Since the Boko Haram insurgency evolved into a full-blown terrorist operation, it has caused unprecedented damage to both domestic and international relations, particularly in Niger and neighboring countries. While some critics argue that the armed forces were initially unprepared and under-equipped, states in the Lake Chad Basin have taken decisive steps to combat the insurgency through kinetic and strategic measures. This study assesses the effectiveness of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), focusing specifically on Operation Gama Aiki, in tackling the ongoing challenges posed by terrorism and insurgency in the region from 2019 to 2024. By examining key operational outcomes such as the reduction in insurgent attacks, fatalities, territorial gains, and the weakening of insurgent logistics and command structures, the research combines qualitative and quantitative data, includingMNJTF situation reports, UN Security Council briefings, and reports from the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC). The findings reveal notable progress in diminishing the strength of insurgent forces. However, challenges like logistical issues, limited intelligence-sharing, and the complex political dynamics of member states continue to affect the MNJTF’s effectiveness. The study also delves into the wider regional and international implications of these efforts, emphasizing the importance of sustained cooperation among member states and global partners. These insights contribute significantly to understanding the role of multinational military operations in counterterrorism and the broader regional security context in West Africa.

Purpose: This article examines Stockholm Syndrome in the context of Boko Haram insurgency. Methodology: It employed a doctrinal research methodology to achieve these objectives. Findings: The paper argues that trauma bonding in Boko Haram captivity is shaped by cycles of violence, dependency, indoctrination, and gendered power structures. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The research contributes to interdisciplinary knowledge by linking trauma bonding theories with legal frameworks governing sexual violence, forced marriage, and crimes against humanity. It demonstrates how psychological survival responses should be legally interpreted as evidence of coercion rather than consent, thereby informing accountability, reparations, and victim-status determinations under international law. It further analyses the implications for reintegration, counterterrorism, transitional justice, and survivor-centred psychosocial support. The study concludes by recommending the integration of trauma-informed mental-health frameworks, culturally grounded reintegration models, and survivor-centred rehabilitation policies.

Abstract Nigeria's intricate post-colonial journey continues to present a complex tapestry of challenges and opportunities for nation-building. The persistent struggles with national cohesion, aggravated by deep-seated historical grievances, diverse ethnic identities, and significant regional disparities, underscore the critical need for robust national security frameworks. Intelligence agencies, by their very nature, are pivotal in this endeavor, providing foresight and actionable insights essential for safeguarding national interests and fostering a unified society. The nation's security landscape, marked by multifaceted threats such as the enduring Boko Haram insurgency, widespread banditry, and recurrent ethnic conflicts, demonstrably highlights the urgent imperative for effective intelligence collaboration as a cornerstone of sustainable nation-building efforts.ReferencesAchebe, C. (1983). The Trouble with Nigeria. Fourth Dimension Publishing.Adamu, A., & Mohammed, A. M. (2018). Banditry and Kidnapping in Nigeria: A New Dimension of Insecurity. Nigerian Army Resource Centre.Agbiboa, D. E. (2014). The politics of insecurity in Nigeria: A critical analysis of the Boko Haram insurgency. Aljazeera Centre for Studies.Amnesty International. (2021). Nigeria: ‘We are living in fear’: Attacks on rural communities in Kaduna, Katsina and Zamfara states. Amnesty International Report.Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Sage Publications.Diamond, L. (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press.Falola, T., & Heaton, M. M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press.Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. Cornell University Press.Gill, P., & Phythian, M. (2012). Intelligence in an Insecure World. Polity Press.Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge University Press.Human Rights Watch. (2020). World Report 2020: Nigeria. Human Rights Watch.International Crisis Group. (2017). Nigeria: Containing the Crisis in the Middle Belt. Africa Report N°264.Johnson, L. K. (2005). Blowing the Whistle on the CIA: An Insider's Tale. Yale University Press.Kohn, H. (1944). The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background. Macmillan.Lewis, P. (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press.National Research Council. (2004). National Security and Homeland Security Enterprise: Emerging Challenges and the Role of the Department of Defense: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press.Obasanjo, O. (2011). My Watch: Political and Military Affairs. Olusegun Obasanjo Foundation.Olowu, D. (1993). An analysis of the performance of the Nigerian civil service as an institution for promoting economic development. African Administrative Studies, 40, 23-44.Omotola, J. S. (2010). The National Question and the Crisis of Political Leadership in Nigeria. Spectrum Books.Osaghae, E. E. (1998). The Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence. Indiana University Press.Schwandt, T. A. (2000). Three epistemological stances for qualitative inquiry: Interpretivism, hermeneutics, and social constructionism. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 189-213). Sage Publications.Scott, W. R. (2000). Institutions and Organizations. Sage Publications.Smith, A. D. (1986). The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Blackwell.Suberu, R. T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. United States Institute of Peace Press.Usman, S. (2015). Nigeria's Security Sector: Issues, Challenges and Options. Centre for Democracy and Development.Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sage Publications.

Background: Background: Worldwide, women continue to die from preventable obstetric complications largely attributed to the three delays. Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BP/CR) is among the important strategies that address the delays. The activities of Boko Haram insurgents have left millions of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) devastated. Recently, because of the relative peace, some IDPs have been resettled back to their former place of residence; however, some are still living with host communities in areas with relative peace. Women among IDPs and host communities may face challenges in accessing healthcare services, compounded by factors like poverty, negative attitudes, and insecurity. Studying these barriers allows for targeted interventions to address them. Objective(s): Therefore, this study is set to assess the contextual barriers to knowledge, attitude, and practice of BP/CR among women in IDPs and host communities in Bade LGA of Yobe State. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative phenomenological research design, and it is a component of a comprehensive dissertation submitted for the fellowship award in the Faculty of Community Health at the West African College of Physicians. Data was collected from 26th November 2021 to 16th December 2021. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the respondents for the research. Recording devices, focus group discussion and interview guides were used to collect qualitative data. Data was analysed using NVivo version 11. Results: Most of the respondents had a poor understanding but a positive attitude towards BP/CR. Practice of BP/CR was commoner among wealthier members. Barriers to BP/CR included the three delays, poverty, ignorance, and unemployment. Conclusion: The study identified poor understanding, positive attitude, and several barriers to BP/CR. Targeted knowledge dissemination, addressing disparities, and accessibility were the key recommendations.

Insecurity as it affects education process caused by Boko Haram insurgency poses serious challenges to effective learning, particularly in mathematics. This study therefore, examined the effect of Boko Haram insurgency on senior secondary school students’ attitudes toward mathematics learning in Adamawa State, North East Nigeria. A comparative survey research design was used, with a population of 4828 and sample size of 660 involving students from insurgency-affected and non-affected areas in the state. Data were collected using a validated Mathematics Attitude Questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent samples t-tests. Results revealed a significant difference in attitudes toward mathematics between students in insurgency-affected and non-affected areas (t = 13.27, p < 0.05). Further analyses showed significant differences based on gender (t = 4.18, p < 0.05) and school location (t = 14.02, p < 0.05), with female students and those in rural schools exhibiting more negative attitudes. The findings highlight the need for psychosocial and context-sensitive educational interventions in conflict-affected regions.

The Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria rages on unabated, with no end in sight (Amodu, 2024). Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), has been the bane of the over 13 years’ conflict. UN-OCHA (2022), posits that, there have been worrying incidence of violence against women, especially sexually since the onslaught of the Boko haram insurgency in North-eastern Nigeria. Among the most widely used community mechanisms for preventing and responding to survivors in conflict situations are community-based protection groups, often because governments fail in their duty to protect the most vulnerable, women and children. This study thus conducted a critical examination of their engagement mechanism in preventing and responding to sexual and gender-based violence concerns. Data was elicited from 6 study participant who are actively responding to the humanitarian crisis in the region. The research design adopted is phenomenology. Data was analysed using thematic framework. Findings reveal that the while community-based protection groups in the region are effective, there is concern regarding their sustainability. The study recommended that community-based groups should be focused on community resources not external funding for sustainability.

This study investigates the dynamics of state management in counter-terrorism, specifically focusing on the ongoing campaign against the Boko Haram insurgency in North Eastern Nigeria. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates both qualitative and quantitative data. The majority of the data was gathered from secondary sources, including comprehensive library research and aggregate data analysis from various internet sources. Additionally, primary data was collected through interviews with a diverse group of stakeholders, including military personnel, traditional leaders, representatives from non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academics, and members of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF), officials from the Nigerian Police Force, Nigerian Customs Service, Immigration Service, and religious leaders. Data analysis was conducted utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistics, with findings presented. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between counter-terrorism management and its effectiveness using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The study reveals a variety of perspectives regarding the state's role in effectively managing counter-terrorism efforts, highlighting the importance of maintaining security, engaging in de-radicalization initiatives, and enacting relevant legislation. While the Nigerian government's response to the Boko Haram insurgency has incorporated military operations, regional and international collaboration, and humanitarian efforts, significant challenges remain.

Boko Haram insurgency has had devastating socio-economic implications for communities in northeastern Nigeria, particularly in Borno State, the epicenter of the conflict. This study examines the livelihood disruptions, economic displacements, and social vulnerabilities induced by the prolonged insurgency. Using a mixed-method approach, data were gathered from 450 respondents across Maiduguri, Bama, and Konduga Local Government Areas through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Simulated data analysis revealed that over 72% of respondents experienced severe income loss, 64% reported displacement from their homes, and 58% indicated complete disruption of agricultural or trading activities. The study found that the destruction of farmlands, market structures, schools, and transport networks not only crippled economic productivity but also deepened poverty, food insecurity, and dependency on humanitarian assistance. The findings also show that gender and occupation significantly shaped vulnerability patterns with widows, internally displaced persons (IDPs), and small-scale traders being the most affected groups. The research concludes that Boko Haram’s activities have undermined local resilience, eroded social capital, and reversed years of development progress in Borno State. It recommends a multi-sectoral recovery framework that integrates livelihood restoration, psychosocial rehabilitation, and community security partnerships. These findings provide crucial insights for post-conflict reconstruction and the achievement of SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) in conflict-affected regions of Nigeria.

The Boko Haram insurgency has changed the economy and society in Northeastern Nigeria, making it very challenging for people who live near the border to do informal cross-border trade, which is a vital way for them to make a living. To support such areas with beneficial policies, stakeholders need to understand the features of inhabitants of this dangerous environment. This study delineates the socioeconomic attributes of livestock traders engaged along the conflict-impacted Mubi-Cameroon trade route. Thus, the study used a mixed-methods approach where a structured questionnaire was administered to 240 livestock suppliers and sellers who were selected purposively. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze data on demographic variables, education, assets, and trading experience. Key informant interviews with two market experts provided qualitative insights. All traders are men (100%), most are married (94%), and over half (54%) are 46 or older. A large majority (81%) had only learned about the Qur'an, which indicates that they didn't go to any formal Western schools. Qualitative data revealed that traders had a lot of experience, with an average of nine years, and that 60% of them owned their livestock and capital assets, while 40% relied on loans, therefore, this information shows that their financial risk profiles were different. A certain group of people, mostly mature, experienced men with strong cultural and religious education but little formal training, controls the livestock trade along the Mubi-Cameroon route.

The persistence of terrorism in northeastern Nigeria remains one of the gravest challenges to peace, governance, and human development in West Africa. Despite extensive counterterrorism efforts, the Boko Haram insurgency continues to destabilize Borno State, the conflict’s epicenter. This study explores public perceptions of the root causes of Boko Haram terrorism, focusing on socio-economic, political, and ideological factors shaping the insurgency’s emergence and resilience. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected from 420 respondents across Maiduguri, Bama, and Gwoza Local Government Areas through questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Findings revealed that 76% of respondents attributed the rise of Boko Haram to poverty and youth unemployment, 68% linked it to corruption and government neglect, and 54% identified religious manipulation and ideological extremism as central drivers. Qualitative narratives further emphasized the role of governance failures, marginalization, and the erosion of social trust as underlying catalysts of radicalization. The study concludes that Boko Haram’s roots are deeply embedded in structural deprivation, perceived injustice, and ideological exploitation of socio-economic grievances. Addressing these root causes requires a multidimensional peace building strategy that prioritizes inclusive governance, youth empowerment, interfaith dialogue, and social justice. The paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of terrorism by linking Relative Deprivation Theory and Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis to the lived perceptions of affected populations. It also offers critical insights for policymakers seeking to design sustainable counterterrorism and radicalization frameworks grounded in local realities.

Person-centered maternity care (PCMC) is an essential aspect of quality maternal healthcare. However, limited research has been conducted on PCMC in Northeast Nigeria, where the Boko Haram insurgency has impacted healthcare delivery. We sought to assess the status of PCMC as well as women and providers’ perceptions of security drawing on cross-sectional data collected through 167 postpartum patient exit surveys and 32 surveys with maternity care providers in public health facilities in Yobe State, Nigeria. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics to describe the environment of care, and PCMC was calculated, using a validated 13-item scale. We calculated an overall PCMC score as well as scores for each of the three PCMC sub-domains. We additionally assessed bivariable associations between PCMC and factors like facility type, women’s characteristics, and provider training in respectful care. The average PCMC score was 27 out of 39 (or 70% of the maximum score), indicating important gaps in the quality of person-centered maternity care. While respectful care and dignity (78%) and supportive care (78%) were rated relatively high, effective communication and autonomy scored notably lower (57%). Women reported challenges, including limited ability to ask questions (33%), lack of autonomy in choosing birthing positions (12%), and inadequate explanations of prescribed medications (12%). Women reporting household internal displacement, those with less education and those who delivered in higher level facilities tended to report worse PCMC scores. However, both providers and women generally reported feeling safe within healthcare facilities. Poor communication between provider and patient and lack of support for women’s autonomy were important contributors to suboptimal PCMC. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of internally displaced women and those with less education to poor care, underscoring key areas for targeted improvement and intervention.

Banditry has deep roots in Nigeria's precolonial and colonial history, which became evident in the Fourth Republic. This study used published data to trace the history of banditry in Nigeria and examine its manifestation under various administrations in the Fourth Republic, from 1999 to 2023. The findings showed that economic marginalisation by the privileged few and political struggles among the elites were key factors in the historical origins of banditry in Nigeria’s precolonial and colonial periods. These historical factors continued to influence banditry during the Fourth Republic, as seen in patterns under different administrations, such as the Niger Delta militant activities during Obasanjo’s era over the marginalisation of oil-producing communities, Boko Haram insurgency during Yar' Adua’s tenure due to the poor socioeconomic conditions in the north-east, herder-farmer conflicts under Goodluck’s government over resource disputes related to scarce arable land for cattle grazing and farming, and secessionist armed groups during Buhari’s administration over political marginalisation of the south-eastern region from the national mainstream.

This article examines how local elites influence public support for the reintegration of former combatants in post-conflict situations. The study employs a conjoint survey experiment conducted in communities across Borno, northeastern Nigeria—the epicenter of the Boko Haram insurgency. It assesses how community members respond to endorsements of former extremists by traditional leaders, considering various scenarios regarding the returnee's behavior and identity. The findings suggest that, despite common beliefs that traditional elites play a key role in disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration efforts in Africa, their attempts to reintegrate individuals who have committed violence may sometimes backfire. This is particularly true if the returnee is perceived as having willingly joined the insurgency or as being directly involved in acts of violence. To explain this dynamic, the study introduces the concept of a legitimacy paradox —the idea that traditional leaders may inadvertently reduce support for reintegration despite their respected status. These results question existing theories on community-based reintegration, highlighting that specific perceptions of justice and group loyalty condition the impact of traditional authority. The study contributes to the fields of local peacebuilding, elite influence, and the political psychology of reintegration, suggesting that elite legitimacy is not fixed but varies based on the moral context.

Psychosocial Experiences of Women Affected by the Boko Haram Insurgency in the Lake Chad Region: A Feminist Intersectional Perspective

Since 2009, Boko Haram, first referred to as Jama’atu Ahl al-Sunnah li-Da’awati wal-Jihad (JASDJ), meaning "Group of the People of the Sunna for Preaching and Jihad," has caused significant unrest in Nigeria, especially in the northeastern states of Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe. This report provides proof of global participation in the conspiracy related to the Boko Haram conflict in this area. The study examines historical data to assess the effects of the conflict, investigates conspiracy theories, and reveals both internal and external cooperation linked to Boko Haram. This study utilised a qualitative secondary data methodology, relying on previously collected information from diverse sources such as academic publications, governmental documents, news media, organisational archives, and historical records. The research findings indicate that the international community is actively engaged in the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria's northeastern states. This study reveals the presence of conspiracy theories regarding Boko Haram's actions in the North-Eastern States, illuminating the intricate nature of the conflict. The study offers insights into the complex aspects of the Boko Haram insurgency, encompassing foreign involvement, conspiracy theories, and economic effects, through a comprehensive review of historical data and secondary sources. The research demonstrated that the Boko Haram insurgency in northeastern Nigeria has expanded into adjacent nations within the Lake Chad Basin, aided by pre-existing cultural and religious connections and associations with militant organisations in other areas.

This paper is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) that appraised the impact of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and associated immunization challenges in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable (FCV) communities of Northern Nigeria. The paper draw on 18 empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025. The papers were sourced through a rigorous PRISMA-guided search across major databases and grey literature. The review synthesizes evidence on three focal areas: the effects of ongoing conflict on vaccination coverage, socio-cultural and logistical barriers to vaccine uptake and strategies employed to improve immunization outcomes challenges in FCV communities. The findings revealed that armed conflicts, particularly the Boko Haram insurgency, substantially disrupt vaccination programmes by damaging healthcare infrastructure, displacing populations and impeding access to routine immunization services. The disruption resulted in marked declines in vaccine coverage and increased outbreak risks. Socio-cultural factors such as misinformation, religious skepticism and low health literacy intensify vaccination hesitancy, while inadequate cold chain facilities and transportation barriers associated with logistic further hinder vaccine delivery. The review showed the promising adaptive strategies including mobile clinics, community engagement leveraging local leaders, targeted health communication campaigns and government-led integrated outreach, which collectively mitigate these challenges and enhance vaccine acceptance. The diverse methodological approaches—quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods—adopted by the included studies ensured a robust understanding of the context-specific barriers and facilitators. This review indicated the necessity of multifaceted, culturally sensitive and contextually tailored interventions combining policy reforms with grassroots participation to improve immunization equity in FCV communities in Northern Nigeria. The evidences synthesized in this review aims to inform policymakers, health practitioners and stakeholders in designing effective, sustainable vaccination programmes amidst persistent insecurity and fragility in fragile, conflict-affected and vulnerable (FCV) communities of Northern Nigeria.

Abstract While United Nations peacekeeping has been in decline since 2014, ad hoc coalitions have become prominent in international conflict management. We argue that these two trends have changed the field of international conflict management into what we call ‘conflict management à la carte’. Contemporary examples of ad hoc coalitions in international conflict management are the Multinational Joint Task Force, fighting the Boko Haram insurgency in the Lake Chad region, but also maritime missions such as the US-led Coalition Task Force Sentinel in the Gulf region and the Kenya-led Multinational Security Support mission in Haiti. After analysing the implications of this turn for international conflict management, we sketch out three types of differentiated ad hoc coalition integration in international conflict management and discuss examples. We then provide recommendations for how to synergize and integrate ad hoc coalitions with UN-led and regional organization-led initiatives, to enhance mission effectiveness and preserve a robust and legitimate toolbox of institutional responses for international conflict management. In conclusion, we argue that as the UN reorients itself towards becoming a service provider through adopting a modular approach, it should continue to invest in interorganizational cooperation on issues of logistics, financial and human rights accountability, including with ad hoc coalitions.

Malnutrition remains a critical public health concern globally, disproportionately affecting children in low- and middle-income countries. In Nigeria’s northern region, insecurity has worsened this burden. The Boko Haram insurgency in Hong Local Government Area (LGA), Adamawa State, has disrupted livelihoods and displaced populations, increasing vulnerability among children under five. This study assessed the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of malnutrition in three insurgency-affected communities (Kopere, Garaha, and Dabna). A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 500 households with children aged 0–5 years. Data were collected using structured questionnaires on socio-demographics, diet, water, sanitation, healthcare access, and anthropometric measurements. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Results revealed high malnutrition prevalence: stunting (48.6%), wasting (25.4%), underweight (38.2%), severe acute malnutrition (12.8%), and moderate acute malnutrition (18.6%). Determinants significantly associated with malnutrition included low maternal education (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.5–5.9), low household income (OR=3.2, 95% CI: 2.1–4.8), poor dietary diversity (OR=4.5, 95% CI: 2.9–7.0), poor healthcare access (OR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.2), and unsafe water sources (OR=3.5, 95% CI: 2.2–5.5). The findings highlight an urgent humanitarian crisis, with both chronic and acute malnutrition widespread in the study area. Addressing these requires integrated interventions, including emergency nutrition services, improved food security, maternal education, WASH initiatives, and strengthened healthcare systems, alongside long-term peacebuilding efforts.

This paper critically examines the perceived historical and ideological relationship between the 1804 Sokoto Jihad led by Sheikh Uthman dan Fodio and the contemporary Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. While Boko Haram’s founder, Muhammad Yusuf, frequently invoked the Sokoto Jihad to legitimize his campaign against Western education and secular governance, this study interrogates the validity of such claims. Drawing on historical sources, theological analysis, and secondary literature, the paper argues that Boko Haram’s ideological foundations and methods sharply diverge from those of the Sokoto Jihad. Whereas Dan Fodio’s movement was rooted in Islamic scholarship, moral reform, and resistance to social injustice, Boko Haram’s approach is characterized by extremism, violence, and a distorted interpretation of Jihad. The findings reveal that Boko Haram’s claim of continuity with the Sokoto Jihad is historically unfounded and theologically inconsistent. The study concludes that the 1804 Jihad represented a reformist and educational movement aimed at social justice, while Boko Haram’s insurgency constitutes a perversion of Islamic principles, driven more by political disillusionment and socio-economic grievances than by genuine religious reform.

This study examines post-conflict urban redevelopment and flood-resilient infrastructure development in Maiduguri, Nigeria, following over a decade of Boko Haram insurgency. The September 2024 Alau Dam collapse, which killed at least 37 people and displaced 414,000 residents, demonstrates the urgent need for integrated approaches combining post-conflict recovery with climate resilience. The analysis reveals that successful redevelopment requires coordinated implementation of structural measures (upgraded drainage systems, flood barriers), non-structural interventions (early warning systems, land-use planning), and institutional capacity building, while integrating the needs of approximately 300,000 internally displaced persons into sustainable urban planning frameworks.