Blue Dye Research Articles (Page 1)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a pivotal technique for evaluating regional lymphatic spread in breast, melanoma, and gynecologic malignancies. It minimizes surgical morbidity by avoiding complete lymphadenectomy in early-stage disease. The standard dual-tracer approach-combining a radiocolloid such as technetium-99m with a blue dye like patent blue or isosulfan blue-has high sensitivity but is not universally accessible. Radiocolloids require nuclear medicine facilities' licensing and pose logistical burdens, while patent blue may provoke allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. These limitations are particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access and affordability are ongoing challenges. Methylene blue (MB), a low-cost, widely available dye, has gained traction as an alternative tracer, offering a safer and more feasible option for SLNB in resource-limited settings. This systematic review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy, detection reliability, and safety profile of methylene blue dye in SLNB across diverse oncologic sites, emphasizing comparing outcomes with traditional dual-tracer approaches. A systematic review of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library was conducted for studies published from 2000 to 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised clinical studies utilizing MB for SLNB in breast, melanoma, gynaecological, or other solid tumours, reporting outcomes such as detection rate, false-negative rate, or tracer-related complications. Data were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Where possible, pooled performance metrics were calculated. Twenty-five studies encompassing 5,240 patients were included. The pooled sentinel node detection rate using MB alone was 84.5% (72.0-96.2%), with a false-negative rate of 8.6%. When MB was combined with radiocolloid, detection rates improved to 96.1%, and false-negative rates dropped below 5%. Adverse effects were rare, with skin necrosis in fewer than 2% of cases and no serious allergic events reported. Most studies focused on breast cancer (18/25), while data on melanoma and gynecologic cancers were comparatively limited. Methylene blue is a viable alternative for SLNB, particularly in environments where dual-tracer methods are impractical. Though slightly less sensitive than dual-tracer techniques, MB offers substantial advantages in cost, safety, and accessibility. Further multicenter studies and long-term outcomes are needed to support its broader adoption in global oncology practice.

Abstract Water pollution from industries, particularly from textile industries, is a major environmental and health concern due to untreated effluent containing toxic, non-biodegradable, carcinogenic dyes. Among various wastewater purification techniques, semiconductor-based photocatalysis offers a sustainable remediation strategy due to its low cost, operational simplicity, and environmental compatibility. The present study explored the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes using ZnO, CuO, and ZnO–CuO metal oxide nanocomposites synthesized via the co-precipitation method. Structural characterization using XRD (x-ray diffraction) confirmed the formation of highly crystalline, phase-pure nanostructures with crystallite sizes between 12–26 nm. Infrared spectroscopy revealed distinctive Zn-O and Cu-O bond stretches between 400–600 cm −1 , and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images confirmed nanostructured morphologies suitable for catalysis. The band gaps estimated by UV–Vis spectroscopy were found to be 3.14 eV for ZnO, 2.20 eV for CuO, and 2.42 eV for the ZnO-CuO nanocomposite. Photocatalytic degradation study carried out under UV light revealed that CuO exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for MB (94% in 40 min), while ZnO showed superior performance for MO (84.7% in 40 min). The 1:1 ZnO-CuO nanocomposite under the present conditions achieves the MB degradation efficiency of CuO, while exhibiting less photocatalytic activity for MO compared to ZnO. Kinetic studies and PZC (point of zero charge) values, determined by the pH drift method, confirm the correlation between surface properties and the observed dye degradation efficiencies. The varied degradation behaviour may be due to the interplay between band gap energies, surface adsorption affinities, and dye structures. The optimized synthesis of ZnO-CuO nanocomposites through band gap engineering and heterojunction formation presents a promising path for future research in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. The study highlights the potential of low-cost binary metal oxide nanostructures as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for wastewater management techniques.

Objective: To investigate the sensitization to the dispersal of blue 124, a synthetic dye used in textile applications. The chemical properties of this dye allow it to migrate from fabrics to the skin, posing a risk for sensitization and allergic reactions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 30,629 consecutive patch test data from 1997 to 2021 in the Triveneto region (Italy) was performed using disperse blue 124 1% in petrolatum. Data were analyzed to assess trends in sensitization rates across different demographics and occupational groups. Results: The prevalence of sensitization to disperse blue 124 was 2.5% (n. 780 patients) and declined over the considered period, reaching a prevalence of approximately 1.5–1.9% in recent years. Sensitization was slightly higher in women (2.7%) compared to men (2.3%, p = 0.053), and in 36–65-year-old individuals (p < 0.05). Painters and textile workers presented a mild increase in sensitization, without reaching the statistical significance. Discussion: Disperse blue 124 sensitization declined significantly over the considered period, probably as result of the reduced use of this dye in textiles available on the Italian market. Its occupational role is limited. Conclusions: Contact dermatitis associated with disperse blue 124 declined over the considered period, but it is still above 1%, indicating the need for monitoring.

Introduction: Acute lung injury results in endothelial dysfunction in systemic blood vessels, cardiac output, and an elevated risk of cardiovascular events. To date, no specific pharmacological interventions have been demonstrated to improve outcomes in acute lung injury. Long non-coding RNAs significantly influence the expression of various genes, impacting numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Previously, our team found that a lncRNA, named “long non-coding RNA, embryonic stem cells expressed 1” (Lncenc1), is strikingly upregulated in murine lungs following bacterial infection. CD59 is known to be highly expressed on vascular endothelial cells, where it blocks the complement system activation and membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on the cell surface. However, the mechanism of Lncenc1 to CD59 on endothelial dysfunction and vascular permeability is currently unknown. Hypothesis: Lncenc1 modulates MAC deposition through CD59 during bacteria-induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods: Lncenc1 knockout ( Lncenc1 -/- ) mouse model was generated for this study. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and lung wet-to-dry ratio measurement were confirmed to evaluate the severity of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary vascular permeability was induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae or Lipopolysaccharide and measured with Evans blue and fluorescein dye by tail-vein injection. Primary murine endothelial cells were isolated from mice for experimental use. Immunofluorescence staining and Western Blot were used to determine the MAC C5b-9 expression under infected conditions. Results: Our result indicates that Lncenc1 - /- mice exhibit improved outcomes in terms of survival, pulmonary edema, and vascular leakage. Furthermore, microarray analysis revealed that CD59 is the most significantly upregulated in the lungs of Lncenc1 - /- mice compared to wild-type controls. We also found that Lncenc1 deficiency attenuates bacteria-induced MAC deposition in primary murine endothelial cells. Consistently, treatment with extracellular vesicle-carried CD59 was found to reduce bacteria-induced endothelial barrier leakage. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that Lncenc1 participates in the pathogenesis of bacteria-induced pulmonary edema and vascular leakage. Lncenc1 deficiency protects mice from bacteria-induced lung injury and endothelial barrier. Thus, Lncenc1 and its downstream modulator CD59 could be potential targets for the treatment of ALI-induced vascular dysfunction.

Background: Tobacco products, including combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes (e-cigs), cause a range of adverse cardiovascular effects, involving an increased incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). Smoking induces chronic inflammation that weakens the arterial wall, making arteries more prone to form plaque and reduce blood flow/oxygen supply to the heart. It remains unknown whether cigarette smoke or e-cig aerosol can exacerbate myocardial damage after subsequent acute MI. We hypothesized that repeated exposure to tobacco smoke/aerosol reduces post-MI myocardial tissue survival in rats. Methods: We exposed conscious Sprague-Dawley rats (n=16/group, 8M+8F, age 10-11 weeks) once daily for 28 days to smoke from Marlboro Red cigarettes or aerosol from Virginia Tobacco flavor JUUL e-cigs or clean air, using a Gram Universal Vaping Machine. Exposure was pulsatile (10 cycles each consisting of 5 sec exposure + 25 sec air, 2x/min for 5 min via nosecone), similar to the exposure conditions in our previous studies in rodent smoking and vaping models. One day after the last exposure, rats were anesthetized and subjected to surgical MI consisting of temporary occlusion (25 min) of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion (40 min). After reperfusion, the LAD was reoccluded and Evans blue was injected into left ventricular (LV) cavity via the apex and allowed to perfuse the nonischemic region of the heart. The heart was excised, and LV tissue was frozen, sliced, and photographed. The tissue slices were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and fixed in formalin for imaging. The ischemic area was defined as regions unstained by Evans blue dye and infarct area was defined as regions unstained by TTC (pale area); see Figure A. Group means were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test; p≤.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no significant differences in the ischemic risk area among groups, as expected because the ischemic risk area was determined by the surgery (48.7±9% for air, 45.4±5% for cigarette, and 43.9±4% for JUUL). However, the infarct per area at risk was significantly larger in the cigarette and JUUL groups than in the clean air group (22.1±9% for air, 44.8±9% for cigarette, and 43.6±11% for JUUL) (Figure B). Conclusion: One month of daily single sessions of exposure to cigarette smoke or e-cig aerosol reduces subsequent post-MI myocardial tissue preservation.

With the world increasingly facing the challenge of dye pollution in water bodies, niobium diselenide (NbSe2) nanoparticles have emerged as promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation. In this study, NbSe2 nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature, 70 °C, and 100 °C, and employed for the photodegradation of organic dyes Janus green (JG) and methylene blue (MB)—under natural sunlight. The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized to confirm their phase composition, crystalline structure, morphology, and functional groups. Photocatalytic performance was evaluated through degradation efficiency and kinetic modeling using pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order reaction models. Results demonstrated that higher synthesis temperatures enhanced photocatalytic activity, with nanoparticles synthesized at 100 °C achieving > 99% degradation of JG and up to 98% for MB. The kinetic data fit best with the pseudo-first-order model, indicating a direct relationship between synthesis temperature and reaction rate constants. These findings underscore the pivotal role of synthesis temperature in tuning the photocatalytic properties of NbSe2 nanoparticles and affirm their potential in combating dye pollution through efficient solar-driven degradation processes.

Assessing the comparative efficacy of sentinel lymph node detection techniques in vulvar cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Controllable synthesis of semiconducting anatase TiO2 nanostructures for visible light driven photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet and methylene blue dye.

Chitosan/sodium alginate aerogels showing effective adsorption of anionic Congo Red and cationic Methylene Blue dyes for sustainable water treatment.

A NiO-ZnO-MgO ternary heterojunction nanocomposite was synthesized in this work using a microwave-assisted green precipitation approach to improve the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue (MB) dye driven by visible light. Structural analysis via SEM explored round-shaped particles with an average dimension of 14 nm, whereas FTIR established the existence of Zn-O (512 cm-1), Ni-O (564 cm-1), and Mg-O (1399 cm-1) vibrational modes. BET surface analysis demonstrated a high specific surface area of 77.26 m2/g, a pore radius of 15.98 Å, and a pore volume of 0.037 cc/g. Under optimized conditions (pH 9.2, 40°C, visible light intensity of 100 W), the nanocomposite achieved a MB dye degradation efficiency of 90.9% within 120 min, which is superior to many conventional photocatalysts such as TiO2 (15%-30%), ZnO (70%-85%), and binary ZnO-NiO composites (~80%-85%) under similar light exposure conditions. The quantum yield (QY) and space-time yield (STY) were estimated as 7.49 × 10-7 molecules/photon and 6.57 × 10-8 molecules/photon·mg, respectively. Degradation performance was further enhanced by the creation of defect states and reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide radicals (•O2 -). The NiO-ZnO-MgO nanocomposite's promise as an economical and ecologically friendly photocatalyst for wastewater treatment is shown by these results.

Benefitting from methylene blue dye molecule for improving performance of perovskite photovoltaics

ZnO-graphene nanohybrids for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

Catalytic removal of synozol blue dye from aqueous solution through green synthesized iron NPs with H2O2: with addition of ECOSAR and biological investigation

QiShenYiQi pills ameliorated aspirin and clopidogrel-induced gastric hemorrhage via multi-target regulation.

Sunlight responsive photo-oxidation of methylene blue dye using MgO/MnO2 nanoparticles

Preparation of porous biogenic struvite and its removal of toxic methylene blue dye

Novel Zinc Orthotitanate photocatalyst: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye

Transparent meltable glasses are keenly desired for making color-conversion layer of Mini-LEDs. In this work, transparent luminescent organic glasses were prepared using a new matrix of heptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (C25H30BrP, HTPBr). Through doping of a blue dye (9,10-diphenylanthracene, DPA), the resulting glass exhibited a high transparency (92%) and a blue emission at 436nm. Importantly, the PL QY of glass reached up to nearly unity under 398-nm excitation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass. Thermal characterization revealed a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 28°C, a melting temperature (Tm) of 178°C, and a thermal decomposition temperature of 270°C. Apart from the blue-emitting glass, green- and red-emitting glasses of high transparency were synthesized varied chromophores, including 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) and rhodamine B. In a proof-of-concept experiment, these glasses were used to encapsulate UV LEDs via a simple dipping process, which showed a satisfactory color rendering ability. This work brought a new member into the family of transparent luminescent glasses, promising many applications in areas including full-color displays and large-area mini-LED panels.

This research included a study of a new bead injection system design for removing methylene blue dye using selenium nanoparticles at a wavelength of 664 nm. The optimum conditions pH, flow rate, dye volume, and selenium nanoparticle mass were studied and determined. Were 7 ,10 ml/min , 0.157 ml and 0.004 g respectively . The calibration curve was prepared and the linearity range was from (0.5-25) mg/L and the Sandell's sensitivity was = 8.695 × . The dispersion coefficient and repeatability were also studied, which were 2.383 , 10 reading respectively , and it was found that the proposed method gave good results with a recovery rate of ( 99.879 % -100.064% ).

ADAMTS13-mediated angiogenesis by PLK-1/Ang-2 is independent of VEGF in diabetic retinopathy.