Infant Body Weight Research Articles

FAKTOR RISIKO TRANSMISI VIRUS HIV PADA IBU HAMIL DI PAPUA

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been transmitted all over the world and attack people including pregnant women and their fetus. HIV-AIDS has become the main cause of maternal death. The transmission is started from Africa to Indonesia, specifically to Papua Island. In Papua, HIV is a serious threat for pregnant women’s life because of its fast transmission, even faster from other regions in Indonesia. Until present, there has no research about HIV transmission on pregnant women in Papua Island.Objective: To conduct analysis on risk factors related to HIV transmission on pregnant women in Papua Island.Method: Cross sectional continued with retrospective cohort. Data was taken from medical record of all patients delivering in eight state-owned hospitals in Papua and West Papua provinces started from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2013. Inclusion criteria were all pregnant women who delivered vaginally or by caesarean sections with HIV and non HIV diagnosis and had complete medical record data. Data being taken included mother’s age when delivered the baby, mother’s education, parents’ social economic status, mother’s ethnicity, parents’ domicile, prematurity and infant’s birth weight. The two research groups were HIV (+) and HIV (-) groups. Data were statistically analyzed using Pearson Chi Square for univarian and logistic regression for multivarian.Result and Discussion: In Papua island, prevalence of pregnant women with HIV was 15.3%, and mostly occurred in reproductive age ( 85.1%). The main transmission source was heterosexual (100%). Univarian analysis found that mothers’s age <20 years old when delivered the baby increase 1.12 times compared to > 20 years old but it’s statistically insignificant (p=0.53). Mothers education < 9 years increases the risk of HIV 1.4 times compared to mother’s education > 9 years (p=0.01). The husband’s low socioeconomic status increase the risk of 5.51 times compared with husband’s high socioeconomic status (p<0.01). The wife’s low socioeconomic status increase the risk of 1.22 times, in which statistically insignificant (p=0.14). Native Papuanese pregnant women has significantly 3.05 times higher risk for HIV transmission compared to non Papuanese (p<0.01). Pregnant women’s domicile in villages increase the transmission significantly 2.21 times compared to cities’ domiciles (p<0.00). Premature delivery increased HIV transmission by 1.7 times (p<0.01). Low infant body weight increased the transmission by 1.64 times significantly (p<0.01). Multivarian analysis showed that husband’s low socioeconomic status, Papuanese ethnicity and domicile in villages are the most dominant factors influencing HIV transmission on pregnant women in Papua Island.Conclusion: Varied risk factors on HIV transmission resulted in the occurrence of HIV (+) cases in Papua Island, while the most dominant factors are husband with low socioeconomic status, Papua ethnicity and domicile in villages. Keywords: HIV, risk factors, birthing mothers, Papua Island.

The Effect of Individualized Versus Standardized Parenteral Nutrition on Body Weight in Very Preterm Infants.

BackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate whether standardizing total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is at least non-inferior to TPN with individualized composition in premature infants with a gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, all preterm born in or transferred to Maxima Medical Center (MMC) within 24 hours after birth with a GA < 32 weeks were included. The individualized group (2011) was compared to the partially standardized group (2012) and completely standardized group (2014) consequently. The primary endpoint was difference in growth. Secondary endpoints included differences in electrolyte concentrations.ResultsA total of 299 preterm were included in this study. When comparing weight gain, the infants in the (partially) standardized group demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) less weight loss during the first days of life and grew faster subsequently in the following days than the individualized TPN regimen. Furthermore, significant differences in abnormal serum sodium, chloride, calcium, creatinine, magnesium and triglycerides values were demonstrated.ConclusionTPN with a (partially) standardized composition revealed to be at least non-inferior to TPN with an individualized composition.

Kualitas Hasil Penimbangan Berat Badan Balita oleh Kader Posyandu

Posyandu is a community center in the effort to health and family planning services the needs of health and improvement of nutritional status of the community. It takes care and an adequate place and Posyandu cadres are really well trained and have knowledge about the procedure of weighing. This study intends to determine the factors associated with quality of infant body weight by a cadre of neighborhood health center in the sub-district of Jeumpa, this research descriptive analytic with cross-sectional study design, the sample is Posyandu cadres in the subdistrict of Jeumpa, Bireuen. Statistical analysis Chi-Square test showed that there was a correlation posyandu cadre of knowledge about the body weight of five years with the quality of their body weight infants with p=0,001, there was a correlation with the quality of training of cadres posyandu weight infants weighing results with p= 0,001, and there is a relationship with a quality education cadre posyandu weight infants weighing results with p=0,005. The conclusion of this study were factors associated with quality of infant body weight by a cadre of neighborhood health center in the District Jeumpa Bireuen is knowledge, training, and education of cadres posyandu. Suggested to the parties, especially PHC Jeumpa in order to further enhance the knowledge, training and determination of equitable educational strata in recruiting cadres posyandu. Keywords: Cadres, posyandu, quality weighing results

Relationship between breast milk composition and weight growth velocity of infants fed with exclusive breast milk

To study the effect of breast milk composition on weight growth velocity of infants fed with exclusive breast milk. One hundred and thirty-eight full-term singleton infants who received regular follow-up visits and fed with exclusive breast milk and their mothers were recruited. Body height, weight and head circumference of these infants were measured at regular visits. Z scores were used to evaluate growth velocity. The subjects were classified into a failure to thrive group (ΔZ scores≤-0.67), a poor growth group (-0.67<ΔZ scores<0) and a normal control group (ΔZ scores≥0). The samples of mature breast milk were collected for composition analysis. The differences in the levels of the protein, fats, energy, carbohydrates and minerals in breast milk were compared among the three groups. ΔZ scores for weight in the failure to thrive and poor growth groups were lower than in the normal control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of protein, fats and energy in breast milk among the failure to thrive, poor growth and normal control groups. However, the levels of carbohydrates and minerals in both the failure to thrive and poor growth groups were lower than in the normal control group (P<0.05). Weight growth velocity of infants can be affected by the composition of breast milk to a certain degree in a short period. In order to maintain a good weight growth velocity of infants, mothers should have a balanced diet to improve the quality of breast milk.

15 days ‘water only fast’: a tough but a challenging personal experience

&lt;p&gt;Hydrotherapy is the use of water in the treatment of diseases. It is an effective method of detoxification. It was formerly called hydropathy. Water comprises from 75% body weight in infants to 55% in elderly and is essential for cellular homeostasis and life. The use of water for therapy has been around for hundreds of years. The theory behind it is that water has many properties that give it the ability to heal:water can store and carry heat and energy. Though water fasting offers the quickest detox and strongest therapeutic effect, it is no doubt the most challenging fast to perform in the first few days.&lt;/p&gt;

Growth patterns of appropriate for gestational age infants of gestational diabetic mothers during the first year

To explore the growth pattern of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants of mother with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The objects of this study were offspring of women who delivered in our hospital from January to December 2011. The GDM group included 70 AGA infants (36 male cases and 34 female cases) of mother with GDM. The control group included 154 AGA infants (66 male cases and 88 female cases) of women with normal glucose tolerance. The data of demographic characteristics of mothers of two groups were collected. Body weight and length of infants in two groups were measured at 3, 6 and 12 months age respectively. Body mass index (BMI), weight and height gain during infancy (0-3 months, 3-6 months and 6-12 months) of infants in two groups were also calculated. Body weight, length and BMI of male AGA infants in GDM group were less than that of control group at 3 months and 6 months age, but more than that of control group at 12 months age, however, there were no significant differences between two group(P>0.05). The weight and height gain during infancy (0-3 months, 3-6 months) of male AGA infants in GDM group were lower than that of control group, but the difference was statistically significant only at 3-6 months[(1.1±0.4) vs (1.4±0.4) kg, P=0.040; (4.9±2.3) vs (6.3±1.2) cm, P=0.026]. The weight and height gain during infancy (6-12 months) of male AGA infants of gestational diabetic mothers were higher than that of control group, but the difference was not statistically significant[(2.1±0.5) vs (1.8±0.5) kg, P=0.361; (8.4±1.3) vs (7.8±1.4) cm, P=0.464]. Male infants of gestational diabetic mothers grew slowly during their infancy of 0-6 months, and then their growth became increasingly fast, which suggested that the influence of intrauterine hyperglycemia environment of GDM mothers on fetal growth might continue after birth.

Breastfeeding and infant growth outcomes in the context of intensive peer counselling support in two communities in Bangladesh.

BackgroundExclusive breastfeeding and growth faltering during infancy remain challenges in Bangladesh. The Training & Assistance for Health & Nutrition Foundation has been working to address this gap through community-based peer counsellors since 2000. In this paper, we assessed the programme’s progress, particularly with respect to early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for normal birth weight, as well as for low birth weight (LBW) infants.MethodsThe peer counselling programme is continuing in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh, but only data collected between January 2013 and June 2015 is presented in this descriptive study. Intensive breastfeeding counselling was provided to women during the third trimester of pregnancy and 6 months postpartum by well-trained peer counsellors. They recorded data on infants’ birth weight, feeding practices and body weight every month and submitted these for computer entry. Weight measurements were converted to weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) and growth patterns assessed by comparing attained body weights with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 Child Growth Standards.ResultsA total of 994 infants were born during the study period; 94 % were normal birth weight and 6 % were LBW (<2.5 kg). Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of birth was reported by 94 % of counselled mothers in both groups. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months was 94 % in the normal birth weight infants and 92 % in the LBW infants, and their mean body weights were 7.5 ± 0.8 kg and 6.6 ± 0.7 kg respectively. There was no growth faltering in these infants during 6 months. Underweight rates in normal birth weight infants remained similar (2.2 % at 1 month and 2.5 % at 6 months), whereas underweight rates in LBW infants decreased from 42.1 % at 1 month to 21.1 % at 6 months.ConclusionsIn the context of a well-structured programme setting, and under the described circumstances, it seems likely that the well-trained and supervised community-based peer counsellors could assist in encouraging and helping mothers of both normal birth weight and LBW infants to initiate breastfeeding within one hour and to continue exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age. Our data suggest that they may also have contributed towards prevention of growth faltering in these infants.

Application of new blood-saving extracorporeal circulation circuits in open heart surgery

Objective To explore the blood-saving and conservation effect and clinical prognosis of extracorporeal circulation circuits designed individually by using medical polymeric materials for adults and infants in cardiac surgical procedures. Methods A total of 41 new extracorporeal circulation circuits designed based on the operation requirements, including 20 for adults and 21 for infants, were applied on adults and infants (body weight less than 10 kg), and the results were compared with that of the conventional circuits on adults (20) and infants (19) respectively. Total priming volume, priming and intraoperative blood products consumption, pump pressure, intraoperative blood hemoglobin (Hb) level, free Hb (f-Hb), platelet (Plt) count, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), colloid osmotic pressure (COP), lactate (Lac) level, Hb level after modified ultrafiltration, endotracheal intubation time and ICU time were all collected in two groups. Results Priming volume, priming and intraoperative blood consumption and f-Hb level in the blood-saving and conservation circuits group were significantly lower than that of conventional circuits group (P 0.05) between the two groups in pump pressure, intraoperative blood Hb level, Plt, SvO2, COP, Lac level, Hb level after modified ultrafiltration, endotracheal intubation time and ICU time. Conclusions The minimized blood conservation extracorporeal circulation circuit plays an important role in reducing priming volume and blood transfusion. It maintains a normal level of hemodynamics, oxygenation and tissue perfusion level during cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery for adults and infants. Red blood cell destruction can be reduced by improving blood compatibility, and physical data are all stabilized intra and post operation. This new circuit is secure, with its better outcome, expected in application. Key words: Extracorporeal circulation; Infant; Blood-saving circuit

Effects of Motor Development Stimulation on Anthropometric Indices of Infants Aged 1-12 Months in Foster Care Homes

Background: The first three years of life have a pivotal role in growth and development of infants. Extra-uterine environment largely affects brain development of infants during the first year of life.However,no specific programs are available for brain development stimulation in foster homes. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of motor development stimulation package on anthropometric indices of infants staying in foster homes. Method: This experimental study was conducted on 50 infants aged 1-12 months at Ali Asghar foster home of Mashhad, Iran in 2013. Infants were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=25) and control (n=25). Motor development stimulation packages were used for intervention group three times a week for eight consecutive weeks (24 sessions, two hours each). Anthropometric indices of infants were evaluated using standard instruments before and after intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS V.11.5 using independent T-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: In this study, mean age of infants in intervention and control groups was 6.04±3.48 and 4.3±3.70 months, respectively. In total, 68% of infants were male, and 32% were female. After intervention, Mann-Whitney test results showed no statistically significant difference in height (P=0.47) and head circumference (P=0.11) of infants between the groups. However, independent T-test showed a statistically significant difference in body weight of infants (P=0.007) between the groups after intervention with the stimulation care package. Implications for Practice: According to the results of this study, use of evidence-based motor development stimulation package for eight weeks resulted in increased weight of infants, while it had no effect on height and head circumference. Therefore, it is recommended that complementary studies be conducted in this regard.

Breast milk stimulates growth hormone secretion in infant mice, andphosphorus insufficiency disables this ability and causes dwarfism-like symptoms.

IntroductionBreast milk intake facilitates neonatal growth, and its effect is assumed to last long into the adulthood. We recently reported that dietary phosphorus insufficiency reduces the ability of breast milk to promote infant growth in mice. However, how phosphorus confers this ability to milk is still unclear.MethodsTo address this issue, we performed biochemical and physiological comparisons of milk secreted from C57BL/6J mice fed a low-phosphorus diet (LPD) or a normal-phosphorus control diet.ResultsAlthough serum phosphorus concentration was decreased, the body weight of mother mice was unaffected. By contrast, infant body weight was significantly reduced, and dwarfism-like symptoms were observed in adulthood. Quantitative analysis revealed that the serum concentration of growth hormone (GH) was substantially reduced, and concomitantly insulin-like growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 23 were decreased. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed ectopic fat accumulation in the livers of infant mice along with increased blood cholesterol level. Moreover, electron microscopy indicated fragility of the outer membrane of milk droplets.ConclusionsOur results suggest that phosphorus is essential for the formation of milk droplets, which function as a stimulator of growth factor secretion in infant offspring.

The interventions of nutritional education on malnutrition infants mothers in Wonokromo Surabaya

Mother’s knowledge has great affect to the nutritional status of the infants, because mother has a big role in providing the food in the family. That Knowledge was heavily influenced by social circumstances of the family's such as lack of family income that may affect the mother's in providing the food in the family. The research objective is to examine the effect of nutrition education intervention on body weight of malnutrition infants in RW 07 Wonokromo, Surabaya.&#x0D; This study uses a pre-experimental study design with pre-post test type approach. The subjects were children aged six months to five years who are malnutrition and poor nutrition, with indexes BW/U is less than Z score, located in Wonokromo Village, Surabaya. Sampling techniques in a study conducted by simple random sampling. Analysis of differences nutritional status of children before and after giving of nutrition education were tested by paired t test (paired t test) and differences of mother’s knowledge before and after giving of nutrition education were tested by Wilcoxon signed rank test.&#x0D; Results of statistically tests by using a paired t-test obtained P Value (0.108) &gt; α (0.05) means there is no different on giving of nutrition education intervention on weight infants in the RW. 07 Wonokromo Village, Surabaya. Results of statistically tests by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test obtained P Value (0.157) &gt; α (0.05) means there is no different on giving of nutrition education intervention on parent’s knowledge level of a toddler in the RW. 07 Wonokromo Village Surabaya.&#x0D; Required planning and strategies to change behavior and awareness of nutrition and health. Using 4P concept for viewpoint of trainers/educators and 4C for viewpoint of participants or trained, and performed by ABC approach (Advocacy, Situation control and the Movement Atmosphere/mobilization).

Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study: a randomised controlled trial of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding.

BackgroundIn 2002, the World Health Organization recommended that the age for starting complementary feeding should be changed from 4 to 6 months of age to 6 months. Although this change in age has generated substantial debate, surprisingly little attention has been paid to whether advice on how to introduce complementary foods should also be changed. It has been proposed that by 6 months of age most infants will have developed sufficient motor skills to be able to feed themselves rather than needing to be spoon-fed by an adult. This has the potential to predispose infants to better growth by fostering better energy self-regulation, however no randomised controlled trials have been conducted to determine the benefits and risks of such a “baby-led” approach to complementary feeding. This is of particular interest given the widespread use of “Baby-Led Weaning” by parents internationally.Methods/DesignThe Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study aims to assess the efficacy and acceptability of a modified version of Baby-Led Weaning that has been altered to address potential concerns with iron status, choking and growth faltering. The BLISS study will recruit 200 families from Dunedin, New Zealand, who book into the region’s only maternity hospital. Parents will be randomised into an intervention (BLISS) or control group for a 12-month intervention with further follow-up at 24 months of age. Both groups will receive the standard Well Child care provided to all parents in New Zealand. The intervention group will receive additional parent contacts (n = 8) for support and education on BLISS from before birth to 12 months of age. Outcomes of interest include body mass index at 12 months of age (primary outcome), energy self-regulation, iron and zinc intake and status, diet quality, choking, growth faltering and acceptability to parents.DiscussionThis study is expected to provide insight into the feasibility of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding and the extent to which this method of feeding affects infant body weight, diet quality and iron and zinc status. Results of this study will provide important information for health care professionals, parents and health policy makers.Trial registrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12612001133820.

Dehydration: Isonatremic, Hyponatremic, and Hypernatremic Recognition and Management.

1. Karen S. Powers, MD, FCCM* 1. *Pediatric Critical Care, Golisano Children’s Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY. Clinicians need to recognize the signs and symptoms of dehydration to safely restore fluid and electrolytes. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand that the signs and symptoms of dehydration are related to changes in extracellular fluid volume. 2. Recognize the different clinical and laboratory abnormalities in isonatremic, hyponatremic, and hypernatremic dehydration. 3. Know how to manage isonatremic dehydration. 4. Know how to manage hyponatremic dehydration. 5. Know how to manage hypernatremic dehydration. 6. Recognize how to avoid as well as treat complications of fluid and sodium repletion. 7. Understand which patients are candidates for oral rehydration. 8. Know the proper fluids and methods for oral rehydration. Dehydration is one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Diarrheal disease and dehydration account for 14% to 30% of worldwide deaths among infants and toddlers. (1) In the United States, as recently as 2003, gastroenteritis was the source for more than 1.5 million office visits, 200,000 hospitalizations, and 300 deaths per year. The rotavirus vaccine has significantly decreased the incidence of rotaviral gastroenteritis, and now norovirus is the leading cause in the United States. Water, which is essential for cellular homeostasis, comprises about 75% of body weight in infants and up to 60% in adolescents and adults. Without water intake, humans would die within a few days. (2) The human body has an efficient mechanism of physiologic controls to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst. These mechanisms can be overwhelmed in disease states such as gastroenteritis because of rapid fluid and electrolyte losses, leading to dysnatremia, which is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients. (3) Infants and young children are …

One stage correction of anorectal malformations in newborns.

The retrospective analysis of case histories of 35 infants (19 boys, 16 girls), treated in the department of reconstructive surgery of Dnipropetrovsk center of mother and child health in the period 2008-2013 was done. All the patients underwent one-stage treatment of anorectal malformations in neonatal period. Surgery was performed in the first 48 hours of life. Body weight of infants ranged from 2,8 to 4,4 kg (average weight 3,2 kg). Among related conditions there were observed vesico-ureteral reflux (VUR) – in 11 (31,4%), VATER association - in 6 (17.1%), malformations of the spine – in 18 (51,4%), of the heart – in 2 (5,7% ). During cystoscopy fistula in the urinary system was revealed in 16 boys. Surgical treatment was carried out by the posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) by A.Pena. 2 patients additionally underwent laparotomy. Among 16 patients with fistula in the urinary system, prostatic urethra fistula was revealed in 14, bladder neck fistula – in 2. Children were discharged from the hospital 2 weeks after surgery. All the children re­ceived anti­biotics due to the presence of VUR. After 1 month after surgery VCUG was performed. Long-term results were studied for a period of 10 to 24 months. All patients had VUR without evidence of hydronephrosis. In the period of 3-6 months after surgery 2 patients presented anal stenosis due to violation of dilatation. The evaluation results in the late period (10-24 months after surgery) noted the presence of normal stool 2-3 times a day, 3 children had periodic con­stipations treated by diet. Available merits of the described method: only one operation and general anesthesia is per­for­med, no risk of prolonged contamination by pathogenic flora of the urinary system through the fistula, potential risk of complications of laparotomy and colostomy decreases, fistula visualization in cystoscopy allows to avoid the X-ray.

Body composition among Sri Lankan infants by ¹⁸O dilution method and the validity of anthropometric equations to predict body fat against ¹⁸O dilution.

BackgroundBody composition indicators provide a better guidance for growth and nutritional status of the infants. This study was designed to (1) measure the body composition of the Sri Lankan infants using a reference method, the 18O dilution method; (2) calculate the body fat content of the infants using published skinfold prediction equations; and (3) evaluate the applicability of the skinfold equations to predict body fat among Sri Lankan infants against the 18O dilution method.MethodsTwenty five healthy, exclusively breast-fed infants were randomly recruited at well-baby clinics, for this cross-sectional study. Body composition was measured using 18O dilution. Infant body weight, length, skinfold thicknesses and mid upper-arm circumference were measured using standard procedures. The Bland and Atlman pair-wise comparison method was used to evaluate the agreement of body fat generated using the anthropometric prediction equations against the 18O dilution values as the reference.ResultsMean (SD) body weight and length of the infants were 6.5 kg (0.9) and 64.7 cm (2.8) respectively. Mean total body water, fat free mass, fat mass and % fat mass as measured by 18O dilution method were 58.8% (5.0), 4.6 kg (0.8), 1.9 (0.5) and 29.5% (6.1). Total body water and fat free mass were significantly higher in boys when compared to girls. With the exception of three prediction equations (Bandana et al., Goran et al. and Durnin and Wormsley), most of the other commonly used anthropometry-based prediction equations yielded a bias which was not constant but a function of the % fat mass.ConclusionsBody composition of Sri Lankan infants is comparable to the normative data available from the industrialized countries. Most of the commonly used anthropometric prediction equations generated a bias which varies with the size of the body fat. Only three prediction equations (Bandana, Goran, Durnin & Wormsley) yield a constant bias. The Durnin & Wormsely equation showed the smallest bias when compared to the 18O dilution values with the narrowest limits of agreement. Accuracy of some of the prediction equations is a function of gender.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0371-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Initial catch-up growth in children with hypothyroidism on thyroxine replacement therapy

Background: There is a paucity of observational data from India on initial catch up growth in hypothyroid children started on thyroxine replacement therapy. Methods: We retrospectively studied 44 children and adolescents (32 girls) with a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism i.e., (thyrotropin > 15 μIU/mL and thyroxine < 55ng/mL). All were started on treatment with oral thyroxine. The dose was adjusted to maintain thyrotropin between 0.5-5 μIU/mL. Height was measured at baseline and at each follow-up visit and height standard deviation scores (HtSDS) were calculated. We studied the therapeutic benefit of thyroxine replacement therapy on growth in the initial couple of years of treatment. Results: Dose of thyroxine required to restore euthyroidism was 4.1±2.5 μg/kg body weight. The dose fell from 9.7±2.4 μg/kg body weight in infants to 3.0±1.5 μg/kg body weight in adolescence (p<0.001). Likewise, the dose per unit body surface area also fell consistently from 207 ± 70.3 μg/m2 in infants to only 89.3±17.9 μg/m2 in adolescents (p<0.001). The initial HtSDS was -2.0±1.5 and this improved by 0.4 to final value of -1.6±1.3 (p < 0.001) after an average follow up of 14.1±2.5 months. The mean catch-up growth velocity, weighted for the duration of follow-up was 7.7 cm/year. Conclusions: The HtSDS deficit because of hypothyroidism is partially regained in the first few years after treatment.

Iron and vitamin D status in breastfed infants and their mothers.

PurposeWe assessed the relationships between iron and vitamin D statuses in breastfed infants and their mothers and evaluated the determinants of iron and vitamin D deficiencies in breastfed infants.MethodsSeventy breastfed infants aged 4-24 months and their mothers participated in this study from February 2012 to May 2013. Complete blood counts, total iron binding capacity, and levels of C-reactive protein, iron, ferritin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in infants and their mothers were measured.ResultsA history of maternal prepregnancy anemia was associated with lower ferritin and 25(OH)D levels in both infants and their mothers. The 25(OH)D level of infants correlated with maternal 25(OH) D levels. The independent risk factors for iron deficiency in breastfed infants were the duration of breastfeeding (odds ratio [OR], 6.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-39.2; P=0.04) and infant body weight (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.07-6.56; P=0.04). The determinants for vitamin D deficiency were the infant's age (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.02-0.97; P=0.046) and maternal 25(OH)D level (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.92; P=0.01).ConclusionA maternal history of prepregnancy anemia requiring iron therapy was associated with lower current ferritin and 25(OH)D levels in both infants and their mothers. Therefore, physicians should monitor not only iron but also vitamin D levels in infants who are breastfed by mothers who had prepregnancy anemia.

Association between maternal urinary arsenic species and infant cord blood leptin levels in a New Hampshire Pregnancy Cohort

Leptin is an important pleiotropic hormone involved in the regulation of nutrient intake and energy expenditure, and is known to influence body weight in infants and adults. High maternal levels of arsenic have been associated with reduced infant birth weight, but the mechanism of action is not yet understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between in utero arsenic exposure and infant cord blood leptin concentrations within 156 mother–infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) who were exposed to low to moderate levels of arsenic through well water and diet. In utero arsenic exposure was obtained from maternal second trimester urinary arsenic concentration, and plasma leptin levels were assessed through immunoassay. Results indicate that urinary arsenic species concentrations were predictive of infant cord blood leptin levels following adjustment for creatinine, infant birth weight for gestational age percentile, infant sex, maternal pregnancy-related weight gain, and maternal education level amongst 149 white mother–infant pairs in multivariate linear regression models. A doubling or 100% increase in total urinary arsenic concentration (iAs+MMA+DMA) was associated with a 10.3% (95% CI: 0.8–20.7%) increase in cord blood leptin levels. A 100% increase in either monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was also associated with an 8.3% (95% CI: −1.0–18.6%) and 10.3% (95% CI: 1.2–20.2%) increase in cord blood leptin levels, respectively. The association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) and cord blood leptin was of similar magnitude and direction as other arsenic species (a 100% increase in iAs was associated with a 6.5% (95% CI: −3.4–17.5%) increase in cord blood leptin levels), albeit not significant. These results suggest in utero exposure to low levels of arsenic influences cord blood leptin concentration and presents a potential mechanism by which arsenic may impact early childhood growth.

Association between Maternal Urinary Arsenic Species and Infant Cord Blood Leptin Levels in a New Hampshire Pregnancy Cohort

Abstract Leptin is an important pleiotropic hormone involved in the regulation of nutrient intake and energy expenditure, and is known to influence body weight in infants and adults. High maternal levels of arsenic have been associated with reduced infant birth weight, but the mechanism of action is not yet understood. This study aimed to investigate the association between in utero arsenic exposure and infant cord blood leptin concentrations within 156 mother–infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) who were exposed to low to moderate levels of arsenic through well water and diet. In utero arsenic exposure was obtained from maternal second trimester urinary arsenic concentration, and plasma leptin levels were assessed through immunoassay. Results indicate that urinary arsenic species concentrations were predictive of infant cord blood leptin levels following adjustment for creatinine, infant birth weight for gestational age percentile, infant sex, maternal pregnancy-related weight gain, and maternal education level amongst 149 white mother–infant pairs in multivariate linear regression models. A doubling or 100% increase in total urinary arsenic concentration (iAs+MMA+DMA) was associated with a 10.3% (95% CI: 0.8–20.7%) increase in cord blood leptin levels. A 100% increase in either monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) was also associated with an 8.3% (95% CI: −1.0–18.6%) and 10.3% (95% CI: 1.2–20.2%) increase in cord blood leptin levels, respectively. The association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) and cord blood leptin was of similar magnitude and direction as other arsenic species (a 100% increase in iAs was associated with a 6.5% (95% CI: −3.4–17.5%) increase in cord blood leptin levels), albeit not significant. These results suggest in utero exposure to low levels of arsenic influences cord blood leptin concentration and presents a potential mechanism by which arsenic may impact early childhood growth.

PO-0469 Allometric Scaling Of Brain Growth In Preterm Infants And In Piglets

Background The relationship between brain size (measured as head circumference) and body weight in human infants is allometric. This means that the relative growth rates of the body and the brain stays in a constant relation during infancy. We are in the process of developing a preterm piglet model to study nutritional interventions on the brain. Here we present an analysis of the growth pattern during the first weeks of life. Materials and methods Piglets (n = 146) were delivered by planned C-section at 90% and 100% gestation. All piglets were part of nutritional intervention studies in which daily body weight gain and body and brain weight upon euthanasia (d0–26) were obtained. Results An allometric scaling model was established by linear regression using the log-transformed values of brain and body weight for piglets at 4 different ages at euthanasia: -10d (preterm at birth), 0d (term at birth), 5d and 26d for term piglets. Preterm piglets aged 4–26 days at euthanasia (n = 52) gained less weight after birth compared to term (12 vs. 26g/(kg*d), (p Conclusion As in humans, the relationship between the piglet brain and body weight appears to follow allometric scaling regardless of gestational age at birth. Preterm piglets were extra-uterinely growth-restricted but the relationship between the brain and body growth did not deviate from the normal scaling relation.