The article presents the results of a study of the influence of adverse microclimate parameters on the morphological and immunological blood parameters of piglets in the neonatal period of development, and also evaluates the effectiveness of the use of the feed additive “Globigen Jump Start” to correct the identified violations. The study was conducted under production conditions with elevated air temperature and above-normal indoor ammonia concentration. It was established that deviations of microclimate parameters from reference values negatively affect the functional state of the piglets’ organism, which is manifested by changes in hematological and immunological blood parameters. The use of a feed additive containing egg immunoglobulins IgY, β-glucans and mannan-oligosaccharides increased the level of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit (P<0.05–0.01), and also contributed to the normalization of the ratio of individual forms of blood leukocytes, in particular, an increase in the proportion of lymphocytes and a decrease in the number of neutrophils. The results obtained indicate a pronounced immunomodulatory and adaptogenic effect of the feed additive “Globigen Jump Start” and the feasibility of its use to increase the adaptive capacity and resistance of the piglet organism in the critical period of early postnatal development under the influence of environmental stress factors.

The data on the effect of the fir wood greenery extractive substances composition on the immunological status of neonatal calves are presented in the article. The effect of the composition on the main hematological and immunological blood parameters of individuals in the control and experimental groups was assessed. The blood parameters of animals remained within the normal values during the experimental period. It was recorded that the content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, lymphocytes and platelets had insignificant variability over the entire study period. Leukocytes in calves of the experimental group by the end of the study were at the level of 9.20±0.64 109 /l, which is 1.2 times higher than in the control, where this indicator tended to slightly decrease during the experiment. The relative and absolute number of lymphocytes had a more pronounced increase in animals of the experimental group. The content of T-lymphocytes in the blood of experimental calves was at a stable level, whereas in the control group the dynamics of changes in this indicator in different periods of the study was more pronounced. The absolute value of B-lymphocytes during the study period increased in the experiment from 0.82±0.22 109 /l to 2.05±0.30 109 /l (2.5 times). In animals of the experimental group, by the end of the experiment, an increase in the absorption capacity of phagocytes by 1.2 times was observed in the phagocytosis system compared to the first day of life, in contrast to the control group, where such a pattern was not revealed.

This study presents the results of biochemical and immunological indicators of clinically healthy young pigs of the Large White breed. The research was conducted against the background of expanding the basic diet with supplements having different mechanisms of action: the probiotics BioPlus 2B (based on Bacillus licheniformis СН 200 and Bacillus subtilis 201) and Bacell (Ruminococcus albus, Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus subtilis 8130 in composition), and a mixture of plant extracts Extract SV containing carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsaicin. Animals were randomly selected for the control group (Group 1), and for the experimental groups – according to the results of bacteriological studies of the intestinal microflora. Group 2 consisted of pigs with a reduced content of Escherichia coli, which consumed BioPlus 2B with the basic diet, Group 3 – pigs with a reduced content of Lactobacillus spp., which consumed Bacell, Group 4 – animals with a normal ratio of E. coli, bifidobacteria and lactobacteria. Blood samples were taken immediately after the distribution of pigs into groups (day 0) and on days 18 and 62. When using feed additives, an increase in the concentration of total protein in pigs was observed on day 62, alongside changes in the protein profile of animals that consumed BioPlus 2B – an increase in α1-globulins by 1.33 times (P ˂ 0.01), and Extract SV – β-globulins by 1.18 times (P ˂ 0.01), BUN and creatinine by 10 % (P ˂ 0.05), which indicated the absence of violations of the protein synthesis function of the liver. On day 18, we observed a significant increase in the concentration of IgG by 10 % in animals consuming Bacell, which may indicate a temporary immune-stimulating effect. The prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. in the intestine when consuming feed additives indicates a relationship between the structure of the microbiome and the biochemical and immunological indicators of the experimental pigs. The described approach to selecting feed additives allows us to achieve maximum efficiency and predict results in industrial pig farming, thereby optimizing the production cycle and increasing the profitability of the farm.

In recent years, scientific research has shown growing interest in natural vitamin preparations, particularly those containing carotenoids. These biologically active compounds play a crucial role in antioxidant defense, support immune function, contribute to metabolic normalization, and reduce the risk of developing various chronic diseases. Significant scientific and practical interest in these compounds stems from the fact that some of them exhibit high biological activity, the ability to significantly modulate metabolic processes, prevent damage to cell membranes, and enhance the resistance of animals to adverse environmental factors. The aim of the study was to conduct a sanitary and hygienic assessment of the effect of the preparation “Buckwheat Germ Meal” on natural resistance and growth intensity of laboratory animals. The studies were conducted during 2022–2023 at the Department of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Hygiene of Animal Products and Pathological Anatomy named after Y. S. Zahaievskyi, Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University; at the State Enterprise LLC “Bilotserkivkhliboprodukt” (Laboratory for Food Safety and Quality Control), Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region; and at the Fastiv District State Laboratory of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection, Kyiv region. Zoohygienic, zootechnical, morphological, biochemical, organoleptic, physicochemical, biochemical, and variation-statistical research methods were applied. The research substantiated the feasibility of using a new domestic biologically active preparation, “Buckwheat Germ Meal”, as a preventive agent. Its positive effect on morphological, biochemical, and immunological blood parameters, enhancement of natural resistance, and increased growth intensity of laboratory animals was experimentally confirmed. The use of “Buckwheat Germ Meal” contributed to moderate activation of erythropoiesis in the peripheral blood of white mice: hemoglobin levels increased by 3.7 %, erythrocyte count by 10.0 % (P < 0.05), and hematocrit by 6.2 % (P < 0.05). Feeding “Buckwheat Germ Meal” at a dose of 2.0 g per animal for 30 days moderately activated metabolic processes in white mice: total protein content increased by 6.4 % (P < 0.05), total globulins by 16.6 % (P < 0.05), alanine aminotransferase activity by 8.6 %, and aspartate aminotransferase by 5.8 % (P < 0.05). No changes in serum cholesterol activity were detected. Administration of the preparation at a dose of 2.5 g per animal did not cause any adverse effects or negative changes in the clinical condition of white mice, such as increased body temperature or delayed growth and development; therefore, it can be recommended for use in farm animals. It was established that the growth energy of white mice in the experimental group increased dynamically, and by the end of the experiment (day 60), this parameter was 14.2 % higher compared to the control group. A preparation is considered active if the difference in average daily body weight gain between groups is at least 10 %. The economic efficiency of using “Buckwheat Germ Meal” is achieved through reduced morbidity of animals and poultry, increased survival rates, higher average daily weight gain, additional live weight gain, reduced costs per unit of production, and lower production costs of livestock products.

Introduction . Modern pig farming in Russia is showing steady growth, which is accompanied by the introduction of new technologies aimed at increasing productive performance and reducing dependence on antibiotics. This causes increased interest in biologically active products with immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory properties. Multiple studies confirm their positive effect on the intestinal microflora, immune status and overall productive performance of animals. However, the morphofunctional and biochemical aspects of the action of these agents remain understudied, which highlights the necessity of further research in this field. Objective. To justify the expediency of using immunomodulatory drug Immbaclys S for pigs during grower stage based on the analysis of the published resources and experimental data. Materials and methods. Sixty biological samples (blood) collected from grower pigs on the commercial pig farm in Kolomna Municipal Okrug, Moscow Oblast in April – July 2024 were studied. The samples were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and microscopy. The data was processed using the statistical analysis software Statistica v.13.0. Results. Course administration of Immbaclys S to grower pigs (22–113 days old) induced statistically significant enhancements in cellular and humoral immunity markers, including elevated T- and B-lymphocyte counts, neutrophil phagocytosis, and IgG/IgM levels, demonstrating activation of immune defense pathways. Conclusion. The dynamics of the parameters throughout the study period indicate a cumulative effect of the drug, particularly with respect to the relative count of B-lymphocytes and the level of IgM, which may suggest its prolonged action upon repeated administration. These findings position Immbaclys S as an effective immunoprophylactic agent with potential for incorporation into veterinary health programs to control and prevent immunodeficiency in intensively reared young pigs.

Psoriasis and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are the most common chronic inflammatory diseases, which are accompanied by epithelial alterations and a T cell-mediated immunopathology. In this study, we investigated the anti-ACD and anti-psoriasis effects of sea anemone Heteractis magnifica peptide HCRG21, a blocker of the TRPV1 channel, in 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)- and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse models, respectively. We found that topical application of 0.005–0.1% HCRG21 gels normalized hematological and immunological blood parameters in mice, significantly reduced the severity of ACD- and psoriasiform-like skin lesions, and increased the rate of tissue repair. The use of 0.005 and 0.05% HCRG21 gels decreased the production of IL-23-A and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) proteins in blood plasma, reduced the expression of Tnf, Il1β, Il6, Il23a, and Il17a genes, but increased the levels of the Il10 gene in scabs and/or blood of IMQ-treated mice. On the other hand, topical application of 0.05 and 0.1% HCRG21 reduced the expression of Il6 and Il23a in the DNFB-treated mice’s blood and it had no significant effects on TNF-α and IL-1β production. Thus, HCRG21 has the potential to be a treatment for psoriasis and dermatitis due to its potent anti-inflammatory properties. This effect is achieved by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with TRPV1 and normalizing immune cell levels in the bloodstream. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in clinical symptoms and an improvement in skin healing.

Background. The most common method for treating chronic polypous rhinosinusitis is functional endoscopic sinus surgery followed by the use of intranasal corticosteroids in the postoperative period. Considering the recurrent nature of the disease, with only about 50% effectiveness of medical therapy, and the increased risk of complications with multiple surgical interventions, there is a need to explore new treatment methods for chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. An important aspect is restoring the epithelial barrier of the nasal mucosa and reducing inflammatory processes within it to alleviate symptoms. Mesenchymal stem cells, which possess a wide range of immunomodulatory properties, may become a promising new therapeutic option for this condition. Results. The tolerability of immunotherapy with a biomedical cell product based on mesenchymal stem cells from the olfactory epithelium was good in all patients (n = 27). However, local reactions, such as nasal mucosa edema at the injection site and color change of the nasal mucosa to bluish-pink, without clinical manifestations at the site of suspension administration were observed in 5 patients (36%) in Group 1 and in 2 patients (15%) in Group 2. No systemic reactions (such as fever, changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or immediate allergic responses) were detected. In all patients of both the main and control groups, general, biochemical, and immunological blood parameters remained within normal ranges at all stages; no statistically significant differences or clinically relevant deviations were found. These data suggest that additional cell therapy alongside standard treatment for chronic polypous rhinosinusitis does not exert systemic effects on the body based on complete blood count data (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Cell therapy with a biomedical cell product based on mesenchymal stem cells from the olfactory epithelium is safe and well tolerated in patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. The local application of mesenchymal stem cells from the olfactory epithelium does not produce systemic effects according to blood tests, biochemical analysis, or immunological studies. Local reactions at the injection site-such as mucosal color change or edema – may occur but without clinical significance.

IntroductionOne of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including endogenous depression, is systemic inflammation. It is of interest to study the immunological aspects of the early stages of endogenous disorders and identify subgroups of patients with immunotypes that characterize a high risk of developing the first psychotic episode.ObjectivesComparative analysis of the spectrum of inflammatory markers in patients with a juvenile depression with high and low risk of developing psychosis.MethodsThe study involved 98 women 16 to 25 years (20.9 ± 5.14 years) with depression within the framework of various nosologies (F31.3-4; F33.0-1; F60.0-9; F21.3-4; F20.01-2; F25.1). Two groups of patients without a history of psychosis were identified: group 1 (n = 47) - without symptoms of psychosis risk, group 2 (n = 51) - with depression associated with psychopathological symptoms of psychosis risk. The control group consisted of 42 healthy women of the corresponding age. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the HDRS-21, the severity of negative and positive symptoms was determined using the SANS and SAPS. In group 2, the severity of attenuated positive symptoms was determined using the SOPS. The activity of the leukocyte elastase (LE) and α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI), as well as the level of autoantibodies (AB) to S100B and MBP, were determined in plasma.ResultsThe groups were characterized by a statistically significant increase in both LE and α1-PI (p<0.05), and the level of AB compared to the control (p<0.05), but no significant differences were found. In group 1, clinical and biological correlations were found between LE activity and the total score on the SANS (r=0,44, p=0.002). In group 2, a negative correlation was found between LE activity and the age of onset of the disease (r=-0.3, p=0.046).The clustering of patients by LE activity and their distribution by immunological groups showed that 29.4% and 27.5% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, were characterized by a high level of inflammatory markers and the absence of an autoimmune component to neuroantigens, which is a sign of a more favorable course of the pathological process. On the contrary, 70.6% and 72.5% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, were characterized by the type of inflammatory response associated with an increase in the level of AB and varying degrees of insufficiency of the functional activity of neutrophils, which is considered an unfavorable factor that aggravates the course of the disease.ConclusionsComparison of the spectrum of inflammatory markers in juvenile depression with different risk of developing psychosis indicate their significant immunological heterogeneity. The immunotype characterized by a high level of AB and insufficient LE activity can presumably be considered as a predictor of the risk of developing psychosis.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The article describes the results of immunological blood studies in wild cats (caracals, servals, and caracatas) with spontaneous dermatophytosis. It was found that in the nursery of 40 wild animals, 23 had fungal skin lesions. 5 out of 10 caracal cats became ill, 7 out of 12 servals, and 11 out of 18 caracatas. Control and experimental groups of animals were formed taking into account the genus. Experimental group I (E1) was represented by five sick cats of the caracal genus, II (E2) by seven servals, and III (E3) by 11 caracatas of the F1–F4 generation. Conditionally healthy wild cats and cats of the corresponding genera served as controls (n = 5), which were isolated from patients, could be carriers of the infection, but did not have clinical manifestations of pathology. Treatment of dermatophytosis was comprehensive and included general preventive measures and specific therapy (TROPICAL Fungicide (Ideal), intraconazole). Given the importance of the immune system for the prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis in animals, we studied the effectiveness of the triazole-based immunostimulating agent “Immunokor”. On the 7th, 14th, and 21st day from the onset of the disease, animals of groups E2 and E3 were administered the studied agent intramuscularly. Cats-caraquets (group E1) were vaccinated with the drug “Biofel M”, but “Immunokor” was not used. In the course of the studies, it was found that against the background of dermatophytosis in cats, immunosuppression develops: in the blood of animals with symptoms of skin lesions, BASK, FAN decrease; the content of CIC increases; against the background of a reduction in the total number of T-lymphocytes, the percentage of T-suppressors increases; the concentration of IL-1 and IL-6 increased. When studying the immunological blood parameters of animals of group E3, which received the drug “Immunokor” in the treatment regimen, it was found that they dynamically changed about similar ones at the beginning of the disease and to animals of the control group. The BASC of the blood in the recovered animals exceeded the BASC of animals with symptoms of dermatophytosis by 13.4 % (P &lt; 0.05), and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils by 45.7 % (P &lt; 0.01). The content of CIC in the blood was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) (by 12.0 %). The percentage of T-helpers increased by 3.3 % (P &lt; 0.05) and T-suppressors significantly decreased (by 21.9 %). The IgG concentration in the blood increased by 40.9 % (P &lt; 0.01), and the level of IL-1 and IL-6 was lower by 18.9 and 12.9 %, respectively. It was confirmed that the use of the drug Immunocor in the complex therapy of dermatophytosis contributes to the strengthening of the immunoresistance of animals, improves the immune response to fungal infection, which ensured a faster (by 6–7 days) complete recovery of animals and prevented relapses of a similar etiology.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3) supplementation on growth performance, blood immunological parameters and antioxidant capacity of nursery pigs. A total of 72 newly weaned piglets (5.63 ± 0.98 kg initial body weight; weaned at 17.9 ± 1.59 d of age) were allotted to 3 treatments in 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen based on body weight, sex, breed, and littermates for a 28-d feeding trial with two phases of d 0-14 (Phase 1) and d 14-28 (Phase 2) postweaning. Treatments were: 1) VD: basal diet with 2,000 IU/kg VD3 supplementation, 2) MIX: basal diet with 1,000 IU/kg VD3 + 1,000 IU/kg 25-OHD3 supplementation, and 3) 25D: basal diet with 2,000 IU/kg 25-OHD3 supplementation. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio were measured, and blood samples were collected at d 14 and 28 postweaning for the analysis of plasma 25-OHD3, immunoglobulin G and A, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde levels. At d 28 postweaning, 6 pigs were sacrificed to collect femur samples that were analyzed for bone mineral content and density via a DEXA scan. There were no significant differences in body weight, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio among treatments during the entire nursery period, while pigs fed the diets supplemented with 25-OHD3 (MIX and 25D treatments) tended to have greater average daily feed intake (P = 0.06; 0.826, 0.920, and 0.902 kg/d for VD, MIX, and 25D, respectively) than those fed the VD diet in d 14-28 postweaning. There were no significant differences in bone density and mineral content among dietary treatments at d 28 postweaning. Plasma 25-OHD3 levels were greater in pigs fed the MIX and 25D diets than those fed the VD diet at d 14 and 28 postweaning (P &amp;lt; 0.05; 16.55, 41.80, and 50.25 ng/mL for VD, MIX, and 25D, respectively at d 28) in which the 25D treatment resulted in greater values than the MIX treatment (P = 0.06). There was no significant difference in superoxide dismutase activity while pigs fed the diets supplemented with 25-OHD3 tended to have lower malondialdehyde levels (P = 0.06; 12.11, 9.62, and 10.01 µM for VD, MIX, and 25D, respectively) than those fed the VD diet at d 28 postweaning. There were no significant differences in plasma immunoglobulin A and G levels among treatments at d 14 and 28 postweaning. In conclusion, supplementing 25-OHD3 to nursery pig diets could enhance blood VD3 status and feed intake and reduce oxidative stress in the late nursery period compared with VD3 supplementation.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pigs’ weaning weight (WW) on their growth performance and blood immunological, antioxidant, and gut permeability parameters in the early nursery period. At weaning, a total of 48 pigs, weaned at 20.7 ± 0.74 d of age, were allotted to two WW categories—HWW, with a WW over 5.5 kg (average 6.79 ± 0.53 kg), and LWW, with a WW of less than 5.5 kg (average 4.43 ± 0.56 kg)—for a 14 d postweaning period. The WW did not affect the average daily gain (ADG) in d 0–7 postweaning or the plasma malondialdehyde levels over the entire period. HWW pigs had a higher body weight and ADG than LWW pigs (p &lt; 0.05) in the overall period, with greater plasma immunoglobulin G (p &lt; 0.05) and A (p = 0.06, tendency) levels at d 7 postweaning and superoxide dismutase activity at d 14 postweaning (p = 0.05, tendency), with positive correlations with the WW (p &lt; 0.05). HWW pigs had lower plasma diamine oxidase (p &lt; 0.05) and d-lactate (p = 0.06, tendency) levels at d 14 postweaning, with a negative correlation with the WW (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, although there was no effect of the WW on growth rate in the first week postweaning and oxidative stress in the early nursery period, HWW pigs exhibited greater growth performance, immunoglobulin levels, and antioxidant capacity but lower gut permeability than LWW pigs in the early nursery period.

Multifactorial factors of the conditions of keeping productive animals are associated with indicators of health status and demonstrate a complex cause-and-effect relationship with the level of ensuring their well-being, which is based on the implementation of the principles of the “Five Freedoms”. The aim of the work was to assess and scientifically analyze the relationship between the level of ensuring the well-being of pigs under intensive technology of their cultivation and the dynamics of their morphological, biochemical, and immunological blood parameters, in particular of sows of different physiological periods. In the “Meat Resources” farm, which practices three-phase keeping, a number of studies were conducted indicating the relationship and influence of the conditions of keeping sows grown in this farm and used to replenish the main breeding stock, on indicators of homeostasis and their compliance with physiological norms. It was found that the number of erythrocytes in the blood of sows was within the physiological norm, except for the group of sows of the second half of gestation, during this period a sharp decrease in the number of these cells was observed, which is explained by the physiological load – 4.34 T/l, which is 1.66 less than the lower limit of the physiological norm (P &lt; 0.001). A low hematocrit value was found, which in fact in all physiological periods exceeded the lower limit of the physiological norm and was 2.25–6.39 % less than it. Only in sows of the second half of gestation was this indicator closer to the upper limit of the physiological norm, and was 41.5 % (P &lt; 0.001). Such data are most likely evidence of the development of anemia, a deficiency of nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid, which can lead to hypotrophy or premature birth of the offspring. As a result of the analysis of protein metabolism of sows of different physiological periods, a clearly pronounced hypoalbuminemia was established, which is diagnosed with the development of thyrotoxicosis, which occurs due to an excess of thyroid hormones in the blood due to various disorders in the thyroid gland, caused by stress, infections or hereditary predisposition. According to the results of the studies, it can be concluded that the technological features of intensive pig farming, due to the influence and sometimes inconsistency with the biological, ethological, or physiological needs of pigs, have a mostly negative effect on the animal organism. Therefore, it is worth considering that a key aspect of the EU Directive setting minimum standards for the protection of pigs is that it prohibits the fixed (tethered) confinement of sows and the use of machines for them, these methods are considered to be some of the most inhumane in the industrial production of livestock products.

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition in senile patients leads to functional disability while reducing quality of life. Medical professionals should routinely assess their nutritional status during hospitalization. However, diagnosing malnutrition may be difficult, especially since obesity may mask malnourishment. Thus, it is essential to search for biomarkers that improve the identification of malnourished inpatients. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, selected venous blood parameters were analyzed in 137 older inpatients at the age of 80.5 ± 7.78 admitted to the Geriatrics Clinic of the Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1 in Bydgoszcz, Poland between 2017 and 2018, for a comprehensive geriatric assessment. The participants were grouped according to their nutritional risks based on the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index (GNRI). The Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to evaluate the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more groups. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: For total protein, albumin, homocysteine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total magnesium, total calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), statistically significant differences were found between groups of patients classified by the MNA. However, additional significant differences were also observed for creatinine, folic acid, and triglycerides, according to the GNRI compartmentalization. The results indicate that decreased levels of albumin (<3 g/dL) and hemoglobin (<11 g/dL), along with elevated homocysteine, CRP, IL-6 (>7.5 pg/mL), and IP-10 (>250 pg/mL), should alert medical professionals to potential malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Routine analysis of venous blood parameters can help rapidly identify malnutrition and the immediate implementation of a specialized diet.

he purpose of research is to study the effect of the combined use of immunomodulators on the nonspecific resistance of calves in the early postnatal period of growing. Objectives: to study the dynamics of morpho-biochemical, immunological blood parameters with the combined use of immunomodulators in calves in the early postnatal period of rearing; to determine the optimal combination, the frequency of administration of immunomodulators to calves in the early postnatal period, to increase nonspecific resistance. Research and production experience was carried out on calves of black-motley breed in the early postnatal period of rearing in the Altai Region. In accordance with the tasks, 6 groups of experimental animals were formed, one of which was a control group. Calves of the control group were injected with saline at a dose of 5.0 ml. For calves of the experimental groups, respectively, immunomodulators were injected in a certain sequence and combination. Based on the results obtained, on the use of immunomodulators to increase the nonspecific resistance of the calf organism, the best protocol is a double alternation of injections of fosprenil – immunofan – fosprenil – immunofan with an interval of 6–2–6 days (O-3). In animals of this group, the maximum increase in the total amount of protein (by 4.5 %), albumin (by 1.8 %) was noted, which indicates the activation and improvement of metabolic processes. The bactericidal activity of the blood serum of calves throughout the experiment was within the physiological norm, with a slight decrease in gamma globulin 0.4 and an increase of lysozyme activity by 21.3 %, which indicates positive compensatory reactions and the level of nonspecific resistance of the animal organism, helps to reduce the incidence by 60.0 % and an increase in safety up to 100.0 %.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the weaning date of young rabbits on their weight gain, plasma immunoglobulin levels and exploratory behavior. Animals, Termond White rabbits were divided into 2 groups: group I – rabbits weaned at 21 days of age (n = 10), group II – rabbits weaned at 35 days of age (n = 10). The material subjected to analysis was peripheral blood collected on 21, 35, 42, 84 days of life. On these days body weight was also measured. The immunoenzymatic method was used to determine the level of immunoglobulin class M and G. The exploratory examination was performed with open field test (OFT) on the 75th day of the rabbits’ life. During the monitoring period, IgM levels were higher in group II of animals. The mean concentration of IgG was higher in animals from group I. The statistical analyses showed no significant differences between the Control and Experimental groups for IgM and for IgG. Also the differences between age groups were not significant for IgM and for IgG. In an experimental behavioral study, the statistical analysis showed no effect of weaning age on the number of fields explored by the young rabbits. Observing the trend of differences in body weight between animals from the groups, lower gains were shown in group I. However, statistical analysis does not confirm this trend.

Nowadays, there are many types of disinfectants available on the market. At the same time, an analysis of scientific literature shows the lack of disinfectants based on perlactic acid, which has no less pronounced oxidative properties than the other acids, used for disinfection. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of “Biolide” disinfectant based on hydrogen peroxide, lactic and perlactic acids on the laboratory rats. Different concentrations of this disinfectant was inserted to animals intragastrically, by application on skin and by inhalation (cages processing). Authors identified the LD50, irritant and sensitizing effects, immunological parameters of blood. The LD50 was 5292 mg/kg for male and 5041 mg/kg for female rats after intragastric insertion. This disinfectant had a temporary irritant and sensitizing effects on the skin of rats and no negative effect on the indicators of nonspecific immune response in the form of 0.2 % solution. Studies regarding the SBA and the quantitative content of E and EAC rosette-forming cells (E-RFC and ЕАС-RFC) showed a suppressive effect of not only 2.0 % but also 1.0 % of the biolide solution. This study proved that biolide has no toxicity properties and exhibits temporary sensitizing and irritating effect only in the form of a concentrate. Results of research indicated that this disinfectant belongs to fourth class according to the classification of chemicals by the degree of hazard, which allows its use in the presence of animals.

Background: the study of clinical remission in schizophrenia has a significant place at the current stage of development of psychiatric science. Prevention therapy and personalized prophylactic therapy is important to improve the quality of remission, stabilization of the endogenous process and prevention of exacerbation. The aim was to develop apathogenetically grounded method of treatment of episodic schizophrenia at the remission stage using complex assessment of clinical, psychometric and immunological parameters of patients, which allows to control the quality and stability of remission, as well as prediction of exacerbation of the endogenous process. Patients and methods: 91 patients (24 men and 67 women) aged from 18 to 70 years were examined. They were in remission after suffering attacks of an endogenous disease with episodic course (the duration of remissions ranged from 6 months to 12 years). Clinical-psychopathological, psychometric, immunological, clinical and followup, and statistical methods were used. Results: determination of inflammatory and autoimmune markers of blood plasma in the dynamics of the disease and their comparison with the severity of psychopathological symptomatology of patients with schizophrenia, made it possible to form 2 groups of patients with differently directed correlations between the change in clinical state (according to the PANSS scale) and the level of activation of the immune system, assessed in the aggregate immune markers determined. For patients of group 1 (n = 58; 63.74%) the decrease of the intensity of psychopathological symptoms in remission is associated with a decrease in the level of immune system activation («positive» correlations). For the patients of group 2 (n = 33; 36.26%) the level of immune system activation in remission does not decrease and remains at the level of the acute stage of the disease (“negative” correlations). It is shown that the increase in the level of immune system activation in patients of group 1 is a prognostic immunological criterion of possible exacerbation of psychopathological symptoms in remission. Based on the determination of immunological blood parameters in remission, personalized treatment tactics have been developed for these patients, associated with the transition from maintenance doses of drugs to therapeutic ones or additional use of drugs of another group. In most cases, this tactic contributed to relatively favorable dynamics of the existing clinical remission without significant changes in the condition. For patients of group 2, the personalized therapy tactics involves continuation of longterm active therapy. Conclusions: complex assessment of clinical, psychometric and immunological parameters of patients with episodic schizophrenia, which allows to control the quality and stability of remission, can be used to control the quality and stability of remission, as well as to detect preclinical signs of exacerbation of the endogenous process.

As is known, gastric ulcer (GCC) and duodenal ulcer (duodenal ulcer) are chronic, complex-etiology diseases, the mechanism of which is based on complex transformations of nervous, hypothalamic-pituitary, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and local gastroduodenal processes that lead to a change in trophism in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. In turn, the incipient ulcerative defect is a source of irritation of the enteric receptors, supporting disorders of neurohormonal regulation. Thus, the resulting “vicious circle” causes the chronic course of peptic ulcer disease. During the study of chronic diseases of gastroduodenal localization, including peptic ulcer disease, many doctrines of its occurrence have been proposed. However, the issue of the origin of peptic ulcer disease still remains insufficiently studied; approaches and tactics for managing patients with erosive and ulcerative lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract are being developed. The aim of the study was to evaluate immunological indicators that determine the risk of chronic gastritis turning into gastric ulcer. The study included 120 children aged 14-17 years, permanently residing in the Bukhara region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Taking into account the importance of H. Pylori in the development of HCG, patients were distributed depending on the association of HCG with H. Pylori. To study cytokines, blood tests of patients were performed to determine the titer of antibodies (IgG and IdM) to H. Pylori, immunoglobulins A, M, G in blood serum, secretory IgA in oral fluid, IL-1β, IL-10, TNFα, VEGF in the serum of patients. At the same time, blood sampling was carried out in the periods before and 3 weeks (21 days) after treatment. Thus, the study of the value of immunological blood parameters in the progression of HCG to gastric ulcer disease dictates the need to develop immunological indicators for predicting the progression of HCG to gastric ulcer in adolescents. An increase in TNFα levels indicates a high risk of developing gastric ulcer as a result of vascular damage and impaired local circulation. In the study, an established increase in the level of IL-1β indicates activation of the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines in HCG, especially in HCG associated with H. Pylori. The use of these recommendations contributes to the monitoring of HCG, improving the effectiveness of diagnosis and the correct choice of treatment for patients with HCG, reducing mortality and disability at the same time.

The study aimed to determine the chemical composition, apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, and nutrients of Dehydrated Brewery Residue (DBR) for New Zealand White rabbits, as well as evaluate performance, biochemical and immunological blood parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Two experiments were carried out: digestibility and performance, both in a completely randomized design. In the digestibility experiment, 20 animals of mixed sexes were used, from 45 to 60 days of age, which consumed reference feed (RF) or test feed (TF - 70% RF + 30% DBR). In the performance experiment, 50 mixed-sex animals were used from 31 to 70 days of age. For digestibility, bromatological analyses were made of total dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), gross energy (GE), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin from samples of feces, feed (RF and TF) and experimental feed (DBR). In terms of performance, the treatments were the basal feed (BF) + four TF, made up of increasing levels of DBR inclusion (10, 20, 30, and 40%). Overall, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was 64.68 ±7.91%, while the ADC of GE and CP were 67.39 ±7.79% and 80.64 ±8.99%, respectively, resulting in digestible energy and digestible protein contents of 3,081 ±356 kcal/kg and 17.97 ±2.00%. There was a linear reduction (P&lt;0.05) in the final weight, daily weight gain, and daily feed intake, but there was a linear reduction in production costs (P&lt;0.05) for both the 31- to 50-day phase and the 31- to 70-day phase. Circulating levels of calcium (P=0.013) and phosphorus (P=0.019) responded in a linear decreasing pattern to the experimental feeds. The same response was observed for slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, yield of skin, head, commercial cuts, and relative weight of edible organs, as well as meat quality, in which the loss of water on thawing (P=0.004) and shear force (P=0.005) indicated less juiciness and less tenderness in the meat. Levels of 10 to 40% DBR in feed for rabbits from 31 to 70 days of age mitigate production costs, but result in a worsening of performance and reduce circulating levels of calcium and phosphorus, reduce carcass weight, commercial cuts, and edible organs, as well as increasing water loss on thawing, and reducing meat tenderness.

Background. Recurrent respiratory infections are a very pressing problem in everyday pediatric practice. They are most commonly diagnosed in preschool children. According to different researchers, their incidence varies considerably (6-30%). The temporary immaturity of immune system is thought to be one of the causes of frequent episodes of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Aim: To determine the state of interdependence between the particular indicators of complex immunological blood test and the frequency of ARI episodes in preschool children. Materials and methods. A total of 26 children (11 boys and 15 girls) aged 1-4 years, undergoing inpatient treatment on ARI, were involved in the clinical study. The number of ARI episodes during the previous year of their life was taken into account. Additionally, two integral indices of ARI recurrence, specifically the infection index and resistance index, were calculated. The children underwent a clinical blood test. Also, the particular indicators of humoral and cellular immunity, functional activity of immune cells (neutrophil phagocytic activity (PhA), lymphocyte blast transformation reaction), complement system (C3c, C4) and the several classes of circulating immune complexes (CIC) were analyzed. The statistical processing of the digital data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 licensed software with the calculation of the confidence interval (CI) for the main indicators. Results. The prevalent majority of the examined children (80.8%) had an increased serum CIC(small) level. There was a moderate positive correlation between the resistance index values and the CIC(small) level [ρ = 0.392; p = 0.048; CI: 0.072–0.644]. The tightest interdependence was found in the following pairs of studied indicators: 1) CIC(medium)*CIC(small) [ρ=0.732; p&lt;0.001; CI: 0.471–0.875]; 2) C3c*C4 [ρ=0.658; p&lt;0.001; CI: 0.352–0.837]; 3) CIC(large)*Ig(A+M+G) [ρ=0.643; p&lt;0.001; CI: 0.330–0.829]; 4) PhA(spontaneous)*PhA(induced) [ρ=0.601; p=0.001; CI: 0.267–0.806]. A linear regression analysis showed that the predicted resistance index was dependent on only one of the immunological blood parameters considered, specifically total leukocyte antigen. Among other possible predictors, the impact of this antigen on the dependent variable was 18.4%. Conclusions. The particular indicators of a complex immunological blood test are highly interrelated. The results obtained should be taken into account when developing an integrated model for predicting the likelihood of recurrent ARI episodes in preschool children.