BMI Variables Research Articles

Long-Term Outcomes of Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Gastric Bypass.

Extremely obese patients can benefit greatly from bariatric surgery, a common and successful therapeutic procedure for treating obesity and accompanying medical issues. Although sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass have already demonstrated their effectiveness in this demographic, long-term results were not stated in the literature. The purpose of this research is to examine the long-term outcomes of sleeve gastrointestinal surgery and gastric bypass. This retrospective, single-center study compares 100 patients aged 25 years and older who visited the gastrointestinal tract surgical unit at Dar El-Fouad Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, between January 1 and August 31, 2019, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients underwent either a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB-50%) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG-50%) for severe obesity. Follow-up occurred at one year and up to four years following surgery to collect information from the study subjects. Two tools were used to assess BMI, weight loss, complications after surgery, and incidence outcome of comorbidities after the two surgeries. Qualitative data were presented as number and percentage and frequency distribution tables, and every analysis was done at a significance value < 0.05. The average age of patients within the SG group was 43.02 ± 9.19 years, whereas the average age of patients within the RYGB group was 41.02 ± 11.06 years. In addition, 74% of patients were women in both procedures. The BMI mean of the SG group was 43.90 ± 5.78, the BMI mean of the RYGB group was 42.73 ± 5.12, and the main comorbidity in both techniques was joint pain. The mean BMI at one year was 29.70 kg/m2 after SG compared with 28.64 kg/m2 after RYGB. After four years, BMI was regained within the obese range in both techniques - 30.67 kg/m2 and 30.32, respectively. Fewer postoperative complications occurred in SG than in RYGB. RYGB was superior to SG in managing dyslipidemia (DL), hypertension (HT), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), joint pain, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). There are no significant differences between the SG and RYGB in long-term outcomes regarding BMI before surgery and at follow-up, after four years, while there were statistically significant differences between them after four years than one year after surgery, and both groups showed a significant decrease in weight. However, RYGB shows improvement to some extent in comorbidities within follow-up period, including BMI, T2DM, HT, DL, HT, DL, GERD, and joint pain than SG, but with a higher rate of minor complications, while greater resolution of OSAS occurred in SG. Finally, at four years, there were no discernible variations in BMI between SG and RYGB because the patients' mean BMI was within the obese range once more.

The Inflammatory Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their effect in the Progression and Pathogenesis of the Disease

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder affected the entire body. Aims of the study: Estimation of levels of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with RA and investigation of their impact on the development and severity of the disease. Methodology: This trial is a case-control one involving 44 patients with RA and 44 healthy age matched controls. Blood samples (5 ml) were collected from each participant, anti-CCP, RF, CRP, and ANA levels were measured using a Cobas device, while TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1β, were determined by an ELISA assay. Result: The results showed no significant variations in age, place of residence, and smoking between the RA and control groups, while there were significant variations in BMI, gender, and professional status. The levels of ESR, anti-CCP, RF, ANA, and CRP were significantly elevated in the RA group (P&lt;0.001 for each) than in the control group. The study of cytokine levels also showed significant variations between the two groups, with an increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, and a decrease in IL-10 in the patients. IL-1β was positively correlated with age, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Conclusions: The results indicate that cytokines levels such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CRP are elevated in RA patients, reflecting elevated inflammatory activity, while levels of IL-10 are decreased, which may contribute to the exacerbation of the disease.

The Effect Of Virtual Physical Exercise On Body Mass Index And Waist Circumstances Of Students Faculty Of Medicine

One of the most often utilized measures in calculating body proportion criterion is the BMI. The goal of this study is to see if there is a link between BMI and glucose levels in students who are given virtual physical activity. A high sedentary lifestyle is thought to be linked to the high prevalence of metabolic disorders among students. A rise in BMI or waist circumference levels indicates that a person may be at risk for a variety of metabolic disorders as a result of body mass index. An experimental study was utilized to investigate if there was a difference in the respondents' body mass index and waist circumference before and after the intervention. Before and after the treatment, there were significant variations in waist circumference (76.921.51 vs 74.651.47 cm, p0.001) and BMI (23.540.76 vs 23.050.77 cm, p0.001). Furthermore, with a value of r=0.895 and p0.001, there is a high link between BMI and waist circumference.

Technical note: Prediction of body mass from stature and pelvic breadth.

Equations for predicting body mass from stature and bi-iliac (maximum pelvic) breadth have been developed, but have had variable success when applied to living or recently deceased individuals, calling into question their general applicability. Here we test these equations on a large, ethnically diverse sample. Skeletal and anthropometric data for 507 recently deceased Indigenous, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White adults were obtained from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database. The body mass of individuals with a "normal" body mass index (BMI = 18.5-24.9) is very accurately predicted, with an average directional bias of about 1% and an average random error of less than 8%. Underweight individuals (BMI < 18.5) are overpredicted, while overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) and especially obese (BMI≥30) individuals are underpredicted. Within BMI categories, there is a strong and isometric relationship between predicted and true body mass. Individual body mass prediction errors using the stature/bi-iliac method are mainly dependent on variation in BMI. Because earlier humans were more likely to fall within or close to the normal BMI range, the equations should be applicable, on an individual basis, in archeological and paleontological contexts. Because of the prevalence of obesity in many modern populations, these equations are not applicable in a general forensic context. We derive new equations from nonobese individuals in our sample (n = 338), which produce reasonable average prediction errors. If obese individuals can be identified using other skeletal parameters, these equations may be useful in estimating body mass in nonobese forensic cases.

Undiagnosed vertebral fragility fractures in patients with distal radius fragility fractures: an opportunity for prevention of morbimortality in osteoporotic patients in developing countries.

This study's main goal was to look into the frequency, location, kind, and severity of asymptomatic vertebral fragility fractures (VFF) in people who had fractures of the fragility of the distal radius. Although VFF is frequently misdiagnosed, it is linked to higher mortality, morbidity, and hip fracture risk. The study also attempted to investigate the relationship between VFF and certain demographic and lifestyle factors, as well as FRAX data, in this patient population. Between January, 2021, and January, 2022, individuals with low-energy distal radial fractures who presented to the emergency room of tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan, were the subject of a cross-sectional study and were 45years of age or older except those who fitted the exclusion criteria (n = 208). The thoracic and/or lumbar spine was imaged using radiology, and information on demographics, way of life, and FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment Tool) was gathered. Using the Genant semiquantitative approach, an impartial and blinded orthopaedist identified VF in the images and determined their severity. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data. Two hundred eleven (41.21%) of them were found to have radiographic VFF and only 12 (2.34%) of the 512 patients who were tested were getting osteoporotic therapy. The thoracic spine (32.7%), followed by the lumbar spine (43.12%), was the area most frequently afflicted. In 24.17% of the patients, multiple fractures of the thoracolumbar spine were found. The wedge form (54.5%), followed by biconcave (30.81%) and crush (14.7%), was the most prevalent VFF type. The majority of detected VFF were rated as having a 25-40% height loss (64.9%) then severe (> 40%) fractures (35.1%), according to the Genant grading method. Notably, there were no variations in smoking, drinking, BMI, or FRAX score between patients with and without VFF that were statistically significant. Based on our study's findings, it is clear that osteoporotic vertebral fragility fractures occur in almost half of individuals with distal radius fractures. The lumbar spine is notably the most affected region, predominantly with wedge fractures. Given the high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fragility fractures (VFF), proactive measures are necessary to mitigate associated risks. Prioritising comprehensive fall risk assessments for these patients and interventions to enhance bone mineral density and strength are crucial. Early identification of asymptomatic VFF enables timely intervention, optimising patient care and minimising the risk of complications in this vulnerable population.

Decoding Posture: Distinguishing Between Good and Bad Body Alignment

On the grounds of artificial intelligence sensors, the research focuses on achieving precise detection of intelligent posture to minimize the risk of injuries resulting from incorrect body positioning and to mitigate the negative impact on both performance and physical well-being. Utilizing an attitude analysis and recognition system that relies on the nertial measurement unit enables not only the measurement of human body motion information but also the acquisition of data pertaining to motion characteristics and body movement states through the examination of posture data. A proposition is presented for intelligent posture training that is centered on accuracy and real-time feedback. Furthermore, it is elucidated that the accuracy of posture recognition through machine learning is significantly influenced by variations in user BMI. This paper will introduce the most recent advancements in posture recognition techniques, providing an overview of the various methodologies and algorithms that have emerged in recent years. Additionally, it delves into enhanced approaches such as stacked hourglass networks, multi-stage pose estimation networks, convolutional pose machines, and high-resolution nets. The study thoroughly dissects and consolidates the general procedures and datasets involved in posture recognition, comparing several enhanced CNN methodologies alongside three principal recognition techniques. Moreover, it delves into the utilization of advanced neural networks in posture recognition, including but not limited to transfer learning, ensemble learning, graph neural networks, and explainable deep neural networks. Researchers have observed that CNN has made significant strides in the realm of posture recognition and has garnered favor, yet emphasize the necessity for further exploration into areas such as feature extraction and information fusion.

Comparison of fatty liver index with fibroscan in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an escalating global health issue. Early detection and precise diagnosis are imperative for effective management. To evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical attributes of study participants concerning their ultrasound grading with FibroScan and FLI values. A cross-sectional study was carried out among patients visiting gastroenterology clinics at a tertiary care hospital situated in Karachi, Pakistan. We included participants after written informed consent underwent an extensive array of laboratory assessments, encompassing liver function tests, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar analysis, hepatitis B and C screening, and abdominal ultrasound, while those with positive hepatitis B or C markers, documented alcohol use, or those who declined to offer informed consent were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Around 225 patients were studied with a median age of 42 years (IQR = 34-50 years). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was present in 61.8%. Steatosis was not found among 4.9% of patients, whereas severe steatosis was seen among 51.1% of patients. Significant variations in BMI, WC, GGT, and TG levels were identified when comparing FLI scores. The same was observed for the frequency of MetS as FLI scores increased. The agreement between FLI and ultrasound observations was found to be slight (k = 0.077, P = 0.027). On the multivariable regression model, having diabetes, elevated serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels and mild disease on ultrasound were associated with increased odds of severe steatosis. FLI is a good predictor of frequency of MetS and NAFLD and correlates well with increasing steatosis score (CAP) on FibroScan which can be utilized for early detection of NAFLD in primary care.

168 Sustenance of Substantial Clinical Benefit in Adult Spinal Deformity Corrective Surgery Patients: A Minimum 5-Year Outcomes Analysis

INTRODUCTION: Clinical outcomes for adult spinal deformity patients has been extensively reported on, however factors associated with sustaining two year (2Y) substantial clinical benefit (SCB) till five year (5Y) remains unclear. METHODS: ASD patients fused from at least L1 to sacrum with 5Y postoperative data were included. Good Outcome(GO) was defined as: no reoperation, mechanical failure, proximal junctional failure(PJF) based on Lafage criteria, and [meeting either: (1) SCB for Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)(decrease of &gt;18.8), or (2) ODI &lt;15 and Scoliosis Research Society(SRS-22r) Total&gt;4.5]. Multivariable analysis controlled for age, BMI, CCI, frailty, deformity, HRQLs, and surgical variations. RESULTS: 330 ASD patients were included. 42% achieved GO at 2Y(2+) while 47% at 5Y(5+) did. 71% of 2+ cohort attained 5+. In 2- cohort, 29% achieved 5+. Isolating 2+ cohort, assessing 5+ vs 5-: 5- had greater SVA deformity at 5Y (p &lt; .05). Regaining the level of activity postoperatively was associated with 4x higher odds of maintaining GO from 2Y to 5Y (p &lt; .05). The odds of achieving GO at 5Y in 2+ decreased by 47% for each additional comorbidity and decreased by 74% in those that had lower extremity paresthesias at BL (both p &lt; .05). Decreased number of levels fused, decreased correction in SVA and increased correction in PI-LL to be predictive of sustaining 2Y GO till 5Y (all p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 47% had substantial clinical benefit till 5Y. While 71% of patients at 2Y sustained good clinical outcome till 5Y, major contributors to its loss were adjacent segment changes and rod fracture. The odds of achieving SCB till 5Y decreased by nearly 50% for each additional comorbidity. Decreased levels fused along with decreased correction of SVA and increased correction in PI-LL were predictive of optimal sustaining of clinical outcomes.

The association between body mass index and metabolite response to a liquid mixed meal challenge: a Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundMetabolite abundance is a dynamic trait that varies in response to environmental stimuli and phenotypic traits, such as food consumption and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). ObjectivesIn this study, we used the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study data to identify observational and causal associations between BMI and metabolite response to a liquid meal. MethodsA liquid meal challenge was performed, and Nightingale Health metabolite profiles were collected in 5744 NEO participants. Observational and one-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis were conducted to estimate the effect of BMI on metabolites (n = 229) in the fasting, postprandial, and response (or change in abundance) states. ResultsWe observed 473 associations with BMI (175 fasting, 188 postprandial, and 110 response) in observational analyses. In MR analyses, we observed 20 metabolite traits (5 fasting, 12 postprandial, and 3 response) to be associated with BMI. MR associations included the glucogenic amino acid alanine, which was inversely associated with BMI in the response state (β: −0.081; SE: 0.023; P = 5.91 × 10−4), suggesting that as alanine increased in postprandial abundance, that increase was attenuated with increasing BMI. ConclusionsOverall, this study showed that MR estimates were strongly correlated with observational effect estimates, suggesting that the broad associations seen between BMI and metabolite variation has a causal underpinning. Specific effects in previously unassessed postprandial and response states are detected, and these may likely mark novel life course risk exposures driven by regular nutrition.

Evaluating the Predictive Efficiency of Obesity-related Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Panel Study Using KoGES Data

Objectives: Obesity is a global health concern, widely recognized for its association with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the relative predictive efficacy of obesity-related indicators, including BMI, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio, in predicting the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Korean middle-aged to older adults.Methods: Using twelve years of panel data derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, we conducted a logit regression analysis to evaluate the predictive efficiency of three obesity-related indicators while controlling for individual characteristics and behavioral risk factors.Results: For initial screening, we examined the variation of three obesity indexes explained by age and male indicators. Among the three obesity indexes, about 11.3% to 49% of variations in body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio were explained away by age and male gender, but these two factors hardly explained BMI variation. We showed that all three obesity-related indicators were significant predictors of type 2 diabetes without other controls in the model. However, once controlling for socioeconomic and behavioral factors likely associated with health, we showed that only BMI remained a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes. We further showed that older age, male gender, smoking, and sleep duration were also significant predictors of type 2 diabetes, other than BMI.Conclusions: Our findings underscore the relatively superior predictive efficacy of BMI beyond the other obesity indicators for type 2 diabetes risk. The results indicate that a comprehensive assessment, combined with secure BMI monitoring, is imperative for preventing and early detecting type 2 diabetes, especially in populations with multiple risk factors.

(251) Exogenous Leptin Treatment Augments Testicular T-cell Secretion and Function Differentially in Context to BMI in Murine Models

Abstract Introduction In previous research, we explored the effects of exogenous Leptin treatment on modulating the immune landscape within the testicular microenvironment (TME). We found that within the TME, it is the CD8+ T cells which were enriched upon Leptin treatment. However, our earlier study did not took into account the impact of variations in BMI which could potentially confound the effects of Leptin on T cells and on TME as a whole. Objective To investigate the impact of Leptin on a complete testicular immune microenvironment. Methods We used 6-week-old C57BL6 mice (n=30), grouped into three, with first group subjected to regular diet, second to Lean fat and third to high fat inducing diet. Once the mice reached the desired weights, they were exposed to two different concentrations of Leptin, 10 and 100 mg/ml, for seven days. After the treatment period, the animals were humanely euthanized, and their blood and testes were collected. Blood samples underwent a CBC differential profile analysis using a Hemavet Mascot Multispecies Hematology System Counter 1500R. Testes samples were subjected to comprehensive immunophenotyping, allowing us to assess the impact of Leptin treatment on various immune cell types within the testes. Results In mice with regular BMI, Leptin at a low dose (10 mg/ml) showed increased, but not significant, levels of serum testosterone (13.20 + 0.37 ng/dl), while LH and FSH levels significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05) increased. In contrast, animals receiving 100 mg/ml Leptin showed no significant changes in hormone levels. CBC profiling indicated that lymphocytes and platelets were significantly influenced, specifically upon low doses of Leptin. Comprehensive immunophenotyping revealed a significant increase in CD4+ (helper T cells) and CD8+ (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) cell numbers in animals treated with low doses of Leptin, a pattern not observed with high doses. These results were in contrast to the mice which represented lean and obese conditions. Conclusions This study uncovers previously unexplored aspects of how exogenous Leptin treatments can modulate the immune microenvironment within the testis, potentially impacting testosterone production. Future research will investigate the relationship between changes in immune cell types, increased T cell numbers, and their influence on Leydig stem cell differentiation into adult Leydig cells. Disclosure No.

Clinical Assessment of the Correlation Between Tongue Pressure, Modified Mallampati Score, BMI, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective This study aimed to assess the connection between tongue pressure, Modified Mallampati Score (MMS), BMI, and their role in evaluating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods A total of 180 participants were categorized into four groups ( n = 45) based on the MMS. After securing informed consent, demographic data, including age, gender, body height, and weight (used to calculate BMI) were collected. A tongue pressure measurement system, patented as Innovative Australian Patent no. 2021106623 on 24 November 2021, was utilized. Results The one-way analysis of variance test was employed to compare variations in average BMI and tongue pressure across the groups. The post hoc Tukey test revealed significant differences at p ≤ .05. Tongue pressure significantly varied among the distinct MMS categories ( p = .001), notably with group 4 displaying significantly lower tongue pressure compared to the other three groups. Conclusion The findings suggest that both tongue pressure and MMS are interconnected factors contributing to OSA, while BMI and tongue pressure operate independently in determining OSA.

Body Mass Index and Its Association with Daytime Sleepiness and Risk of Sleep Apnea Among Adults in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) KuantanBody Mass Index and Its Association with Daytime Sleepiness and Risk of Sleep Apnea Among Adults in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity keeps rising by the year, and Malaysia was revealed as the top country in Southeast Asia that has a high prevalence of obesity. Due to the rising obesity globally is feared that it may be associated with the increasing chance of having sleep apnea and excessive daytime sleepiness. Consequently, it may lead to poor work performance, unfortunate accidents, and premature death if not treated earlier. This research sought to identify the BMI values and their association with the risk of sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness among adults in IIUM Kuantan. Methods: By applying convenience sampling, 143 respondents were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The Berlin questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used as the research instruments to determine the risk of sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness among the respondents, respectively. Ordinal Logistic Regression and Pearson correlation were used to analyse the associations. Result: The mean (SD) BMI was 22.3 kg/m2 (4.33)- normal, and the mean score of daytime sleepiness was 9.92 (4.80)- higher than normal. Most respondents had a low risk of sleep apnea (87.4%), 5.6% showed a slightly increased risk, and 7.0% had a high risk of sleep apnea. There is a significant association between BMI and risk of sleep apnea (p&lt;0.05), as an increase in BMI (expressed in kg/m2) is associated with an increase in the odds of having a risk of sleep apnea. There is no significant association between BMI and daytime sleepiness (p&gt;0.05), as these variables are weakly and inversely correlated. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between BMI and risk of sleep apnea. However, we failed to confirm the association between BMI and daytime sleepiness. Due to the lack of BMI varieties, the researcher recommends focusing on overweight and obese to get a wide variation of BMI.

A PILOT STUDY ON DIABETIC PATIENTS AT MALANG COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE T-PLATE MODEL CONCEPT

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a comorbidity that is often found in Covid-19 patients with a 3.9-fold risk of death. Data from the Malang City Health Office shows an increase in the number of diabetes patients by 1.2% each year. In Indonesia, 3J (right amount, type, and eating time) has become the principle of diabetes diet therapy, but in practice, it is still challenging to apply independently. Aims: Investigating the T-Plate Model as a simple eating guide for people with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This pilot study included 18 diabetic patients at some Primary Health Care who were 50–70 years old and had a BMI more than 23 kg/m2. The participant was split into two groups, with nine people in the (C) group eating according to the T-Plate Model, and others in the (T) group eating according to the T-Plate Model after eating fruit. After a 3-month treatment period, BMI, blood pressure, carbohydrate, and fiber consumption were assessed. Mean BMI and blood pressure were examined using paired sample t-tests (p 0.05). Results: Both groups' BMIs fell into the category of obesity level 1 before to treatment periods: C group (26.09+3.13 kg/m2) and T group (27.15+ 4.15). We discovered significant blood pressure and BMI variations in the T group at the end of intervention periods (p 0.05). Nevertheless, systolic blood pressure was different in the C group (p 0.05). Conclusions: It may be inferred that using the T-Plate Model with the addition of fruit initially can lower blood pressure and BMI.

A Cross Sectional /Descriptive Study to Assess the Physical Activity Level of School Children in Selected School in Trichy

Background of the study: Physical activity is any skeletal muscle-generated energy expenditure, according to the WHO. Regular exercise improves mental and physical health. To promote health, people of all ages and abilities should be more active and less sedentary. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to quantify the extent to which schoolchildren engage in physical activity during the school day. Methodology: The methodology employed in this study is that of quantitative research, and the research design chosen was a cross-sectional one. The investigation was conducted in a chosen Trichy school. Students in the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth grades made up the study population. The overall sample size for the study was sixty people, and its samples were picked using convenience sampling methods. A preplanned questionnaire was used to compile the information. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), by Kent C. Kowalski, is a standardized tool. Interviews were conducted to gather information, and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to make sense of the results. Results: Most samples (49, or 98.0%) were moderately active. Low physical activity was found in sample 1 (2.0%). The mean weight was 146.99, the SD was 7.75. The average sample height was 40.84, with a standard deviation of 12.12. BMI averaged 18.67, with a standard deviation of 4.25. BMI variation was 18.11 and mean percentage was 29.53. Diet and mother's education were found to be linked with physical activity levels (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study underlines the importance of physical activity in preventing non-communicable diseases including obesity and hypertension in schoolchildren. Primary prevention methods, such as mandated physical education programs, can reduce non-communicable diseases and their long-term effects on students.

Weight change in a national cohort of U.S. Military Veterans engaged in medication treatment for opioid use disorder

Medication treatments for opioid use disorder (MOUD) save lives and improve outcomes for countless individuals. However, data suggest the potential for significant weight gain during methadone treatment and little is known about weight change during buprenorphine treatment. Using Veteran Health Administration administrative data from fiscal year 2017 to fiscal year 2019, two cohorts were created: 1) Veterans diagnosed with opioid use disorder (OUD) taking methadone (N = 1425); and 2) Veterans diagnosed with OUD taking buprenorphine (N = 3756). Linear mixed models were used to analyze weight change during the first MOUD treatment episode in the observation period. Random slopes and intercepts were included in the model to estimate variation in BMI across individuals and time. The data revealed a slight upward trend in BMI over the course of treatment. Specifically, a daily increase of 0.004 for Veterans in methadone treatment and 0.002 for Veterans in buprenorphine treatment was observed. This translates to a gain of about 10 pounds over the course of 1 year of methadone treatment and 5 pounds for 1 year of buprenorphine treatment for a Veteran of average height and weight. The amount of weight gain in methadone treatment is significantly less than other published findings, but nonetheless indicates that assessment and discussions between patients and providers related to weight may be warranted.

Dietary Patterns in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period and the Relationship with Maternal Weight up to One Year after Pregnancy Complicated by Gestational Diabetes.

This multicentric cohort study aimed to describe changes in dietary patterns during pregnancy and postpartum and the association with BMI variation at six and twelve months postpartum in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Between 2014 and 2018, we enrolled women with GDM in prenatal clinics of the Brazilian National Health System and followed them for one year postpartum. The dietary patterns during pregnancy and the postpartum period were obtained by factorial analysis. The relationship between these patterns and variation in postpartum BMI was evaluated by Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for confounders. We identified three dietary patterns in 584 women, two healthy (generally healthy and Dash type), which were associated with less weight gain (RR 0.77 CI 95% 0.62-0.96 and RR 0.71 CI 95% 0.57-0.88, respectively). The high-risk pattern (based on ultra-processed, high-calorie foods and sweetened drinks) was associated with weight gain (RR 1.31 CI 95% 1.07-1.61 and RR 1.26 CI 95% 1.01-1.59) in six and twelve months postpartum, respectively. Although the participants learned about healthy dieting during pregnancy, dietary habits worsened from pregnancy to postpartum, especially, with lower consumption of fruits and dairy and higher consumption of sweetened beverages, with consequent weight gain postpartum. Postpartum support is needed to prevent weight gain and obesity.

The Roles of Hedonistic Life Perception and Self-Control on Eating Behaviors and Obesity

Aims: Two important variables are thought to play important roles in people’s eating habits: self-control and hedonism. The purpose of the study is to understand how and how much individuals’ eating behaviors are affected by their hedonistic lifestyle and their degree of self-control.&#x0D; Study Design: Quantitative Online Survey.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: 2021-2022, Turkey.&#x0D; Methodology: There were 138 participants who took the survey, which contained three different scales and a demographic form. The Hedonistic Eating Scale [6], The Mindful Eating Questionnaire [7], and the Brief Self-Control Scale [8] were the scales used.&#x0D; Results: BMI and self-control were found to be significantly correlated (r =.410, p =.05). The relationship between BMI and hedonistic eating was significant (r =.493, p =.05). There was a significant correlation between hedonistic eating and self-control (r =.531, p =.05). When a multiple regression analysis was conducted, hedonistic eating and self-control scores predicted the BMI score significantly, F (2,133) = 30.98, p =.000. The R2 =.318 and the adjusted R2 =.309, a medium-size effect reported by the model. Self-control and hedonistic eating were found to predict BMI significantly (F (2,133) = 30.983, p =.000) and to account for 31.8 percent of the variation. Including gender in the model explained an additional 15.2 percent of the variation in BMI, which was found to be significant (F (1,132) = 37.847, p =.000).&#x0D; Conclusion: All three variables (low self-control, high hedonistic eating, and high body mass index) are significantly and positively correlated. Additionally, it was seen that the strength of these variables differed with gender, even though not drastically.

Rural-urban differentials in child body mass index over time

BackgroundThe body mass index is a simple index based on weight and height that can be used to screen children and adults for potential weight problems. The objective of this study was to investigate urban-rural variations in child BMI and its distribution from 2006 to 2016 in four low and middle-income countries.MethodsThis study used data from the Young Lives prospective cohort study conducted in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam to assess the BMI change for children aged 5 to 15 between 2006 and 2016. We adopted a mixed-effect model to analyze the data.ResultsThe study revealed substantial changes and rises in BMI in Vietnam, Peru, India, and Ethiopia between 2006 and 2016. Peru had the highest BMI changes in both urban-rural areas. A low BMI was observed in Ethiopia and India. Urban-rural differences had a significant role in determining BMI variation. In urban Ethiopia, the mean BMI increased from 14.56 kg/m2 to 17.52 kg/m2, and in rural areas, it increased from 14.57 kg/m2 to 16.67 kg/m2. Similarly, in urban Vietnam, the BMI increased from 16 kg/m2 to 20.3 kg/m2, and in rural areas, it increased from 14.69 kg/m2 to 18.93 kg/m2.ConclusionsThe findings showed an increase in BMI changes in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam from 2006 to 2016. Urban-rural differences have a significant contribution to determining BMI variation.

Children body mass index trends in four low- and middle-income countries: Analysis of young lives cohort study data

BackgroundBody mass index is a helpful tool for determining underweight, overweight, or obese in children and adults. ObjectivesThe study investigates trends of BMI and its distribution by age group, gender, and urban-rural location in four low and middle-income countries. MethodsThis study adopted a mixed-effect model to examine the BMI trend from 2006 to 2016 using evidence obtained from the Young Lives cohort study in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. ResultsThe study found significant variations and increases in BMI between 2006 and 2016 in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Peru had the highest BMI changes in both genders and urban-rural areas. A low BMI was observed in Ethiopia and India. Gender and urban-rural differences had a significant role in determining BMI variations. The mean BMI increased from 15.05 kg/m2 (95% CI: 14.99–15.11) to 18.52 kg/m2 (95% CI: 18.4–18.63) in males and from 14.8 kg/m2 (95% CI: 14.74–14.86) to 19.46 kg/m2 (95% CI: 19.34–19.57) in females. ConclusionsFrom 2006 to 2016, BMI trends varied in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. Differences between urban and rural areas and gender have a big role in determining BMI variations.