification of the mushroom type/family was possible in 43% of the cases. The most common mushroom family was Boletaceae (n = 21) and the most common mushrooms Xerocomus chrysenteron (n = 7; four being part of a cluster), Clitocybe nebularis, Lepista nuda and Lactarius semisanguifluus (n = 5 each, four being part of a cluster). Poisonous mushrooms included Amanita phalloides (n = 3, all analytically confirmed), Boletus satanas (n = 3), Amanita muscaria (n = 2) and Amanita pantherina (n = 2). There were no fatalities and 80% of the patients were discharged within 24 h. Mushroom poisoning does not appear to be a common reason for emergency consultation and most presentations were of minor severity and related to edible species (e.g., due to incorrect processing). Nevertheless, poisonous mushrooms and severe complications were also recorded. Collaboration with a poison centre and/or mycologists is of great importance, especially in high risk cases.

New classification of mushrooms poisoning

Mushrooms are a valued food delicacy in many parts of the world, but a number of species can cause harmful effects in humans, in some cases potentially lethal. In recent years the range of recognized clinical syndromes associated with mushroom poisoning has expanded and is now well beyond the scope of past classification schemes. Here, we construct a new diagnostic algorithm based on an updated and comprehensive classification of mushroom poisoning. We surveyed the available literature through a PubMed search spanning 1927–2018 using the terms “mushroom” and “poisoning” in all possible variations, identifying 1923 papers, from which we extracted those detailing distinct clinical syndromes. We focused on papers published following the major 1994 review by Spoerke and Rumack (subset of 858 papers), particularly noting papers describing “new” syndromes of mushroom poisoning. New syndromes were considered eligible for inclusion into the classification system if there was sufficient detail about both causation and clinical descriptions. Considered criteria included: identity of mushrooms, clinical profile, epidemiology, and the distinctive features of poisoning in comparison with previously documented syndromes. We propose 6 major groups, plus subgroups based on an analysis of key clinical features that might be relevant in distinguishing between poisoning syndromes. Some clinical features, notably gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea), are common to many types of mushroom poisoning, and it is important that any diagnostic process acknowledges this, in order to avoid missing these cases during the window of opportunity for treatment. Group 1 - Cytotoxic mushroom poisoning. This group encompasses those types of poisoning where there is specific major internal organ pathology, causing either primary hepatotoxicity, or primary nephrotoxicity: 1A, primary hepatotoxicity (amatoxins); 1B, early primary nephrotoxicity (amino hexadienoic acid; AHDA); 1 C, delayed primary nephrotoxicity (orellanines). Group 2 - Neurotoxic mushroom poisoning. This group includes those classic types of mushroom poisoning causing primary neurotoxicity: 2A, hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybins and related toxins); 2B, autonomic-toxicity mushrooms (muscarines); 2 C, CNS-toxicity mushrooms (ibotenic acid/muscimol); 2D, morel neurologic syndrome (Morchella spp .). Group 3 - Myotoxic mushroom poisoning. This group covers mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis as the primary feature: 3A, rapid onset ( Russula spp .); 3B, delayed onset ( Tricholoma spp .) . Group 4 - Metabolic-toxicity mushroom poisoning. This group includes a wide variety of poisoning syndromes and clinical presentations, so could be considered a grouping assembled for convenience, rather than reflecting close clinical similarities: 4A, GABA-blocking mushroom poisoning (gyromitrins); 4B, disulfiram-like (coprines); 4 C, polyporic mushroom poisoning (polyporic acid); 4D, trichothecene mushroom poisoning (Podostroma spp .); 4E, hypoglycaemic mushroom poisoning (Trogia venenata) ; 4F, hyperprocalcitoninemia mushroom poisoning (Boletus satanas) ; 4G, pancytopenic mushroom poisoning (Ganoderma neojaponicum) . Group 5 - Gastrointestinal irritant mushroom poisoning. This group includes a wide variety of mushrooms that cause gastrointestinal effects without causing other clinically significant effects. This latter distinction is important, because many types of mushroom poisoning cause gastrointestinal effects in addition to their primary toxicity effects. Group 6 - Miscellaneous adverse reactions to mushrooms. This group contains those types of mushroom “poisoning” which do not fit within the previous 5 groups. Not all are due to specific “poisoning” reactions: 6A, Shiitake mushroom dermatitis; 6B, erythromelagic mushrooms (Clitocybe acromelagia) ; 6 C, Paxillus syndrome (Paxillus involutus) ; 6D, encephalopathy syndrome (Pleurocybella porrigens). We analysed the clinical profile for each group and subgroup of mushroom poisoning, based on a matrix of clinical symptoms/signs and from this developed a diagnostic algorithm, in 6 sections, to allow separation of each poisoning syndrome, with priority placed on those syndromes which were either most severe, or most common. The diagnostic algorithm is intended to be effective for single syndrome poisoning; where ingestions of multiple types of mushroom occur, resulting in a mixed poisoning syndrome presentation, it is impractical to expect a diagnostic algorithm to distinguish each participating syndrome, but it should identify syndromes of concern. The proposed new classification of mushroom poisoning is the result of our considered efforts to create an organised strategy to assist patient care decisions. We anticipate that new types of mushroom poisoning may emerge and incorporation of these within the classification may require future modification of the scheme and the diagnostic algorithm. The real test for the proposed system will be clinical use.

Pesticidal Activity of Wild Mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz Extracts against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Maize Grains

Boletus satanas Lenz (Boletaceae) is a basidiomycete fungus reported to contain monomeric glycoproteins (lectins) which are known to possess insecticidal, larvicidal, ovicidal and anti-nutritional activities. This study was carried out to assess the toxicity, anti-feedant and repellence potential of the crude methanol extract of the mushroom in stored maize grains. Six levels of concentration ranging from 0.05 to 0.5% w/w were used during the assessments. Untreated grains and grains treated with 2% Actellic gold TM dust (0.05% w/w) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with three replicates made for each treatment level and controls. The 0.5% w/w methanol extract exhibited the highest mean mortality of 68.3% and 94.2% inhibition in F1 progeny. Moreover, 89.7% reduction in grain damage and 98.3% pest repellence were observed. These findings render credence to the use of B. satanas as a potential biopesticide by subsistence farmers to preserve grains and corroborate the ongoing IPM strategies.

Bolevenine, a Toxic Protein from the Japanese Toadstool Boletus venenatus

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Bolevenine, a toxic protein from the Japanese toadstool Boletus venenatus

A toxic protein, called bolevenine, was isolated from the toxic mushroom Boletus venenatus based on its lethal effects on mice. On SDS–PAGE, in either the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, this protein showed a single band of ∼12 kDa. In contrast, based on gel filtration and MALDI-TOFMS, its relative molecular mass was estimated to be ∼30 kDa and ∼33 kDa, respectively, indicating that the protein consists of three identical subunits. This toxin exhibited its lethal activity following injection at 10 mg/kg into mice. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined up to 18, and found to be similar to the previously reported bolesatine, a toxic compound isolated from Boletus satanas.

Aspirin and heparin prevent hepatic blood stasis and thrombosis induced by the toxic glycoprotein Bolesatine in mice.

Bolesatine is a toxic glycoprotein isolated from Boletus satanas Lenz, which inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro. The LD50 (24 h) is 1 mg /kg bw (i.p.), in mice and rats. When given i.p. to mice (0.1 - 1.0 mg/kg bw) bolesatine induced thrombi and blood stasis in the liver, 5 - 21 h after injection, and modifications of the number of blood corpuscles in peripheral blood. These effects were efficiently reversed by aspirin, ticlopidin and heparin (as attested by histology and electron microscopy) which however failed to prevent death in animals given lethal doses. Together, these results showed that the death of bolesatine poisoned animals given high doses, was rather due to a combination of thrombosis and other toxic effects. In addition, they suggest that these antithrombotic drugs may overcome cases of human poisoning, with low exposures of this boletus, showing a hypertension probably due to mechanical obstruction which resists normal therapy.

Molecular evidence for recognizing the Chaetothyriales

The 18S rRNA gene sequences from the bitunicate ascomycetes Ceramothyrium linnaeae (Chaetothyriaceae) and Coccodinium bartschii (Coccodiniaceae) were determined and aligned with the corresponding sequences from 33 other ascomycetes and one basidiomycete, Boletus satanas. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences supported previous reports that the Herpotrichiellaceae (Capronia, black yeasts, etc.) are distant from Dothideales and Pleosporales. A new sequence of Ceramothyrium linnaeae, representing the family Chaetothyriaceae, is monophyletic with representatives of the Herpotrichiellaceae, suggesting that both families can be accommodated in the order Chaetothyriales. The concept of Chaetothyriales can not be based on the presence of periphysoids, since Coccodinium bartschii, which also has periphysoids, clustered with members of the Dothideaceae. The Chaetothyriales are not closely related to other bitunicates, but are the sister group of either Eurotiales or Lecanorales/Peltigerales.

Molecular Evidence for Recognizing the Chaetothyriales

The 18S rRNA gene sequences from the bitunicate ascomycetes Ceramothyrium linnaeae (Chaetothyriaceae) and Coccodinium bartschii (Coccodiniaceae) were determined and aligned with the corresponding sequences from 33 other ascomycetes and one basidiomycete, Boletus satanas. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences supported previous reports that the Herpotrichiellaceae (Capronia, black yeasts, etc.) are distant from Dothideales and Pleosporales. A new sequence of Ceramothyrium linnaeae, representing the family Chaetothyriaceae, is monophyletic with representatives of the Herpotrichiellaceae, suggesting that both families can be accommodated in the order Chaetothyriales. The concept of Chaetothyriales can not be based on the presence of periphysoids, since Coccodinium bartschii, which also has periphysoids, clustered with members of the Dothideaceae. The Chaetothyriales are not closely related to other bitunicates, but are the sister group of either Eurotiales or Lecanorales/Peltigerales.

Volatile Components of Ten Frozen Mushrooms (Basidiomycetes)

ABSTRACT Twenty-nine volatile substances often frozen mushrooms (Grifola frondosa, Clitocybe nebularis, Clitocybe odora, Tricholoma sulfureum, Agaricus bisporus, Amanita ovoidea, Clitopilus prunulus, Hebeloma radicosum, Pholiota apicrea, Boletus satanas, Basidiomycetes) from France have been identified by GC/MS. The main components of the fruit bodies were l-octen-3-ol, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal. Lysidine, δ-cadinene, cis-sabinene hydrate and trans-sabinene hydrate were identified for the first time in mushrooms.

Lipid peroxidation induced by bolesatine, a toxin of Boletus satanas: implication in m5dC variation in Vero cells related to inhibition of cell growth.

Bolesatine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz, has previously been shown to be mitogenic in rat and human lymphocytes at very low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations inhibited protein synthesis in vitro and in several in vivo systems. The low concentrations (1-10 ng/ml) of bolesatine were shown to activate protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (cell-free system) and in Vero cells. In the same time, Vero cells significantly proliferated when incubated with bolesatine concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 ng/ml; the DNA synthesis increased by 27-59% as referred to the control, and InsP3 release increased in a concentration-dependent manner, up to 142%. At higher concentrations, 1-10 micrograms in cell-free systems, bolesatine inhibits protein synthesis by hydrolyzing the nucleoside triphosphates GTP and ATP. In the present work, the implication of other toxic mechanisms, such as lipid peroxidation and active radical production, was investigated in relation to inhibition of cell growth, whereas possible modifications of the ratio m5dC/dC+m5dC were determined in order to correlate with the biphasic action of bolesatine in Vero cells. Low concentrations of bolesatine up to 10 ng/ml do not increase malonaldehyde (MDA) production, while they induce hypomethylation (5.2% as compared to 7.1%). Higher concentrations (above 20 ng/ml) increase MDA production, from 58 ng/mg of cellular proteins to 113 ng/mg at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, for example, and induce hypermethylation in Vero cell DNA. It is concluded that low concentrations of bolesatine that are proliferative induce hypomethylation, which could be one of the pathways whereby bolesatine induces cell proliferation. Higher concentrations which enhance lipid peroxidation also induce hypermethylation. These mechanisms could be at least partly implicated in the pathway whereby bolesatine induces cell death.

Effects of bolesatine on a cell line from the SP2/O thymic lymphosarcoma

Bolesatine, a toxic protein isolated from Boletus satanas Lenz inhibits in vitro protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell line from a radiation-induced thymic lymphosarcoma (SP2/O) with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 9.5 nM (0.6 μg/ml). In vivo, an i.p. single injection of bolesatine, corresponding to 1 6 and 1 10 of 24-h 50% lethal dose, in Balb/c mice having ascitic tumour induced by the i.p. preinjection of SP2/O cells allows a remission of 50% and 30%, respectively. Treated mice survived 120 days after the treatment i.e. 90 days after the death of control animals.

Effect of bolesatine on phospholipid/calcium dependent protein kinase in Vero cells and in rat thymus.

Bolesatine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz, has previously been shown to be mitogenic to rat and human lymphocytes at very low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations inhibit protein synthesis in vitro and in several in vivo systems. The mechanism whereby this mitogenic activity occurs was previously unknown. To elucidate this mechanism, the effects of bolesatine have been studied in a cell-free system, VERO cells, and in vivo in rat thymus. In a cell-free system, bolesatine appears to be a direct effector of PKC. The activation is concentration dependent for 1-10 ng/ml. At the same time, VERO cells significantly proliferate when incubated with the bolesatine (3, 5 and 10 ng/ml), since the DNA synthesis increases by 27, 48, and 59%, for respectively, 3, 5 and 10 ng/ml compared with control. Moreover, Bolesatine (5 and 10 ng/ml) induces InsP3 release in a concentration-dependent manner (114 and 142%) as compared to control. In vivo, 24 h after oral administration of bolesatine to rates (20, 100 and 200 microg/kg), PKC activity is significantly increased in thymus. THe most effective doses (100 and 200 microg/kg) give 590-620% increase in cytosolic PKC activity and 85-91% increase in total PKC activity as compared to control. This PKC activation by bolesatine in rat thymus is directly linked to the mitogenic activity observed in vivo. Bolesatine is thus capable of activating the PKC directly and/or indirectly (via InsP3 release) during its mitogenic processes.

Evaluation of the lipid peroxidation mediated toxicity of bole satine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz, in Vero cells

Evaluation of the lipid peroxidation mediated toxicity of bole satine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz, in Vero cells

Mode of Action of Bolesatine, a Glycoprotein from Boletus Satanas Lenz, Mechanistic Approaches

Mode of Action of Bolesatine, a Glycoprotein from Boletus Satanas Lenz, Mechanistic Approaches

Mode of action of bolesatine, a cytotoxic glycoprotein from Boletus satanas Lenz. Mechanistic approaches

Bolesatine is a potent cytotoxic glycoprotein purified from Boletus satanas Lenz, which has previously been shown to be an inhibitor of protein synthesis in several in vitro systems and in vivo. For a better understanding of its mechanism of action on protein synthesis at the ribosomal level, rat liver ribosomes were pretreated with bolesatine ( 1 to 10 μg) added to in vitro polyuridylic acid (poly(U)) translation systems before and after washing. The fact that ribosomes were still active confirmed that bolesatine cannot be included in the group of protein synthesis inhibitors of plant origin, known as ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). The effect of bolesatine on the EF-2 elongation factor and post-ribosomal fraction was then studied in vitro. The results indicated that bolesatine does not have a direct effect on elongation factors, but hydrolyses the nucleoside triphosphates, GTP (80% to 90%, respectively for 1 to 10 μg) and ATP (10% to 40%, respectively for 1 to 10 μg), with consequent inhibition of protein synthesis. Thus, bolesatine should be classified as a nucleoside triphosphate phosphatase, rather than as a direct inhibitor of protein synthesis. The study of the effect of bolesatine on the EF-2 factor revealed that the mechanism whereby bolesatine affects protein synthesis probably involves GTP hydrolysis rather than EF-2 inhibition.

Effect of bolesatine, a glycoprotein from Boletus satanas, on rat thymus in vivo

Bolesatine is a glycoprotein purifed to homogeneity from Boletus satanas Lenz, a toxic mushroom which causes serious gastroenteritis. This lectin possesses a mitogenic activity on human lymphocytes at very low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations inhibits protein synthesis in vitro in several systems. The mitogenic activity on peripheral blood T lymphocytes in vitro has been shown to be at last 200-fold higher than the activity of the well studied phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In order to verify this property in vivo, the effect of bolesatine has been studied in thymus of rats given orally bolesatine. Two groups of bolesaitne-treated animals were used in addition to the control group. One group was given every 48 h, 28μg of bolesatine/kg body weight seven times and 150 μg/kg body weight 48 h before the sacrifice. The other group was given 55 μg of bolesatine/kg body weight according to the same protocol and 150 μg/kg body weight 48 h before the sacrifice. In these conditions, the ratio thymus weight/body weight is increased by 10% and 28%, respectively, in groups 1 and 2. Similarly, the DNA synthesis is increased by more than 50%, indicating that (i) bolesatine probably possesses a mitogenic effect on thymocytes in vivo (ii) that the increase of the ratio thymus weight/body weight is not due to swelling by water retention, but rather to a multiplication of thymocytes. These results are confirmed in a second run of experiments in which bolesatine given orally to rats in lower doses of —12 μg/kg induces an increase of both thymus weight by 47% and 54% and an increase of total proteins by 52% to 56%, respectively, whereas the ratio total protein/g of thymus does not change. Thus bolesatine, known to be mitogenic to human lymphocytes in vitro is also mitogenic to rat thymocytes in vivo.

Isolation and properties of a toxic glycoprotein inhibiting protein synthesis from the mushroom: Boletus satanas Lenz. O. Kretz, 1E. Creppy2 and G. Dirheimer1 ( 1Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 15, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and 2Laboratoire de Toxicologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux II, 3 Place de la Victoire, 33076 Bordeaux, France)

Isolation and properties of a toxic glycoprotein inhibiting protein synthesis from the mushroom: Boletus satanas Lenz. O. Kretz, 1E. Creppy2 and G. Dirheimer1 ( 1Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 15, rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and 2Laboratoire de Toxicologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux II, 3 Place de la Victoire, 33076 Bordeaux, France)

Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz

1. 1. A lectin has been purified from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz. 2. 2. The protein, called bolesatine, is mitogenic for human T lymphocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. 3. 3. Optimal mitogenic doses induce the release of interleukin-1α and interleukin-2 from mononuclear cell cultures.

Properties of bolesatine, a translational inhibitor from Boletus satanas Lenz. Amino-terminal sequence determination and inhibition of rat mitochondrial protein synthesis

Bolesatine is a toxic monomeric glycoprotein of Mr 63 000 isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence was established: NH 2-Thr-Trp-Arg-Ille-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Asn-Gln-Thr-Val-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Leu-Leu-Pro-Asn-Gly… It inhibits protein synthesis in isolated rat mitochondria. After 90 min of preincubation with bolesatine, the incorporation of [ 14C]-leucine into mitochondrial proteins was inhibited with an IC 50 of 530 nM.