This investigation evaluated the relationships between skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat-free mass (FFM), and hydration status measured through saliva osmolality (SOSM). It was hypothesized that SMM and FFM would positively associate with SOSM. A cross-sectional, observational study. Laboratory and field collection. Seventy-two adults (42 men, 30 women; 29.3 ± 10.6 years, 171 ± 9 cm, 78.8 ± 15.0 kg, 28.7% ± 8.1% body fat). Skeletal muscle mass and FFM were measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis. Saliva osmolality was measured using the MX3 Hydration Testing System, a portable, noninvasive osmometer. Participants presented 2 saliva samples 3 to 5 minutes apart. Fluid intake was avoided for at least 5 minutes before sampling. Linear regression analysis showed a nonsignificant association between SMM and SOSM (unstandardized B = 0.44, P = 0.144), as well as FFM and SOSM (unstandardized B = 0.23, P = 0.172). The adjusted analysis including covariates (age, sex, past 4-hour fluid intake, and time of sampling) showed nearly no effect, with insignificant associations between SMM and SOSM (unstandardized B = 0.98, P = 0.146) and FFM and SOSM (unstandardized B = 0.44, P = 0.173) remaining. Similarly, Spearman correlation coefficients between SMM and SOSM [ρ(72) = 0.10, P = 0.427] as well as FFM and SOSM [ρ(72) = 0.08 P = 0.487] were positive but nonsignificant and small. Despite growing evidence that urinary hydration biomarkers naturally vary with SMM and FFM, these 2 body composition variables seem to be insignificantly associated with hydration status according to SOSM. This may be related to relatively small concentrations of muscle metabolites (eg, creatinine, uric acid, urea) found in saliva.

Body composition, core stability, flexibility, balance, and psychological status in female athletes with primary dysmenorrhea.

Body composition phenotypes, and specific adiposity and lean mass indicators, and their lifestyle determinants among adult childhood cancer survivors - The iBoneFIT adult study.

BackgroundHome-based exercise programs (HBEP) improve physical function and strength in older adults, with potential enhancement through better sleep quality.This study examined whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation combined with HBEP improves body composition, functional performance, and sleep quality in older women. MethodsThis randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assigned older women to receive either HBEP plus GABA (100 mg/day) or HBEP plus placebo for 16 weeks.Outcomes included body composition, handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), and subjective sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI).Dietary intake, metabolic markers, and adverse events were monitored. ResultsGroups showed similar baseline sleep parameters.After 16 weeks, the GABA group demonstrated significantly greater reduction in overall PSQI scores (p < 0.001) with improvements in sleep latency, duration, efficiency, disturbances, and daytime dysfunction versus placebo.Both groups improved functional performance equally.Within-group analyses revealed the GABA group reduced body weight (p = 0.006) and BMI (p = 0.002) while increasing lean mass (p = 0.003).Sarcopenia prevalence decreased substantially in the GABA group.Caloric, protein, and carbohydrate intake remained similar between groups.Triglyceride and growth hormone levels stayed stable; fasting glucose increased only in the placebo group. ConclusionSixteen-week HBEP improved physical performance and anthropometric measures regardless of supplementation.GABA supplementation provided additional benefits by enhancing sleep quality and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f body composition in elderly women, suggesting it may be a valuable adjunct to home-based exercise interventions for this population.

Postural control during quiet standing: impact of stance variation, sex, and body composition.

Cefazolin serves as the antibiotic choice for surgical prophylaxis to prevent surgical site infection, yet consensus on dosing guidelines for patients with obesity is not well defined. To quantify cefazolin exposure in plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue during abdominal surgery, and to build a popPK model comparing standard anthropometrics, calculated body-composition metrics, and directly measured body-composition values as predictors of interindividual variability. A single center prospective study was conducted at Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas University Hospital, NJ, USA. Institutional standard for dosing was 2 g < 120 kg, or 3 g of cefazolin for subjects ≥ 120 kg for 101 adult subjects. Serial blood samples and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected for the assessment of cefazolin concentration. All subjects received body composition assessments. Cefazolin concentrations in plasma remained within the therapeutic range in all stratification groups, yet subcutaneous adipose tissue concentrations failed to meet therapeutic cut offs, with 2- to 8.5-fold decrease in target attainment in subjects with increasing body fat percentages and BMI. A three-compartment biophase model best characterized our data and served as our base popPK model. Stepwise covariate modeling of measured body composition metrics outperformed both calculated body composition metrics and standard anthropomorphic values. The results support the claim that existing weight-based dosing methods fall short at the site of action, while simultaneously providing a proof of concept for the first in-human body composition informed popPK model. Measured body composition metrics can enhance characterization of cefazolin prophylactic exposure for subjects with obesity receiving abdominal surgery.

Creatine supplementation modifies fat deposition in arm and leg tissues in individuals with Down syndrome.

Fat-free mass (FFM) is a key component of body composition that contributes moderately to water turnover (WT). However, FFM consists of multiple components, and the extent of its contribution to WT, especially in relation to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in athletes, remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between WT and body composition in athletes. Thirty male participants (20 ± 2 years old) were members of college sports clubs or athletic organizations. WT was determined using the deuterium dilution method for 1 week. Total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were measured using deuterium and sodium bromide dilution. Bone mineral content was measured using DXA, and four-component models were used to calculate FFM and total body protein (TBP). MRI and MRS were used to evaluate SMM and muscle glycogen. WT was positively associated with TBW (r = 0.563), ICW (r = 0.549), SMM (r = 0.548), and ambient temperature (r = 0.519). To overcome mathematical coupling and multicollinearity, regularized regression analyses (LASSO and Elastic Net) were performed. Because TBW and TBP are algebraically dependent on the deuterium-derived water space from which WT was calculated, they were excluded from the candidate predictors. Both models retained SMM, ICW, and ambient temperature as predictors of WT, whereas ECW, bone mineral content, muscle glycogen, and relative humidity were not retained. The modest cross-validated performance (leave-one-out R2 = 0.20-0.23) suggests that WT in athletes is also influenced by behavioral and unmeasured environmental factors. Functional body composition compartments, specifically SMM and ICW, were associated with WT in athletes beyond the mathematical dependency between WT and TBW; SMM, measured independently by MRI, was an independent correlate, whereas the association of ICW-derived in part from TBW-was not fully independent of the WT measurement.

Symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in healthy older women: A preliminary cross-sectional analysis using body composition.

Tsukahara, Y, Torii, S, Taniguchi, Y, Kusakabe, T, Murakami, H, Yamasawa, F, and Akama, T. Mood disturbances, eating attitudes, and their effect on body composition changes in elite female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e721-e726, 2026-Body composition is an important factor in athletic performance at high levels. However, seasonal changes and the effects of mood disturbances and eating attitudes in elite female athletes are not fully understood. In this study, measurements were taken during the season and off-season from 115 athletes. Athletes also completed the Profile of Mood States second edition and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Compared with the on-season, body mass did not significantly change in the off-season (54.3 ± 4.4 kg during season and 54.5 ± 4.2 kg during off-season, p = 0.085). However, body fat percentage decreased significantly during the off-season compared with the on-season (17.8 ± 3.8% during on-season and 17.1 ± 3.2% during off-season, p = 0.004). Although anger-hostility scores increased during the off-season, other domains and EAT-26 scores remained stable. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that body fat percentage decreased in older athletes (coefficient = -2.829, 95% confidence interval [CI] -4.466 to -1.192, p < 0.001) and increased in those with lower tension-anxiety (TA; coefficient = 0.739, 95% CI 0.172 to 1.306, p = 0.011) and higher fatigue-inertia (FI) (coefficient = -0.572, 95% CI -1.106 to -0.038, p = 0.036). These findings suggest that psychological stress indicators, such as TA and FI, may be associated with changes in body fat percentage. Overthinking and mood disturbances may have a negative physiological impact, highlighting the importance of psychological monitoring in elite athletes.

Incretin mimetic drugs (IMDs) induce rapid weight loss and improve cardiometabolic health. However, over 50% of users discontinue and then reinitiate therapy within two years. This drug cycling drives weight loss-regain cycling, which adversely affects body composition and metabolic health. Cessation of IMD therapy leads to a rapid and near-complete reversal of weight loss and cardiometabolic improvement within one year and early IMD discontinuation is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. Concerningly, up to 40% of the weight lost on these therapies is attributed to lean mass loss. Weight cycling compounds these effects and may worsen body composition and metabolic profiles beyond baseline. Supervised exercise programmes attenuate weight regain and may have a lasting 'legacy' effect on metabolic markers. The benefits of IMDs are short-lived following drug cessation and the loss of lean mass that occurs with IMDs may increase the risk of sarcopenia. Incorporating supervised exercise programmes during and after therapy may preserve lean mass, promote healthier body composition and attenuate some of the observed metabolic rebound. Clinicians should weigh the risks and benefits of short-term, or cyclical use of IMDs, particularly in those with low initial muscle mass reserves or metabolically vulnerable cohorts.

Association between hemodynamic parameters, insulin resistance, and body composition in primary care

CT assessment of body composition and liver fat fraction predicts prognosis in gastric cancer.

To propose and validate a personalized iodine delivery rate (IDR) based injection protocol for coronary CT angiography (cCTA) on photon-counting CT. First, ideal IDR (IDRIDEAL) was retrospectively calculated for a HU target of 500 in 55 keV image reconstructions. Next, linear regression analysis was performed with IDRIDEAL and demographic parameters to derive a candidate IDR formula. This was implemented in two validation groups characterized by injection rate (3.5 and 5.0 mL/s). Here, coronary enhancement was quantified and equivalence assessed for a predefined HU range (500 ± 50). Additionally, a reader study assessed perceived enhancement of the coronary tree. This IRB-approved study used a retrospective cohort of 162 patients (group A: 58 ± 12 years; 81 men) and two prospective cohorts of 51 patients (group B1: 60 ± 13 years; 22 men and group B2: 59 ± 12 years; 30 men). IDRIDEAL correlated best with fat-free mass (FFM) (r = 0.67) and was integrated for contrast personalization. Prospectively, mean coronary enhancement was 533 ± 97 HU and 528 ± 68 HU for both groups (p = 0.79) with mean IDR values of 1.01 ± 0.11 gI/s and 1.07 ± 0.14 gI/s. However, distribution variances were significantly different (p = 0.015). Subjective scoring showed no differences between the two groups on overall and per-vessel level (p > 0.05). A personalized, IDR-based injection protocol for cCTA was proposed and validated. FFM was best for IDRIDEAL prediction. Higher injection rates provided more precise coronary enhancement. Question Virtual mono-energetic images lead to low iodine delivery rate settings, but the impact on coronary enhancement is not clear. Findings An iodine delivery rate-based injection protocol implementing personalized contrast volume dilutions with set injection duration and high injection rate improved coronary enhancement. Clinical relevance Iodine delivery rate fine-tuning is a promising approach for coronary CT angiography with low iodine volumes. High injection rates provide more accurate and precise coronary enhancement.

Evaluation of a multimodal personalized prehabilitation program in colon cancer patients undergoing surgery, focussing on changes in nutritional status, physical fitness and exploring clinical outcomes.

Cardiovascular protective properties of berries have been reported in numerous studies. Berries and their bioactive compounds may also be effective for improving body composition and anthropometric indices. This systematic review and meta-analysis were aimed to investigate the effect of berries on anthropometric markers. A systematic search for studies published before June 2024 was conducted in 4 electronic databases-PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar-to find randomized controlled trials that used berries or their extract as the intervention. Data from 42 intervention arms from 38 studies were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in body mass index (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -0.13 [95% CI, -0.22 to -0.04]; P = .004) and in body fat percentage (WMD = -0.50 [95% CI, -0.77 to -0.23]; P = .000) and body fat mass (WMD = -0.67 [95% CI, -1.19 to -0.16]; P = .010). No significant changes were observed in weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, or fat-free mass. The results indicate the potential of berries to improve body mass index and body fat percentage; however, due to limited data, more well-designed studies are recommended. PROSPERO registration No. CRD42024556011.

Standard laboratory housing (21°C) imposes chronic cold stress on mice, yet its fundamental impact on cardiac plasticity remains poorly defined. We systematically interrogated how environmental temperature dictates cardiac responses to endurance exercise, doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity, and aging. Male mice were housed at standard room temperature (RT) or thermoneutrality (30°C, TN) and subjected to exercise, detraining, DOX treatment, or natural aging. Cardiac remodeling was evaluated by integrating physiological phenotyping (echocardiography, body composition) with comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. Housing temperature fundamentally alters cardiac molecular baselines and adaptive trajectories. Exercise at TN elicited a coordinated, extracellular matrix (ECM)-focused transcriptional program, improving contractile function without inducing overt hypertrophy. Conversely, RT triggered a broad, uncoordinated stress response. Notably, while RT permitted classic regression of exercise-induced hypertrophy, detraining at TN revealed a unique cardiac structural economy, where cardiac mass significantly dropped below sedentary controls while maintaining enhanced functional efficiency. In pathological models, RT-induced compensatory survival pathways masked the true structural severity of DOX cardiotoxicity and paradoxically buffered against fibrosis. Furthermore, RT exacerbated cardiac aging phenotypes, inducing widespread fibrosis and upregulating senescence markers and specific microRNAs that remained quiescent under TN. Environmental temperature profoundly reshapes cardiac adaptive plasticity. The chronic thermal stress of standard housing distorts intrinsic molecular signaling, highlighting thermoneutrality as a crucial baseline for revealing true physiological adaptations and ensuring the translational validity of cardiovascular models.

Maternal metabolism adapts during pregnancy to support fetal growth, yet how variability in maternal substrate oxidation influences neonatal adiposity is not well understood. Metabolic flexibility-the ability to adapt to substrate availability-may be a critical determinant of fetal nutrient supply. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine associations between maternal metabolic flexibility and infant adiposity. Forty-seven pregnant women (28 ± 5 yr) with obesity (35.8 ± 5.8 kg/m2) were assessed in early (14.8 ± 0.7 wk) and late (35.9 ± 0.6 wk) gestation. Maternal substrate oxidation was measured overnight in a whole room indirect calorimeter. Metabolic flexibility was calculated as the difference in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) between peak postprandial RER following a standardized dinner and RER during sleep. Maternal body mass and composition were recorded at the same time points, and infant adiposity was measured within 10 days of birth by air displacement plethysmography. Maternal metabolic flexibility in late gestation was positively associated with infant birth weight [β = 169; 95% confidence interval (CI): 18-320; P = 0.03] and adiposity (β = 2.4; 95% CI: 0.4-4.3; P = 0.02), independent of gestational weight gain. Lower fasting RER was inversely associated with infant adiposity (β = -2.4; 95% CI: -4.3 to -0.4; P = 0.02). Postprandial RER was not predictive. Associations with infant adiposity were attenuated when birth weight was included, suggesting maternal substrate oxidation primarily influences adiposity via fetal growth. Maternal metabolic flexibility and fasting reliance on lipid oxidation in late pregnancy are key determinants of fetal growth and adiposity, highlighting the importance of maternal metabolism on developmental programming with implications for long-term offspring health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study revealed that maternal metabolic flexibility-the ability to switch between fuel sources depending on availability-and greater reliance on lipid oxidation during fasting in late pregnancy were linked to higher infant birth weight and adiposity, independent of gestational weight gain. These findings suggest that maternal substrate oxidation influences fetal nutrient supply and, consequently, growth, thereby playing a key role in shaping neonatal body composition and long-term health outcomes.

Weight management remains a significant challenge for patients with class II-III obesity, even after metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS). This study aimed to investigate the association between early, short-term adjunctive semaglutide therapy and postoperative weight-loss outcomes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with class II-III obesity. In this prospective, non-randomized controlled clinical study, patients with class II-III obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35kg/m² scheduled for LSG were enrolled. Semaglutide was administered as adjunctive therapy in the treatment group from 1 to 6 months postoperatively, while the control group received LSG alone. The primary outcome was the percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) at 12 months after surgery. The main secondary outcomes included the percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) at 12 months, the %TWL and %EWL at 6 months, the distributions of %TWL and %EWL, and metabolic parameters. Exploratory analyses were also performed for body composition parameters. A total of 103 participants were included in the study, including 48 in the treatment group and 55 in the control group. At 12 months postoperatively, patients in the treatment group showed significantly greater weight loss than the control group, as reflected by a larger %TWL (-35.14 ± 6.88% vs. -30.73 ± 6.91%, P = 0.002) and a higher %EWL (86.42 ± 19.94% vs. 76.87 ± 22.95%, P = 0.026). Similarly, at 6 months postoperatively, %TWL was significantly greater in the treatment group (-29.74 ± 5.38% vs. -26.32 ± 4.10%, P < 0.001), whereas no significant between-group difference in %EWL was observed at 6 months. In addition, the distributions of %TWL and %EWL were more favorable in the treatment group. These results were generally consistent after propensity score adjustment for baseline confounders, although the between-group difference in %EWL distribution was not significant. Both groups showed comparable improvements in metabolic indicators from baseline. Exploratory analyses further showed a greater increase in lean body mass percentage and a greater reduction in visceral fat area in the treatment group, although these body composition findings should be interpreted cautiously. This non-randomized, single-center study indicates that, among patients with a BMI ≥ 35kg/m2, early adjunctive semaglutide therapy initiated at one month and continued until six months after LSG was associated with greater weight loss at one year postoperatively. These findings provide hypothesis-generating evidence for the potential role of early short-term adjunctive semaglutide therapy after MBS in this population.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to assess the effect of nutraceuticals containing Citrus bergamia on the management of obesity in adults by assessing measures related to obesity. We searched the following databases until October 2024: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The inclusion criteria were RCTs involving adults (≥ 18 years), the use of nutraceuticals containing C. bergamia, and an intervention duration of ≥ 4 weeks. Data extraction focused on weight loss, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool. Out of 966 reports, 11 RCTs were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The pooled results, using a random-effects model, showed that C. bergamia supplementation significantly decreased body weight (SMD: -0.64; 95% CI: -1.15, -0.13; p = 0.01; I2 = 90%), body mass index (SMD: -0.85; 95% CI: -1.35, -0.35; p = 0.0008; I2 = 90%), and waist circumference (SMD: -0.41; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.16; p = 0.001; I2 = 49%). However, no significant effect of bergamot-containing nutraceuticals was observed on the other body composition parameters analyzed. Subgroup analysis suggested that bergamot intake significantly changed anthropometric parameters for periods of ≤ 12 weeks, at dosages of ≤ 600 mg/day, and among participants with overweight and obesity. Overall, the current meta-analysis suggests that nutraceuticals containing C. bergamia show promise in the prevention and management of obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42023465541 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=465541).