Bodily Forces Research Articles

The Sense of Propulsion: Sartre’s Freedom as Deleuzian Force

Abstract This paper will revitalize the notion of force in Sartre’s phenomenology by reinterpreting thrown-projection as propulsion. From there, Sartre’s analysis of agency will be explored as regards the constitutive moments pertaining to the dynamics of striving. We will see that such striving relates to Deleuze’s ideas on how bodily forces take consciousness into possession. In the final steps of the analysis, it will turn out that freedom is dependent on a rupture that emerges from self-determination of consciousness, which is itself not of the order of freedom.

Embodied Rationality as a Mode of the Visibility of Ethics (To the Question of the Toolkit of Constructivism)

Emphasizing a keen interest in the corporeal/bodily in its dynamics and its cognitive characteristics, the authors show that the appeal to the corporeal as a cognitive option changes the understanding and perception of such traditional phenomena as the world, reality, space, things. The proposition that the subject constructs the world, and our bodily experience is determined by the word and constructed by discursive contexts, looks incomplete: its limited nature requires some additions. The authors underline that the study of human sensual cognitive capabilities and the analysis of the cognitive map of the bodily forces us to pay attention to embodied rationality. Addressing it allows us to overcome constructivism, focused exclusively on the discourse of the word, because our intelligence was also shaped in accordance with the form of body action. The authors turned to the problem of mode the visibility of ethics and posed a provocative question as follows: can the cognitive abilities of the bodily act as a basis for ‘construction the morality’ and occupy n equal position with verbal discourse? To solve this problem, the authors analyzed relevant scientific findings and their influence on the nature of the development of constructivist epistemology, studied the debate on the issue of ethics taking place among the representatives of constructivism, and, in particular, analyzed discussions on tools of the constructivism. At present, all ideas and works of constructivism must take into account bodily rationality as their obligatory component (in its general instrumental and methodological basis), and bodily rationality can serve as the basis for “constructing morality.”

The Capaciousness of No: Affective Refusals as Literacy Practices

AbstractThe authors considered the capacious feeling that emerges from saying no to literacy practices, and the affective potential of saying noasa literacy practice. The authors highlight the affective possibilities of saying no to normative understandings of literacy, thinking with a series of vignettes in which children, young people, and teachers refused literacy practices in different ways. The authors use the termcapaciousto signal possibilities that are as yet unthought: a sense of broadening and opening out through enacting no. The authors examined how attention to affect ruptures humanist logics that inform normative approaches to literacy. Through attention to nonconscious, noncognitive, and transindividual bodily forces and capacities, affect deprivileges the human as the sole agent in an interaction, thus disrupting measurements of who counts as a literate subject and what counts as a literacy event. No is an affective moment. It can signal a pushback, an absence, or a silence. As a theoretical and methodological way of thinking/feeling with literacy, affect proposes problems rather than solutions, countering solution‐focused research in which the resistance is to be overcome, co‐opted, or solved. Affect operates as a crack or a chink, a tiny ripple, a barely perceivable gesture, that can persist and, in doing so, hold open the possibility for alternative futures.

Affective Materialities: Reorienting the Body in Modernist Literature ed. by Kara Watts, Molly Volanth Hall, Robin Hackett

Reviewed by: Affective Materialities: Reorienting the Body in Modernist Literature ed. by Kara Watts, Molly Volanth Hall, Robin Hackett Marta Figlerowicz Affective Materialities: Reorienting the Body in Modernist Literature, ed. Kara Watts, Molly Volanth Hall, and Robin Hackett. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2019). Pp. 274. $85.00 (cloth). As I read Affective Materialities: Reorienting the Body in Modernist Literature, my mind wandered to a 1929 essay by Theodor Adorno. The essay considers the late quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven and the early compositions of Franz Schubert. Adorno describes the transition between the two composers as follows: He who crosses the threshold between the years of Beethoven’s death and Schubert’s will shiver, like someone emerging into the painfully diaphanous light from a rumbling, newly formed crater frozen in motion, as he becomes aware of skeletal shadows of vegetation among lava shapes in these wide, exposed peaks, and finally catches sight of those clouds drifting near the mountain, yet so high above his head. He steps out from the chasm into the landscape of immense depth bounded by an overwhelming quiet at its horizon, absorbing the light that earlier had been seared by blazing magma.1 A reader of modernist criticism will be instantly familiar with the grand style and chilly backdrop Adorno adopts here. Four years earlier, in his introduction to The New Science (1925), Erich Auerbach imagined a Giambattista Vico who “stands alone in the icy air of a glacier, and above him stretches the immense baroque horizon of the vault of heaven.”2 Ten years earlier still, in The Theory of the Novel (1915), Georg Lukács described how an antiquity “guided by the stars” was superseded by a modern “world abandoned by God,” to whose prayers and hopes the starry sky had cooled.3 Inspiring or perhaps enabling each other, modernism’s literary-critical greats had an infinity of such cold abysses at the ready, holding them out before artists and writers to echo their solitude, futility, and belatedness, but also the enormous latent force of their feelings. Such passages spring to mind when reading Affective Materialities for two reasons. First, they illustrate a thesis that forms the volume’s [End Page 185] through line. For all of modernism’s suspicion of sentiment and emotion, the authors argue, their writings brim with affects understood as more impersonal psychic and bodily forces. But modernists find affects in unexpected, counterintuitive contexts in which one would not have expected them to emerge or linger. Barren like crystals, ruins, corpses, and moonscapes, these contexts testify to affect’s survival beyond, and independence of, the fixtures of subjectivity. Present-day lovers of such counterintuitive affective sites will be pleased by this volume’s themes and approaches. From Molly Volanth Hall and Kara Watts’s introductory essay on ether, through Karen Guendel’s reflections on flesh and granite and William Kupinse’s on “cold crystal,” the essays weave together some of the most radically anti-humanist strands of affect theory and new materialism. They also show that these late twentieth-century theoretical standpoints describe modernist aesthetic attitudes very well. Each chapter focuses on one or two major writers: T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Djuna Barnes, H.D., and others. Most are Anglophone, the rare exception being Kathryn Van Wert’s discussion of Rainer Maria Rilke. Monophone as it is, the volume does not feel provincial. Its philosophical and political aims are broad and the range of topics on which it touches—from ecology to queer theory—is considerable. In the concluding essay, Robin Hackett movingly brings the volume’s concerns into the present moment. She applies its methods to the racism and queerphobia that subtend the architectural and affective politics of gender segregation in twenty-first century America—and powerfully condemns the ways in which emotions, as opposed to affects, bolster these harmful social patterns. “[E]motion produces the others of racist seclusion” in the “circumstances” Hackett describes; “[b]lank affect, alternately, produces access” to shared social spaces by challenging and partly neutralizing the normative categories that emotions reinforce (249–250). The second tie that links Adorno’s, Auerbach’s, and Lukács’s icy landscapes to Affective Materialities is...

The Dublin James Joyce Summer School, 2018: 'Thirty Years On'

The Dublin James Joyce Summer School, 2018:'Thirty Years On' Alberto Tondello There is always a slight thrill surrounding a 30th birthday celebration. Distinguished either by a momentary crisis or a sense of accomplishment, thirty years of existence mark a point of awareness, a particularly ripe time for a re-evaluation. This year, the Dublin James Joyce Summer School celebrated its 30th anniversary, as Joycean researchers and enthusiasts from around the world gathered once again for the first week of July. Following the practised, consolidated structure of alternating morning lectures, afternoon seminars, and a wide variety of social activities, this year's Summer School seemed to develop around the work of reassessment typical for a 30th birthday. The morning lectures, delivered at the James Joyce Centre by ten exceptional speakers, presented new readings and interpretations challenging what might be seen as well-established ideas on Joyce, his time, and his works. Anne Fogarty, director of the School and Chair of Joyce Studies at UCD, set off this enriching process of re-evaluation with her opening lecture on Monday morning. Focussing on the rise of a new wave of modernism, Fogarty brilliantly analysed works by Anne Enright, Mike McCormack, and Eimear McBride to assess Joyce's political, ethical, and stylistic effects on contemporary Irish writers. Offering an image particularly fitting in a Dublin untouched by rain and struck by an unprecedented heat-wave, Fogarty suggested that Irish writers are learning to write in the light, rather than in the shadow, of James Joyce. This positive approach creates, in turn, a new picture of Joyce as an artist as it defines the contours of a writer who can be an animating force rather than an impediment, and a source of continuous development, rather than the origin of obstructive anxieties. In line with this vision, the morning lectures circled around ideas of influence and collaboration, and revealed through an array of different approaches the [End Page 228] relational forces playing at the heart of the work of the artist and of the scholar alike. Michael Cronin used Herbert Marcuse as a theoretical springboard to revisit some passages from A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Differentiating between sexuality and eros, Cronin attempted to revitalize the (erotic) energy at work in A Portrait, showing how the artist is animated not only by cerebral but also by bodily and affective forces. If Cronin ended his talk by considering subjectivity as necessarily relational, Peter Kuch centred his lecture on the many ways in which a marital relationship might be legally interrupted. Presenting some of the research he undertook for his book Irish Divorce/Joyce's 'Ulysses', Kuch depicted the intricacies surrounding Irish divorce between World War I and the 1930s. Drawing from Every Man's a Lawyer (a book Joyce owned), legal texts, and more than 1,500 divorce cases in English and Irish newspapers, Kuch analysed the possibility of divorce faced by Molly and Bloom in the light of historical, legal, and archival sources. Through a similar mix of textual and historical analysis, Fritz Senn took the term 'exile' in its wider possible sense to conduct a fascinating analysis of the linguistic and biographical exiles in Joyce's works. Only a scholar with Senn's degree of knowledge and insight could have moved with such ease from an examination of the real people whom Joyce included—exiled, as it were—in Ulysses, to a close reading of some of Joyce's 'lexical exiles' or, as he put it, 'lexiles'. In his engaging lecture, Senn highlighted the pleasures of reading Ulysses, showing Joyce's ability to make things foreign by constantly breaking down frameworks, by changing the register of his characters, and by modifying words to create new meanings. Digging into textual and biographical material, Elizabeth Bonapfel and Luca Crispi were particularly skilful in questioning the image of Joyce as a solitary genius, pointing out the personal and professional connections which supported his creative work. Pursuing her research on punctuation, Bonapfel reconstructed the compositional history of A Portrait, tracing the changes in the use of dashes from 1904 to its revised, second edition in 1917. Moving dexterously from punctuation, to the complexities of editing...

Intensities of mobility: kinetic energy, commotion and qualities of supercommuting

This paper explores the intensities of long-distance commuting journeys in order to understand how bodily sensibilities become attuned to the regular mobilities which they undertake. More people are travelling farther to and from work than ever before, owing to a variety of factors which relate to complex social and geographical dynamics of transport, housing, lifestyle, and employment. Yet, the experiential dimensions of long-distance commuting have not received the attention that they deserve within research on mobilities. Drawing from fieldwork conducted in Australia, Canada, and Denmark this paper aims to further develop our collective understanding of the experiential particulars of long-distance workers or ‘supercommuters’. Rather than focusing on the extensive dimensions of mobilities that are implicated in broad social patterns and trends, our paper turns to the intensive dimensions of this experience for supercommuters by developing an understanding of embodied kinetic energy, commotion and quality. Exploring how experiences of supercommuters are constituted by a range of different material and bodily forces enables us to more sensitively consider the practical, technical, and affective implications of this increasingly prevalent yet underexplored travel practice.

The Importance of Blood Is Infinite: Conceptions of Blood as Life Force, Rumours and Fear of Trial Participation in a Fulani Village in Rural Gambia.

BackgroundClinical trials require high levels of participation and low drop-out rates to be successful. However, collecting blood samples from individuals recruited into clinical trials can be challenging when there is reticence about blood-taking. In addition to concerns regarding the feasibility of medical research, fears of ‘blood-stealing’ and ‘blood-selling’ have ethical implications related to cultural sensitivity and informed consent. This study explores anxieties around blood-taking during a malaria treatment trial in the Gambia.MethodsThis case study is based on ethnographic research in one theoretically selected village due to the high reticence to screening for the clinical trial ‘Primaquine's gametocytocidal efficacy in malaria asymptomatic carriers treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine’ carried out in the Gambia between 2013 and 2014. Data collection tools included in-depth interviews, participant observation, informal conversations and group discussions.ResultsIn total only 176 of 411 habitants (42%) in the village accepted having a bloodspot taken to screen for malaria. Although trial recruitment was initially high in the village, some families refused screening when rumours started spreading that the trial team was taking too much blood. Concerns about ‘loss of blood’ were equated to loss of strength and lack of good food to replenish bodily forces. Families in the study village were concerned about the weakness of their body while they had to harvest their crops at the time of recruitment for the trial.ConclusionA common recommendation to prevent and avoid rumours against public health interventions and trials is the provision of full and consistent information during the consent procedure, which is assumed to lead to more accurate knowledge of the purpose of the intervention and increased trial participation. However, even when information provision is continuous, the emergence of rumours can be related to times of uncertainty and perceptions of vulnerability, which are often a reflection of structural inequalities and diverging value orientations between communities and public health institutions.

Biomechanical investigation into the role of the periodontal ligament in optimising orthodontic force: a finite element case study

ObjectivesThis paper aimed to precisely locate centres of resistance (CRe) of maxillary teeth and investigate optimal orthodontic force by identifying the effective zones of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) from hydrostatic stress thresholds in the periodontal ligament (PDL). MethodsWe applied distally-directed tipping and bodily forces ranging from 0.075N to 3N (7.5g to 300g) onto human maxillary teeth. The hydrostatic stress was quantified from nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with normal capillary and systolic blood pressure for driving the tissue remodelling. Two biomechanical stimuli featuring localised and volume-averaged hydrostatic stresses were introduced to describe OTM. Locations of CRe were determined through iterative FEA simulation. ResultsAccurate locations of CRes of teeth and ranges of optimal orthodontic forces were obtained. By comparing with clinical results in literature, the volume average of hydrostatic stress in PDL was proved to describe the process of OTM more indicatively. The optimal orthodontic forces obtained from the in-silico modelling study echoed with the clinical results in vivo. ConclusionsA universal moment to force (M/F) ratio is not recommended due to the variation in patients and loading points. Accurate computational determination of CRe location can be applied in practice to facilitate orthodontic treatment. Global measurement of hydrostatic pressure in the PDL better characterised OTM, implying that OTM occurs only when the majority of PDL volume is critically stressed. The FEA results provide new insights into relevant orthodontic biomechanics and help establish optimal orthodontic force for a specific patient.

Bio-Somatic-Power

Biopower is a prominent force in mental health, with psychiatry having a strong influential grasp across the areas of definition of mental disorders, diagnosis, care, treatment, and legislation. One area that impacts upon the everyday lives of community mental health service users is treatment, largely dominated by medication. This paper will explore biopower in relation to the practices and management of mental health service users’ medication regimens. Michel Foucault’s insistence in his later work that power is the product of bodily forces will be drawn upon in highlighting the importance of undertaking analysis of medication regimens. Taking examples from a project focused on service user experience, the concept of ‘somatic enactment’ is suggested as a means through which to open up biopower to the localised concerns of service users with regard to the issue of managing one’s body on a day to day basis, as affected by medication. In doing so, the author seeks to move towards a notion of biopower that does not only work on a ‘top down’ manner, and in which processes of embodied subjectification can be illuminated, without recourse to a straightforward power-resistance framework.

The Art of Revolt: Rebellion in the Works of Bertran de Born and Julia Kristeva

This article proposes a comparison between the ethics of rebellion developed in recent publications by Julia Kristeva and in the medieval poetry of Bertran de Born. Both Kristeva and Bertran see revolt as a continuous and crucial process of transformation and questioning, of renewal and regeneration, rather than mindless, nihilistic rejection and destruction. Neither has a purely political conception of revolt; instead, they define it as an ethical, artistic, and psychic activity that is the ultimate guarantee of man's dignity, integrity, independence, and creative capacities. In both writers' works we see an ambivalent relationship to father figures and a desire to challenge the Oedipal pact demanded by the symbolic by means of a literary act of defiance that involves a move beyond meaning and sense. Moving away from her earlier focus on poetry, Kristeva turns to Louis Aragon, Roland Barthes, and Jean-Paul Sartre for examples of this defiance. Yet Aragon himself looked to Bertran de Born as a poet in revolt, and the poetic form remains a better venue for the expression of what Kristeva terms the semiotic—that is, the rhythmic bodily forces that resist reduction to the symbolic. Bertran envisages a vital and bellicose society in which violent impulses are given free rein. His poems earned him a place in the medieval imagination as a highly dangerous figure bent on provoking uprisings: thus Dante placed him in Hell, carrying his own severed head. Bertran's oeuvre, then, demonstrates the role literature can play within a culture of revolt. Ultimately, the article argues that a politics of resistance to dominant cultural forces transcends differences in time and form and suggests a new “use” for the Middle Ages within modern theory.

Literarische Anthropologie: Die Neuentdeckung des Menschen by Alexander Košenina

584 Reviews Middle Ages, and tries to define its sense of humour. Humour has of course a his tory,and understanding what latemedieval Germans found funny could provide nuanced insights into this culture. Sebastian Coxon's conclusion is that, at least as regards this genre, theywere very conformist and pretty crude. There are stories here about a stingy host who offers his farts as bedding, about a promiscuous wife who dupes her husband into believing that he had caught a donkey instead of her lover, a miller who finds such pleasure in eating honey that he think this must be sex, and a ladywho tries to convince her husband she got pregnant from eating snow. But although many of these tales sound quite transgressive to us, Coxon argues that their aim was to confirm the status quo. Audiences were en couraged to laugh in derision atmarginal figures. If theywere amused by reversals of power structures, then only in the awareness that these hierarchies were only temporarily inverted: servants outwitting theirmasters or women cheating men were exceptional situations. In thoughtful explorations of the vexed issue of the modes of reception of latemedieval literature,Coxon shows how diegetic repre sentations of laughter guided audiences at recitals or private readings to laughwith the characters?or at them?in the right places: an early form of canned laughter. The narrative patterns that transport humour often aim at 'theatricality, imagining a collective reception for these stories leading to a public consensus about what is funny and what is proper. Coxon explains these tales' obscenity and interest in bodily functions verymuch inNorbert Elias's terms as part of attempts to reconcile bodily needs with the new demands forbodily restraint in civilized society. This is the fullest study of theGerman comic maere to have appeared in a long time, and isbased on an impressivelywide corpus of sources as well as background reading. There is awealth of intriguing new information here thatdeserves further exploration?how the Church's suspicion of laughter (Jesus never laughed!) was negotiated in these stories; that face and hair were themost frequently attacked body parts here; or that the best jokes were on millers and charcoal-burners. None of the stories isdiscussed as awhole; theplot elements serve instead as illustrations forwider points on laughter, narrative techniques, and body and society. Because of this segmentation of sources, this isnot an easy read even for those familiar with the genre. A longer index listing stories by title rather than only by author would have facilitated browsing, and amore sustained analysis of individual storieswould have made reading from cover to cover easier?and perhaps more fun, although there isplenty to smile about in any case. University of St Andrews Bettina Bildhauer Literarische Anthropologic: Die Neuentdeckung des Menschen. By Alexander KoSenina. (Akademie Studienbucher Literaturwissenschaft) Berlin: Akade mie Verlag. 2008. 254 pp. 19.80. ISBN 978-3-05-004419-4. The purpose of this volume, appearing within a series of Studienbucher, is to con textualize and elucidate a variety of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century German literary texts grouped together under the theme of Titerary anthropology. MLR, 105.2, 2010 585 The term anthropology is interpreted by the author in the broadest possible sense, referring not to the institutionalized academic discipline that emerged at the be ginning of the twentieth century, but rather to the broader late-Enlightenment project of investigating the psychological, medical, and sociological dimensions of thatmost complex of scientific objects: the human being. While acknowledging thatKant's lectures on anthropology and Herders writings on human cultures and on the origin of language can be seen as having inaugur ated the discipline of anthropology in late eighteenth-century Germany, Alexander Koseninas focus isdirected more towards figures such as Ernst Platner, Christoph Meiners, Karl Philipp Moritz, theyoung Friedrich Schiller, and others, who sought to understand the human being not only as a rational and ethical being after the manner of Descartes and Kant, but also as a site upon which mental and bodily forces converge and influence one another. Publishing their findings in journals such as Moritz's Magazin fur Erfahrungsseelenkunde, these thinkers questioned traditional religious approaches to phenomena such as dreams, mental illness, and gender. And...

The Revenge of the Still

The Revenge of the Still

Towards a Genealogical Feminism: A Reading of Judith Butler's Political Thought

Judith Butler's contribution to feminist political thought is usually approached in terms of her concept of performativity, according to which gender exists only insofar as it is ritualistically and repetitively performed, creating permanent possibilities for performing gender in new and transgressive ways. In this paper, I argue that Butler's politics of performativity is more fundamentally grounded in the concept of genealogy, which she adapts from Foucault and, ultimately, Nietzsche. Butler understands women to have a genealogy: to be located within a history of overlapping practices and reinterpretations of femininity. This genealogical understanding of femininity allows Butler to propose a coalitional feminist politics, which requires no unity among women but only loosely overlapping connections. For Butler, feminist coalitions should aim to subvert, not consolidate, entrenched norms concerning femininity. Butler has been criticized, however, for failing to explain either how subversive agency is possible or why the subversion of gender norms is desirable. Reviewing these criticisms, I argue that Butler offers a convincing explanation of the possibility of subversive agency, but that the normative dimension of her political thought remains relatively underdeveloped. I explore how the normative aspect of Butler's thought could be strengthened by recasting her notion of genealogy along more thoroughly Nietzschean and materialist lines, in terms of an idea of active and multiple bodily forces.

Counter-rational reason: Goya's instrumental negotiations of flesh and world

How do Goya's representations of the body disrupt the Enlightenment's configurations of the corporeal? If for eighteenth-century aesthetics the body is both the site of ideal beauty and the limit of what can and may be represented, then Goya's panoply of monsters provides a way of understanding other modes of reason(ing), other ways of representing the body and its functions within culture. In his work there is a recuperation of those elements that seem to lie outside the ken of the Enlightenment project: physicality, animality, hybridity, the grotesque, the popular; a recognition of the animal nature of the body and the products of bodily impulses and forces. A rethinking of the body would incorporate an understanding of its role as a physical and social phenomenon in the constitution of the subject. Following on from Paul Ilie's concept of counter-rational Reason, which he defines as the opposite of a uniform centre of rationality in representative thought, the first half of my paper will consider Goya's problematization of representation. My analysis of a selection of drawings from the collection Los Caprichos (1799) will focus not just on the representation of bodies in the painter's work but on his exploration of bodies in their material variety—configurations of modes of constructing the body. This examination of Goya's prolific pictorial negotiations and adaptations of flesh and world will draw upon contemporary approaches to theorizing the body, namely the theories of Julia Kristeva and Elizabeth Grosz.

Patients with medically unexplained symptoms: Sources of patients' authority and implications for demands on medical care

Lay and medical beliefs are not separate systems. The beliefs of somatizing patients, in particular, incorporate medical understanding and it has been argued that this increases the power that such patients exert in seeking treatment from doctors. To understand the nature and use of this power requires investigation of (i) how patients use medical ideas and language to explain their symptoms and (ii) how this process influences patients' expectations and evaluations of their doctors. We interviewed 68 patients, in whom no physical cause had been found for persistent physical symptoms. Their accounts of symptoms and of their experience of doctors were subjected to qualitative thematic analysis. As expected, patients used medical terms to explain their symptoms. However, these depicted explanatory themes which have long been familiar in traditional lay models: disease as a malign entity and imbalance between bodily forces. Patients' sense of authority over doctors derived, not from facility with medical language and ideas but from contrasting their own sensory, and therefore infallible, experience of symptoms with doctors' indirect and fallible knowledge. By providing explanations that questioned the reality of symptoms, doctors were perceived as incompetent and inexpert. Patients used their authority, not to seek treatment, but to secure naming of, and collaboration against, the disorder. Although these patients saw the doctors' role as limited and inexpert by comparison with their own, our analysis suggests ways in which doctors might more effectively engage with persistent somatizing patients.

Free motion of a sphere in a rotating liquid at right angles to the axis of rotation

1. In a previous paper the author has discussed the free motion of a sphere in a rotating liquid, when projected parallel to the axis of rotation. The present paper is a discussion on similar lines when the sphere is projected at right angles to the axis. It will often be found convenient to refer to the first paper, and this is done by placing (A) after the reference ; thus Diagram I (A) refers to Diagram I of the first paper. The density of the sphere is taken to be equal to that of the liquid and the motion is a small disturbance from one of uniform rotation like a rigid body ; the system is supposed free from bodily forces and is initially disturbed by a motion suddenly communicated to the sphere.

Free motion of a sphere in a rotating liquid parallel to the axis of rotation

1. The motion is supposed to be a small disturbance from one of uniform rotation like a rigid body, small motion being defined to be such that the squares and products of velocity and vorticity components may be neglected in the expressions for acceleration. The system is supposed free from bodily forces, and is initially disturbed from relative rest by a motion suddenly communicated to the sphere. The pressure intensity of the liquid consists of two parts,one depending only on the distance from the axis, and the other on the disturbed motion. If at any instant the sphere is moving parallel to the axis of rotation, and the disturbed motion of the liquid is symmetrical with respect to a line through the centre of the sphere parallel to the axis of rotation, the motional part of the pressure intensity will also be symmetrical with respect to this line, and its resultant effect on the sphere will be to produce an acceleration parallel to the axis of rotation. Now the positional part of the pressure intensity would maintain any portion of the liquid in relative rest, and will consequently maintain the sphere in relative rest, providing the density of the sphere is equal to that of the liquid, which we shall suppose to be the case.

The strain of a gravitating, compressible elastic sphere

In the solution of the problerll of the strain of a homogeneous elastic sphere, as given by LAME and bv IVELVIN, the bodily forces are supposed expressible as known functions of the coordinates of position. Wllen self-gravitation is among the forces considered, however, the bodily forces depend in part upon the state of strain, and it is only in the case of assumed incompressibility that the usual method of solution is applicable. The present papel has for its main object the solution of the problem of the strain of an isotropic elastic sphere, initially homogeneous;, due to disturbing forces of a certaill type, takillg into account the changes in the gravitational forces whieh result from the strain. The contents of the paper fall under the following four heads: I. Strain of a gravitatillg, compressible elastic sphere under the action of tidal or centrifugal forces, with numerical consplltations for tlle case in which the surface is free from stress. II. Strain of a gravitating, compressible elastic sphere covered by a shallow ocean, under the action of tidal or centrifugal forces. III. Effect of compressibility upon estimates of the rigidity of the earth. IV. Strain of a gravitating, compressible elastic sphere under the action of small disturbing forces derivable from a potential which is any spherical harlllonic of degree not less than 2.

The stresses and strains in isotropic elastic solid ellipsoids in equilibrium under bodily forces derivable from a potential of the second degree

§ 1. Let the isotropic elastic solid ellipsoid, a -2 x 2 + b -2 y 2 + c -2 z 2 = 1 . . . (1), of uniform density ρ , be acted on by bodily forces whose components P x , Q y , R z are derivable from a potential V = ½ (P x 2 + Q y 2 + R z 2 ) . . . (2).

VI. The stresses and strains in isotropic elastic solid ellipsoids in equilibrium under bodily forces derivable from a potential of the second degree

If a system of bodily forces whose values per unit mass are derived from the potential V = ½(P x 2 + Q y 2 + R z 2 + 2S yz + 2T zx + 2U xy ) acts on an ellipsoid x 2 / a 2 + y 2 / b 2 + z 2 / c 2 = 1, whose density ρ is uniform, the statical resultant reduces to a couple whose components about the axes of x, y, z are respectively 4 πabc ( b 2 - c 2 ) ρ S/15, 4 πabc ( c 2 - a 2 ) ρ T/15, 4 πabc ( a 2 - b 2 ) ρ U/15. These components vanish in the case of a sphere, but in an ordinary ellipsoid equilibrium will not exist unless S, T, U all vanish.