BOLD System Research Articles

DNA Barcode Gap Analysis for Multiple Marker Genes for Phytoplankton Species Biodiversity in Mediterranean Aquatic Ecosystems

Simple SummaryEnvironmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) has strong potential in the assessment of biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. The incompleteness of DNA barcode reference libraries represents a current limit to unveiling the whole biodiversity of an aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, barcode gap analyses at species level are of great significance, in particular at local/regional level, for the advancement of eDNA metabarcoding application to aquatic ecosystems surveillance and future biodiversity assessment.The implementation of DNA metabarcoding and environmental DNA (eDNA) to the biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems has great potential worldwide. However, DNA metabarcoding and eDNA are highly reliant on the coverage of the DNA barcode reference libraries that are currently hindered by the substantial lack of reference sequences. The main objective of this study was to analyze the current coverage of DNA barcode reference libraries for phytoplankton species of the aquatic Mediterranean ecoregion in the southeast of Italy (Apulia Region) in order to assess the applicability of DNA metabarcoding and eDNA in this area. To do so, we investigated three main DNA barcode reference libraries, BOLD Systems, GenBank and SILVA, for the availability of DNA barcodes of the examined phytoplankton species. The gap analysis was conducted for three molecular gene markers, 18S, 16S and COI. The results showed a considerable lack of barcodes for all three markers. However, among the three markers, 18S had a greater coverage in the reference libraries. For the 18S gene marker, the barcode coverage gap across the three types of ecosystems examined was 32.21–39.68%, 60.12–65.19% for the 16S marker gene, and 72.44–80.61 for the COI marker gene. Afterwards, the interspecific genetic distance examined on the most represented molecular marker, 18S, was able to distinguish 80% of the species mined for lakes and 70% for both marine and transitional waters. Conclusively, this work highlights the importance of filling the gaps in the reference libraries, and constitutes the basis towards the advancement of DNA metabarcoding and eDNA application for biodiversity assessment and biomonitoring.

First DNA barcodes of water mites from the Indian Himalayas with description of two new species (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

ABSTRACT In this study, the first DNA barcodes of water mites collected in Uttarakhand State of India are presented. The first data for nine species were uploaded into the BOLD Systems. Two species, Sperchonopsis himalayaensis sp. nov. (Sperchontidae) and Aturus uttarakhandensis sp. nov. (Aturidae), are described as new for science. http://urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5395BED3-E36B-479E-93DF-BC30DA51BAB6

An Approach to the Diversity of Achelata and Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Southern Mexican Caribbean

Decapods include species of economic importance, such as Achelata (lobsters) and Brachyura (true crabs), since they have aesthetic, commercial, gastronomic, and biomedical value. These groups exhibit a great variety of shapes, larval stages, habits, and sizes, making them difficult to recognize. In the Southern Mexican Caribbean (SMC), no taxonomic list or analysis of the biological diversity for the Achelata and Brachyura has been performed. Herein, the biological diversity of these groups was analyzed by reviewing the literature and collecting specimens in the SMC to obtain morphological, ecological, and molecular data. These results showed a total of 29 families, 67 genera, and 98 species recorded, of which, one is considered as a potentially new species, six are new records for the SMC, 12 expanded their distribution range, and 14 species names were updated. In addition, the BOLD system assigned 21 BINs supported with morphological identification. This work contributes positively to the knowledge of the marine and coastal decapods from the SCM as it represents the first effort to recognize their current biological diversity. This information will be used to develop adequate strategies for the conservation and management of marine and coastal natural resources of the SMC.

The efficiency of theCOIgene as a DNA barcode and an overview of Orthoptera (Caelifera and Ensifera) sequences in the BOLD System

Orthoptera, among the oldest and most numerous insect lineages, is an excellent model for evolutionary studies but has numerous taxonomic problems. To mitigate these issues, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI), standardized with the DNA barcode for Metazoa, is increasingly used for specimen identification and species delimitation. We tested the performance of COI as a DNA barcode in Orthoptera, using two analyses based on intra- and inter-specific distances, barcode gap, and Probability of Correct Identification (PCI); and estimated species richness through Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP). We filtered all sequences of Orthoptera available in Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) and used 11 605 COI sequences, covering 1 132 species, 226 genera, and 18 families. The overall average PCI was 73.86%. For 82.2% of genera, the barcode gap boxplots were classified as “good” or “intermediate”, indicating that COI can be effective as a DNA barcode in Orthoptera, although with varying efficiency depending on the need for more information. ABGD and ASAP inferred species richness similar to labels informed by BOLD for the suborders Caelifera and Ensifera. The representation of Orthoptera in the BOLD database and the results of these analyses are discussed.

Finding a needle in a haystack: larval stages of Didymozoidae (Trematoda: Digenea) parasitizing marine zooplankton.

Larval didymozoids (Trematoda: Digenea) were discovered parasitizing the hemocoel of the heteropod Firoloida desmarestia (redia mean intensity = 13) and the chaetognaths Flaccisagitta enflata and Flaccisagitta hexaptera (metacercaria mean intensity = 1) during a 2014-2016 systematic study of parasites of zooplankton collected in the central and southern regions of the Gulf of California, Mexico. Didymozoid infection route during the early life cycle was inferred combining morphological (light microscopy) and molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, cox1) evidence. Didymozoid rediae parasitizing F. desmarestia were observed, just after field collection of the host, containing hundredths of completely developed cystophorous cercariae, releasing them though the birth pore at approximately one cercaria every 12s. Cercariae lost their tails developing into a 'young metacercaria' in 1 d at 22°C without need of an intermediate host. Molecular analysis of cox1 showed that rediae found in F. desmarestia belong to two distinct didymozoid species (Didymozoidae sp. 1 and sp. 2). Metacercariae parasitizing chaetognaths were morphologically identified as Didymozoidae type Monilicaecum and cox1 sequences showed that metacercariae of chaetognaths matched with these two Didymozoidae sp.1, and sp. 2 species found parasitizing F. desmarestia, plus a third distinct Didymozoidae sp. 3. These are the first DNA sequences of cox1 gene from didymozoid larvae for any zooplankton taxonomic group in the world. We concluded that F. desmarestia is the first intermediate host of rediae and cercariae, and the chaetognaths are the second intermediate hosts where non-encysted metacercariae were found. The definitive host is still unknown because cox1 sequences of present study did not genetically match with any available cox1 sequence of adult didymozoid. Our results demonstrate a potential overlap in the distribution of two carnivorous zooplankton taxonomic groups that are intermediate hosts of didymozoids in the pelagic habitat. The didymozoid specimens were not identified to species level because any of the cox1 sequences generated here matched with the sequences of adult didymozoids currently available in GenBank and Bold System databases. This study provides baseline information for the future morphological and molecular understanding of the Didymozoidae larvae that has been previously based on the recognition of the 12 known morphotypes.

More discussion of minimalist species descriptions and clarifying some misconceptions contained in Meier et al. 2021.

This is a response to a preprint version of "A re-analysis of the data in Sharkey et al.'s (2021) minimalist revision reveals that BINs do not deserve names, but BOLD Systems needs a stronger commitment to open science", https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.28.441626v2. Meier et al. strongly criticized Sharkey et al.'s publication in which 403 new species were deliberately minimally described, based primarily on COI barcode sequence data. Here we respond to these criticisms. The following points are made: 1) Sharkey et al. did not equate BINs with species, as demonstrated in several examples in which multiple species were found to be in single BINs. 2) We reiterate that BINs were used as a preliminary sorting tool, just as preliminary morphological identification commonly sorts specimens based on color and size into unit trays; despite BINs and species concepts matching well over 90% of species, this matching does not equate to equality. 3) Consensus barcodes were used only to provide a diagnosis to conform to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature just as consensus morphological diagnoses are. The barcode of a holotype is definitive and simply part of its cellular morphology. 4) Minimalist revisions will facilitate and accelerate future taxonomic research, not hinder it. 5) We refute the claim that the BOLD sequences of Plesiocoelusvanachterbergi are pseudogenes and demonstrate that they simply represent a frameshift mutation. 6) We reassert our observation that morphological evidence alone is insufficient to recognize species within species-rich higher taxa and that its usefulness lies in character states that are congruent with molecular data. 7) We show that in the cases in which COI barcodes code for the same amino acids in different putative species, data from morphology, host specificity, and other ecological traits reaffirm their utility as indicators of genetically distinct lineages.

DNA Barcode Characterization of Chocolate Hind Grouper (Cephalopholis boenak) in Several Indonesia Waters with the New Sequences Record from Madura Island

This study aims to describe the molecular characteristics of DNA barcodes in chocolate hind grouper (Cephalopholis boenak) in Indonesian waters with new sequence records from Madura Island waters. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene were successfully obtained from two samples of C. boenak in Madura Island waters. In contrast, the other sequences were obtained from the BOLD system database, covering the Islands of Bali, Lombok, and Ambon waters. The overall molecular analysis involved 10 C. boenak sequences with a length of 625 bp. The results indicated that the population of C. boenak in Indonesia waters has high genetic diversity, as evidenced by the value of haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.956 and nucleotide sequence diversity (Pi) = 0.01746, in which the population is distributed into eight haplotypes. Results of phylogenetic tree reconstruction of neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood indicate similar topology. The branching of NJ and ML phylogenetic trees of C. boenak in Indonesia waters is grouped into two geographical clades. Clade 1 with the subpopulations of the waters from Madura, Bali, and Lombok Islands. Clade 2 with the subpopulations of the waters from Ambon Island. The results of the median-joining network reconstruction depicted a similar topology with both phylogenetic trees.

Clarifying the identity of two resembling hoverfly species, Betasyrphus serarius and B. nipponensis (Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphini), based on morphology and DNA barcoding

• Identity of resembling Betasyrphus serarius and B. nipponensis is investigated. • Additional diagnostic characters are proposed for B. serarius and B. nipponensis. • Betasyrphus nipponensis is recorded for the first time in Korea. • Nine available Betasyrphus species are recognized as a robust barcode cluster. • Australian, Pakistan and Malaysian barcodes as distinct species near serarius. The two Palaearctic members of the hoverfly genus Betasyrphus , B. serarius (Wiedemann, 1830) and B. nipponensis (Goot, 1964), closely resemble each other, except for their male genitalic characters. For this reason, these two species have been often mistaken for each other. In Korea, only B. serarius has been recognized as a sole species based on mixed specimens from these two species. In the present study, we attempted to define B. serarius and B. nipponensis more precisely and identify additional diagnostic characteristics to distinguish these species. We examined external morphological characters including the genitalic structures, the wing microtrichia distributions (WMDs), as well as the wing interference patterns (WIPs). In addition, we analyzed the DNA barcode sequences of individuals, covering as many morphological variants as possible, to distinguish the females of these two species. As a result, we found some additional diagnostic male genitalic and WMD characters. Unfortunately, despite our efforts, females of these two species remain undistinguishable. DNA barcoding analysis did not reveal any significant differences between B. serarius and B. nipponensis . Our analysis based on 20 Korean samples and 486 Syrphidae sequences retrieved from BOLD Systems (ver. 4) and GenBank showed that the nine available Betasyrphus species including the type species formed a robust barcode cluster. Betasyrphus serarius and B. nipponensis together with three unidentified species from Pakistan, Australia and Malaysia also formed a strong sub-cluster. In addition, we provide an identification key, diagnoses, and descriptions with color photographs.

Population connectivity and genetic diversity population connectivity of Rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) among Bangladesh, China and Indonesia

Population genetics studies genetic variation involving gene and allele frequencies in spatial and temporal space. Genetic information can be used in conservation management through identification of phylogenetic tree reconstructions, genetic distance, genetic structure, and haplotype connectivity to maintain population existence. The samples used were primary genetic data of Siganus canaliculatus taken from Indonesian waters and secondary data accessed from the BOLD SYSTEM database from several locations, namely Indonesia, China, and Bangladesh. This research was conducted to determine the kinship of Siganus canaliculatus in Indonesia, China, and Bangladesh through genetic analysis. The results of genetic distance analysis showed that the baronang fish samples from China and Bangladesh had a close relationship with a value of 0.0534 while samples from Indonesia and Bangladesh had the farthest relationship with a value of 0.8212. Reconstruction of the phylogeny tree at maximum likelihood can show convergence within the same clade. The results of the reconstruction of the phylogeny tree showed that the species from Ambon, Bali, and Lombok came from the same clade while samples from Bangladesh had different clades with the furthest distance. The results of structural analysis and genetic diversity showed that samples from Bangladesh, China, and Indonesia had different DNA characteristics. This is correlated with the form of network integration in haplotype connectivity analysis.

DNA barcoding of freshwater fish in Siberut Island, Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia

Abstract. Roesma DI, Tjong DH, Janra MN, Aidil DR. 2022. DNA barcoding of freshwater fish in Siberut Island, Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 1795-1806. Information regarding molecular data of freshwater fish in Siberut Island, Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia, is not available. This study was conducted to provide DNA barcodes of freshwater fish in Siberut island. The cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene was chosen to make DNA barcodes because it has been used as a tool capable of identifying organisms up to the species level. Specimens were collected directly captured in the three rivers from Siberut Island. A total of 40 individuals were selected from 200 individuals that have been identified morphologically and strengthened by the results of the molecular marker (DNA barcodes) consisting of 13 species, namely Gobiopterus cf. brachypterus (BOLD: ADF5945), Eleotris fusca (BOLD: AAF0108), Butis cf. butis (BOLD: AAL8960), Stiphodon semoni (BOLD: ACQ3312), Giuris margaritacea (BOLD: ACP9929), Anabas testudineus (BOLD: AAO2846), Rasbora jacobsoni, Rasbora vulcanus, Barbodes banksi, Redigobius cf. bikolanus, Periophthalmus argentilineatus, Hypseleotris cf. compressa, and Oryzias cf. javanicus (in a queue in the BOLD system). The average Kimura two-Parameter model (K2P) genetic distances within species, genera, families, and orders were 0.16%, 11.4%, 23.2%, and 26.0%, respectively. The interspecific K2P distance was higher than the intraspecific distance. The present study supports that COI Barcodes effectively identify fish up to the species level. Future research is needed, especially to species that may have potential as new species. In contrast, DNA barcodes as genetic information will contribute as the basic data to future studies in the monitoring, conservation, and management of freshwater fish in Siberut Island, Mentawai Islands. Therefore, the creation of DNA barcodes is immediately carried out.

The Effectiveness of Online Learning System in Arabic Subject at Al-Ulum Islamic Junior High School Integrated of Medan

The purpose of this study is to find out whether the bold learning system is effective in Arabic subjects at Al-Ulum Islamic Junior High School Integrated of Medan. In addition, this research also aimed to evaluate the quality of the online learning system that had been carried out. The method that was used in this research was a descriptive quantitative method with survey techniques. This research used a sample of 290 students. In this research, the data was taken by using Likert Scale survey method. Data analysis in this study, namely by calculating the presentation of data on each indicator of online learning activities. The results of the research showed that the effectiveness of online learning in Arabic subject at Al-Ulum Islamic Junior High School Integrated of Medan reached 72 %, or that was in a good category. This illustrates that the online learning system for Arabic subjects is implemented at Al-Ulum Islamic Junior High School Integrated of Medan running effectively. However, teachers and school administrators need to evaluate and then make gradual improvements so that the effectiveness of online learning, especially in Arabic subjects, can be further improved.

STATISTICAL ANXIETY OF STUDENTS IN PANDEMIC ERA

This study aims to see how the statistical comparison of students who have not and have taken statistics courses for non-exact students. This research is a quantitative research with a survey approach. The instrument in this study adopted the Statistical Anxiety Scale (SAS) which consists of 3 components (worry, avoidance, emotionality) with a total of 17 items with 4 scales. Respondents in this study were students of the State Islamic University of Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten in the first semester until the end of the semester. The number of samples in this study was 238. The results showed that there was no difference between the anxiety of students who had not and had taken course statistics. Nevertheless, descriptively the probability of changes in student statistics between before and after taking statistics courses. At the rate of increase the percentage decreases while at the rate of increase the percentage decreases. This shows a change in student statistics after taking statistics lessons, especially in the pandemic era by still using a bold learning system

Description of Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) spiridonovi sp. nov. from the Russian Arctic Region (Diptera, Chironomidae).

The male adult of Chaetocladius (Chaetocladius) spiridonovi sp. nov. is described and diagnosed based on morphological and phylogenetic data. The new species is characterized by the following features: anal point very long, almost reaching apex of gonocoxite, presence of a dorsal hump at base; inferior volsella sub-rectangular to large lobe shaped, inner and caudal margin with undulation; virga composed of 2 long spines; gonostylus massively globular with rounded posterior margin. Comparison of COI with that of other known Chaetocladius species shows a K2P genetic distances of 8.9220.31%, values well associated with interspecific variation. The barcodes of the new species were identical to that of Chaetocladius sp. 7ES in BOLD systems. Molecular data were also used for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus Chaetocladius.

DNA Barcoding and New Records of Odonates (Insecta: Odonata) from Paraíba State, Brazil

Odonates (Insecta: Odonata) are important insects in the food chains of freshwater environments around the world, being used as a model species for areas of behavior and analysis of environmental quality. In Brazil, especially in the Northeastern region, both knowledge about the distribution and molecular information of odonate species found in the two main biomes of the region is still limited. Aiming to improve these issues, here, we carried out an Odonata survey in two locations and built a DNA barcode database for species from the state of Paraíba. In total, 15 first records were reported for this Brazilian state and 142 specimens from 27 genera and 45 species had their ‘Folmer’ cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) fragment evaluated. The database we generated includes data for 70% of the Odonata species found in Paraíba state. For 16 species, this is the first DNA barcode available in public sequence repositories. Our results demonstrate that using the COI in the regional scale can help identify and delimit those evaluated. Eight species (17%) showed a low percentage of differentiation (<2%) compared to other species currently deposited in the GenBank or BOLD System; nevertheless, we present morphological traits that reaffirm our identifications. Barcode data provide new insights into Neotropical diversity and deliver basic information for taxonomic analyses.

Current State of DNA Barcoding of Sciaroidea (Diptera)-Highlighting the Need to Build the Reference Library.

Simple SummaryDNA barcoding is a method by which a specific region of the mitochondrial genome is used to quantify genetic distances within and between animal species. Most DNA barcodes of the world are assembled on the Barcode of Life online database BoldSystems (BOLD). There, machine-generated barcode index numbers (BINs) are automatically assigned to clusters of specimens thought to represent species. I review the current state of DNA barcoding of the superfamily Sciaroidea, a diverse insect group consisting of close to 16,000 described fly species in eight families. To date, over 1.2 million specimens of Sciaroidea have been barcoded and the 56,648 assigned BINs on BOLD already represent 3.5 times the number of described species. Still, 95% of the BINs have currently no associated scientific name and very little effort has been put into building a quality-checked reference library where named species are linked to the BINs on BOLD. In the Nordic region, however, substantial progress is made towards building a complete reference library. While DNA barcoding has tremendous potential for advancing the knowledge for many diverse groups of insects, its potential will never be fully reached absent more engagement of trained taxonomists to build voucher collections, curate the reference libraries, and describe new species.DNA barcoding has tremendous potential for advancing species knowledge for many diverse groups of insects, potentially paving way for machine identification and semi-automated monitoring of whole insect faunas. Here, I review the current state of DNA barcoding of the superfamily Sciaroidea (Diptera), a diverse group consisting of eight understudied fly families where the described species in the world makes up some 10% (≈16,000 species) of all Diptera. World data of Sciaroidea were extracted from the Barcode of Life online database BoldSystems (BOLD) and contrasted with results and experiences from a Nordic project to build the reference library. Well over 1.2 million (1,224,877) Sciaroidea specimens have been submitted for barcoding, giving barcode-compliant sequences resulting in 56,648 so-called barcode index numbers (BINs, machine-generated proxies for species). Although the BINs on BOLD already represent 3.5 times the number of described species, merely some 2850 named species (described or interim names, 5% of the BINs) currently have been assigned a BIN. The other 95% remain as dark taxa figuring in many frontier publications as statistics representing proxies for species diversity within a family. In the Nordic region, however, substantial progress has been made towards building a complete reference library, currently making up 55% of all named Sciaroidea BINs on BOLD. Another major source (31%) of named Sciaroidea BINs on BOLD comes from COI sequences mined from GenBank, generated through phylogenetic and integrative studies outside of BOLD. Building a quality reference library for understudied insects such as Sciaroidea requires heavy investment, both pre sequence and post sequence, by trained taxonomists to build and curate voucher collections, to continually improve the quality of the data and describe new species. Only when the BINs are properly calibrated by a rigorously quality-checked reference library can the great potential of both classical taxonomic barcoding, metabarcoding, and eDNA ecology be realized.

PEMBELAJARAN DARING BERBASIS PROJECT BASED LEARNING PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

There has been a change in the current learning system at all levels of education due to the coronavirus pandemic. This study aims to explore theoretically from bibliographic studies related to project-based learning during the Covid19 pandemic the impact on policies towards home learning activities. A bold learning system based on project-based learning that provides multiple ways to access learning materials for teachers and students. Many online learning platforms and media are available for free. Some free platforms that have been shown to be effective in solving learning difficulties include Google Classroom and Edmodo. There are at least 12 free online learning resource apps that can be used during the Covid19 pandemic, including Learning House, Icando, Desk Kita, Indonesia X, Smart Class, Google for Education, Microsoft Office 365, Quipper, Ruangguru, Zenius, Sekolahmu, and Cisco Webex. Several obstacles to the implementation of immersive learning include limitations of the internet and unfamiliar knowledge among teachers and students about the adoption of e-learning materials. Therefore, more effort is needed to address these issues starting with individuals, families, educational institutions, government providers and services. One learning approach that can be used to maximize daring learning is to adopt a learning project-based approach. This learning model gives students the opportunity to discuss concepts in depth, which can also improve their learning outcomes.

PEMBELAJARAN DARING BERBASIS PROJECT BASED LEARNING PADA MATERI BANGUN DATAR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

There has been a change in the current learning system at all levels of education due to the coronavirus pandemic. This study aims to explore theoretically from bibliographic studies related to project-based learning during the Covid19 pandemic the impact on policies towards home learning activities. A bold learning system based on project-based learning that provides multiple ways to access learning materials for teachers and students. Many online learning platforms and media are available for free. Some free platforms that have been shown to be effective in solving learning difficulties include Google Classroom and Edmodo. There are at least 12 free online learning resource apps that can be used during the Covid19 pandemic, including Learning House, Icando, Desk Kita, Indonesia X, Smart Class, Google for Education, Microsoft Office 365, Quipper, Ruangguru, Zenius, Sekolahmu, and Cisco Webex. Several obstacles to the implementation of immersive learning include limitations of the internet and unfamiliar knowledge among teachers and students about the adoption of e-learning materials. Therefore, more effort is needed to address these issues starting with individuals, families, educational institutions, government providers and services. One learning approach that can be used to maximize daring learning is to adopt a learning project-based approach. This learning model gives students the opportunity to discuss concepts in depth, which can also improve their learning outcomes.

INTENSITAS MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN DARING

In the 21st century, Indonesia is that the spread of learning is done boldly considering the cases of covid-19 in Indonesia are increasing day by day. The policy concerns educational institutions at the central and regional levels. This policy is considered to be an effective solution so that they do not interact with each other, even just using various media. In the current era, it is evident that the learning system seems to have changed, from what children used to feel in a (traditional) classroom atmosphere to learning that is rigid and monotonous in front of the screen. By implementing the bold learning system or learning from home (BDR), students are required to have facilities that can support these activities starting from smartphones, networks and data packages. Interestingly, in the midst of this epidemic, it has had an impact on all aspects of life, especially in education starting from an early age to higher education. The impact of this bold learning is numerous. Many students do not have smartphones to study boldly and schools cannot provide such facilities for low economic conditions. Not only that, parents who have time difficulties in controlling their children's learning at home will cause children to be lazy to study and of course achievement will decrease. So in this case, the role of parents is the main key in children's learning so that children's interest in learning and achievement does not decrease even though the learning process is not direct with face to face.

Implementation of Virtual Classroom and Zoom Networks in Continuing Student Learning

Almost all corners of the world have been affected or affected by this Covid-19 virus disease, even some countries have set a lockdown status and other anticipations for the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The alternative used in this bold learning activity system is to utilize the internet network, namely the Zoom Meeting and Classroom application. This study aims to determine students' perceptions of the use of internet networks such as zoom meetings and classrooms used and how effective learning is during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research conducted here uses descriptive qualitative research methods. And the results of this study indicate that the zoom application is an application that is very effective and preferred by students because it is easier to use and very efficient when the learning process is bold and shows that some students who give their perception of the application used during learning that are brave are the Zoom Meeting application, namely the application. Zoom Meeting. by 66.7%, followed by the Google Meet application at 22.2% and the Classrom application at 11.1%.

Contribution to a reference library of DNA barcodes of Colombian freshwater fishes.

BackgroundThe Barcode of Life initiative was originally motivated by the large number of species, taxonomic difficulties and the limited number of expert taxonomists. Colombia has 1,610 freshwater fish species and comprises the second largest diversity of this group in the world. As genetic information continues to be limited, we constructed a reference collection of DNA sequences of Colombian freshwater fishes deposited in the Ichthyology Collection of the University of Antioquia (CIUA), thus joining the multiple efforts that have been made in the country to contribute to the knowledge of genetic diversity in order to strengthen the inventories of biological collections and facilitate the solution of taxonomic issues in the future.New informationThis study contributes to the knowledge on the DNA barcodes and occurrence records of 96 species of Colombian freshwater fishes. Fifty-seven of the species represented in this dataset were already available in the Barcode Of Life Data System (BOLD System), while 39 correspond to new species to the BOLD System. Forty-nine specimens were collected in the Atrato River Basin and 708 in the Magdalena-Cauca asin during the period 2010-2020. Two species (Loricariichthysbrunneus (Hancock, 1828) and Poeciliasphenops Valenciennes, 1846) are considered exotic to the Atrato, Cauca and Magdalena Basins and four species (Oncorhynchusmykiss (Walbaum, 1792), Oreochromisniloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Parachromisfriedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840) and Xiphophorushelleri Heckel, 1848) are exotic to the Colombian hydrogeographic regions. All specimens are deposited in CIUA and have their DNA barcodes made publicly available in the BOLD online database. The geographical distribution dataset can be freely accessed through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).